Lie Detection

Techniques
BELLY

PROF. AWL
 Table of Specifications
a. Explain the scientific principles and the theory of psycho-physiology
applicable to lie detection and truth verification
b. Demonstrate procedures and techniques in the use of the polygraph and
examine other various lie detection techniques (Voice Stress Analysis, Iris
Examination, Psycho-physiological detection of deception i.e body
language/eye movements, etc.) with adherence to the rule of law
c. Analyze and interpret indications of truth and deception using the polygraph
machine and other similar equipment
d. Demonstrate ability to construct polygraphic questions following the various
acceptable formats used by the scientific community
e. Demonstrate competence in the examination, interpretation of polygraphic
evidence and communicate findings in a format acceptable by the
scientific community and the courts
Lie Detection / Detection of Deception
It is the scientific method of detecting deception with
the use of observation; mechanical lie detection; use of
drugs hypnosis, interrogation etc.

● Psychophysiological Veracity Examination

● Psychophysiological Detection of Deception
● Psychophysiological Credibility Assessment
PSYCHOPHYSIOLOGY OF LYING

PSYCHOPHYSIOLOGY

The study of the functions of the human nervous system

and the bodily reactions of a person as influenced by
his mental responses to specific stimuli.
FEAR OF DETECTION

It is the fear of detection as well as the

consequences of being detected that causes the
sympathetic system to activate in order to prepare
the body to meet the emergency.
CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM (CNS)

is composed of the brain and the

spinal cord. All other nerve ways are
within the peripheral nervous system
which separates into two:
SOMATIC NERVOUS SYSTEM

involved with voluntary comparative

over skeletal muscles
AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM

involves those involuntary

physiological functions of the body and
has considerable psychological impact
as well.
TWO DIVISIONS OF AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM

Parasympathetic Nervous System (PNS) - the

housekeeping or braking system. It is responsible for
conserving energy and making sure necessary bodily
functions, restrains sympathetic arousal and
attempts to maintain homeostatic (homeostasis)
normal.

Sympathetic Nervous System (SNS) – is our

emergency, or action system, a system which causes
sudden and dramatic change.
Homeostasis

is a complex interactive
regulatory system by which
the body strives to maintain
a state of internal
equilibrium.
Hypothalamus

is a series of groups of nerve

cells of the brain that
control the entire
endocrine-hormonal system.
Hypothalamus

When the sympathetic nervous system is

activated, it immediately prepares the body
for fight or flight by causing the adrenal
glands to secrete hormones known as
epinephrine and norepinephrine and the
blood will be distributed to those areas of
the body where it is most needed to meet the
emergency.
Fight, flight, freeze
are the three stereotypic
behavioral responses to
threat, sometimes simply
called F3.
Epinephrine
hormonal stimulator of the sympathetic
nervous system. It acts to constrict
peripheral blood flow, raise blood pressure,
increase cardiac activity, promote
metabolic activity through the release of
glucose, and inhibit digestive processes.

it is called Adrenaline in British

Norepinephrine
is a hormone secreted by the adrenal
gland, it works alongside
epinephrine/adrenaline to give the body
sudden energy in times of stress, known as
the "fight or flight" response.

It is called Noradrenaline in British English.

LIE
Any untruthful statement usually stated to
mislead or deceive.
LIE
Types of Lies

Direct Denial - A lie that results in

emotional disturbance.

Lie of omission - An act of telling what

transpired but omitting details that are
incriminating.
LIE
Lie of Exaggeration - It is the type of lies
used by a person who overplays what
actually happens.

Lie of Minimization - A lie which involves

acceptance of a person that something
happened but downplays the implication
or seriousness of the offense.
LIE
Fabricated Lie - A lie which involves the act
of creating a story or series of events that
never transpired.

White/Benign Lie - A lie that is made to

maintain harmony of relationship
LIE
Red Lie - Sometimes called misinformation
commonly used for propaganda.

Black Lie - A lie that is intended to

dishonor/discredit.
LIE
Malicious/ Judicial lie - A lie that is told to
mislead or obstruct justice.

Self-Deception - A lie that is used to

deceive oneself.
LIE
Bold faced lie – Is one which is told when it
is obvious to all concerned that it is a lie.

Lie to children – Often a platitude which

may used euphemism, which is told to make
an adult subject acceptable to children.
LIE
Noble lie – One which would normally cause
discord if it were uncovered, but which offers
some benefit to the liar and assist in an orderly
society, there for potentially beneficial to
others.

Emergency lie – Is a strategic lie when the truth

may not be told because it may harm a third
party.
LIE
Perjury – the act of lying or making verifiably
false statements on a material matter under
oath or affirmation in a court of law, or in any
of various sworn statements in writing.

Bluffing – Pretending to have a capability or

intention which one does not actually
possess.
LIE
Jocose lies – Are those which are meant in
jest, and are usually understood as such
by all present parties.

Contextual lies – One can state part of the

truth out of context, knowing that without
complete information.
LIE
Promotion lies – Advertisement often
contain statements which are incredible
such as “We are always happy to give a
refund” or exaggerated prediction such as
“You will our new product”.
LIE
TYPES OF LIARS

Panic Liars - A person who lies to avoid

humiliation and consequences of his act.
Occupational Liars - A person who is paid for
lying.

Tournament Liars - A person who loves to lie for a

challenge, he thinks that lying is a contest.
LIE
Psychopathic Liars - An individual who has
no conscience.

Ethnological Liars - A liar that taught and

trained not to be a squealer.
LIE
Pathological Liars - Persons who are
mentally ill and who cannot distinguish
what is right from wrong.

Black Liars - A person who enjoys

pretending and is better known as a
hypocrite.
LIE LIE DETECTION THROUGH PHYSIOLOGICAL RESPONSE
Verbal symptoms
○ Manner of answering
○ Assertiveness
○ Repetition of questions
○ Inconsistencies
○ Incomplete statements or fragment
sentence ○ Slip of the tongue
○ Overly polite ○ Tirades
○ Swearing truthfulness of ○ Pause
assertions ○ Speed of speech
○ Vague response ○ A peculiar tone of voice
○ Use of I don’t remember not that I ○ A forced laugh
remember expression is often used
by lying suspect
LIE
Non-verbal symptoms of deception
○ Manipulators
○ Breathing
○ Sweating and flushed face
○ Dryness of the mouth
○ Frequent swallowing
○ Facial muscle twitching
○ Gaze aversion
○ Fidgeting, tapping or drumming fingers on the chair
○ Swinging of legs or legs over the other
○ Unnecessary movement of hands and feet such as scratching, nail biting,
thumb or finger sucking
LIE
Thru facial expression
○ Blushing paling or sweating
○ Dilation of the eyes, protrusion of the eyeballs and elevation of upper
eyelids
○ Squinting of the eyes
○ Twitching of the lips
○ Excessive winking of the eyes
○ Failure to look the inquirer straight into the eye
○ Excessive activity of adam’s apple
○ Quivering of nose or nostrils
○ Rolling of eyeballs from one direction to another
LIE
Why Do People lie?
● Take what is not rightfully theirs
● Escape accountability
● Create a fantasy or false esteem to escape reality
● Avoid punishment
● Inflict pain
● Steal admiration
● Gain advantage to exploit others
LIE Scientific Methods of Detecting Deception
Polygraph test aid
○ not a substitute or replacement for investigation
○ not admissible in court to prove the guilt of the subject
○ cannot be conducted if insufficient amount of information were gathered
○ minors, mentally-ill or retarded are exempted; cannot be conducted to
unfit subject
○ polygraph machine is not a lie detector machine
○ The accuracy of the machine is directly proportional to the credibility of
the examiner
○ cannot be used for diagnostic purposes.
LIE
Use of Alcoholic Beverages
○ the subject is made to drink hard liquor in such a
amount that would make him lose control or
inhibitions
○ information gathered through this method is not
admissible in court.
LIE
Narco-Analysis Test/Administration of Truth Serum
○ use of narcotic or anesthetic drug
○ drugs injected hypodermically or intravenously
○ dangerous and not admissible
○ Uses Scopolamine, sodium amytal, and sodium
pentothal to produce truthfulness
LIE
Word Association Test
○ a group of words, objects or photographs will be presented; time pressure.
○ This was first devised by F. Galton in 1870 and later was modified and
improved by others such as Munsterberg, Orosland, Luria and Jung.
○ In the Galton’s technique there are two main criteria for detecting
indications of deception and these are: (1) Incriminating answer words,
and (2) Delayed answer.
○ Presents a series of words to individual respondents. For each word,
participants are instructed to respond with the first word that comes to
mind.
LIE
Use of Hypnotism
○ This method was introduced by an Austrian physician Franz (Friedrich)
Anton mesmer (1734-1815) in 1778. He believed in animal magnetism, by
which in his own personal electro-magnetism, therapeutic effect influenced
other persons.
○ information gathered through this method is also not admissible in court.
○ Technique used in inducing a person into a state consciousness whereby he
can respond to questions and is very susceptible consciousness and
heightened responsiveness to suggestions can be used to elicit the truth
from a person
○ Hypnosis is only allowed if the accused person is suffering from a clear
case of amnesia.
LIE
BrainWave Fingerprinting
○ Neuroscientist Lawrence Farewell, runs a Brain
Wave Institute in Fairfield, Iowa patented this
technique in 1995. Different regions of the brain
light up when people tell the truth or lie.
LIE
Iris Analysis
○ Use for assessing attention and alertness.
Detects deception by the use of Iris analysis.
LIE
Thermal Imaging
○ Measures changes in regional facial blood flow,
particularly around the eyes.
LIE
Psychological Stress Evaluation
○ Sometimes called voice stress analysis is based on the use of a
certain machine developed in the late 1960’s that presumably
detects “guilt revealing laryngeal microtremors which exist in the
voice and are associated with stress and lying.
○ When a person speaks, there are audible voice frequencies, and
superimposed on these are the inaudible frequency modulations
which are products of minute fluctuation of the muscles of the
voice mechanism.
LIE
ANCIENT METHODS OF DETECTING DECEPTION
It is a judicial practice by which the guilt or innocence of the
accused is determined by subjecting them to an unpleasant, usually
dangerous experience or in the present term would mean an
employment of “3rd degree”. The word “ordeal” was derived from the
Medieval Latin word “Dei Indicum” which means “a miraculous decision”.
LIE
Trial by Ordeal
○ A medieval form of trial in which an accused is subjected
to physical test the result of the tests will be the basis
of determining whether the accused is guilty or innocent
LIE
Red Hot Iron Ordeal
○ An ordeal practiced in the hill tribe of
Rahjmal in North Bengal where an
accused placed his tongue on a red hot
iron nine times or until he was burned
before reaching the ninth time of
placing his tongue, The accused was
also made to carry the iron in his
hands.
LIE
Ordeal by Balance
○ Ordeal practiced in the Institute of Vishnu, India in which a
scale of balance is used. In one end of the scale, the
accused is placed in the other end, a counter balance. The
accused will step out of the scale and then he will be weighed
back in. If found to be lighter than before he will be
acquitted.
LIE
Boiling Water Ordeal
○ An ordeal used in Modern Africa
where the suspects will plunge
their right arms up to the elbow.
When all are finished they will be
back at the same time in the
afternoon. Whoever showed
blisters will be judged as guilty.
LIE
Ordeal by Rice Chewing
○ An ordeal practiced by Indians wherein a
Sathee with various incantations is
required to be eaten by the accused and
spit it out on an eyeful leaf. If the saliva is
mixed with blood or the corner of the
mouth swells or trembles he will be judged
as guilty.
LIE
Ordeal of the Red Water
○ An ordeal used in a wide Region of Eastern Africa where an accused
is required for fasting for twelve hours requires to swallow a small
amount of rice imbibed with dark colored water if he ejects all the
rice innocently.
Ordeal by Corsnead
○ An ordeal where an accused was given dry rice or bread to swallow,
If not choked he will be considered as not guilty. It is commonly
practiced in China and Alexandria.
LIE
Test of the Eucharist
○ Practiced in European countries. It is believed that Angel Gabriel
will descend from heaven and prevent the accused from
swallowing the food given to the accused.
Ordeal of the Bier
○ Practiced in Australian and European countries. It is believed
that the corpse that was brought on a bier or bough will touch
the sorcerer who killed the victim by the use of a witchcraft.
LIE
Ordeal of the Needle
○ Practiced in Wanaka, East Africa. Red hot needle is drawn
through the lips of the accused. If innocent, no blood will be
seen flowing out from the lips.
Ordeal by Heat and Fire
○ Practiced in East Germany, early Scandinavian countries
and in early England. The accused was compelled to walk
barefoot through a fire, if he remains unhurt then he is
innocent.
LIE
Trial of the Cross
○ An ordeal practiced in Europe. The accuser and accused were made to stand with
arms crossed on their breasts. The one who endured the longest was deemed to have
told the truth.
Trial of the Waxen Shirt
○ An ordeal where the accused was made to wear a waxen shirt. If the shirt was melted
the accused is deemed guilty.
Donkey's Tail Ordeal
○ An ordeal wherein a Donkey was placed in one room for observation. If the donkey
cried then it is a judgment of guilt.
LIE

FLAYING
LIE

DISEMBOWELMENT
LIE

BREAKING WHEEL
LIE

IMPALMENT
LIE

CRUSHING
LIE

BURNING
LIE

SAWING
LIE

SLOW SLICING
LIE Countries which practiced ordeals
Burma
○ The accuser and accused were given each identical candle and
both were lightened at the same time. Holder of the candle which
consumed faster was judged as the liar.
Borneo
○ The accused and accused were represented by a shellfish. Shellfish
was placed on a plate and irritating fluid was poured on the
shellfish. The first shell fish to move will be the winner.
LIE
Greece
○ An ax was spun at the center of a group of suspects. When the
ax stops, whoever was in line with the blade is the guilty one.
Nigeria
○ A priest will grease a feather and pierce the tongue of the
accused. If the feather passed through the tongue easily, the
accused was deemed innocent. Pouring of corrosive liquid into
the eyes is also practiced in this country.
LIE
Europe and early United States
○ Commonly used for the crime of witchcraft where the hands and
feet of the accused are tied and he will be thrown to the water. If
the accused sank, he is innocent, if floated, he will be deemed guilty
The hereditary sieve Method
○ Beans were thrown into a sieve as the name of the suspect was
called. If the beans jump out of the sieve, the owner of the name is
innocent. If the beans remain in the sieve, the person named is the
thief.
LIE
Ayur Vida - a hindu book of science and health around 500B.C.
Considered as the earliest known reference to a method of
detecting deception.

Thomas Jefferson - first person known who used the term

Polygraph to described one of his inventions
LIE
Definition of terms
● Admission
○ is a statement of facts, partial acknowledgement of guilt and usually
given with some justification or exemplification in admitting.
● Confession
○ direct acknowledgement of guilt or a statement of guilt.
● Deception
○ is the act of deceiving or misleading usually accompanied by lying.
● Diastolic blood pressure
○ refers to the downward blood pressure representing the low pressure
to the closing of the valves and heart relaxed.
LIE
● Dicrotic notch
○ refers to the short horizontal notch in a cardio-tracing located at the
middle of the diastolic stem.
● Electrodermal response
○ It refers to the human body phenomenon in which the skin changes
resistance electrically upon the application of certain external stimuli.
Also referred to a Psycho galvanic skin reflex or galvanic skin response.
● Emotion
○ it refers to an emotional response to specific danger that appears to be
beyond a person’s defensive power.
LIE
● Environment
○ is the sum total of the dissimulation that a person acquired from
the time he was conceived and his exposure to his surroundings.
● Heredity
○ is the transmission of physical and mental traits of the parents to
their offspring through the genes.
● Interview
○ simple questioning of one who is willing and cooperative.
LIE
● Interrogation
○ forceful questioning of a person who is reluctant to divulge information.
● Lying
○ is the act of uttering or conveying falsehood or creating a false or misleading
impression with the intention of affecting wrongfully.
● Normal response
○ refers to any activity or inhibition of a previous activity of an organism or part of
the organism resulting from stimulation.
● Ordeal
○ refers to the oldest form of crime detection done by subjecting a subject to an
obstacle or trial and sometimes even involving third degree.
LIE
● Specific response
○ refers to the response given by the subject which is considered a deviation
from the normal tracing or norms of the subject.
● Stimulus
○ refers to any force or motion coming from the environment and which reaches
an organism that has the tendency to arouse.
● Systolic Blood pressure
○ the upward blood pressure as the apex of the curve caused by the
contraction of the heart, valves are open and blood is rushing into the
arteries.
LIE
Development of the Polygraph
A. CARDIOSPHYGMOGRAPH
1. Angelo Mosso (1895)

ANGELO MOSSO - PLETHYSMOGRAPH

● Utilized a scientific cradle and focused on the importance of fear as a strong

influence to deception.
● He made use of an instrument called plethysmograph in his research on emotion
and fear and its influence on the heart and respiration.
LIE
2. Cesare Lombroso (1895)
● Credited to be the first to conceived the
idea of utilizing scientific lie detection
● he is considered as the first person to
conceive the idea of lie detection and the
first to apply the technique in actual
criminal suspects
Utilized hydrosphygmograph during
interrogation of suspects. He called it a blood
pressure pulse test.
 3. William M. Marston (1915)
LIE
● He made use of a sphygmomanometer and
focused on the importance of the Systolic
Blood pressure. He also devised the
discontinuous technique in questioning.
● creator of the systolic blood-pressure test
used in an attempt to detect deception
during questioning, and using a standard
blood pressure cuff and stethoscope,
requiring repeated inflation of the pressure
cuff to obtain readings at intervals during
examination. This was called Discontinuous
Technique.
LIE 4. John A. Larson (1921)

● Devised the so-called “BreadBoard Lie

Detector”, a scientific instrument
capable of simultaneously recording
changes in blood pressure, pulse beat
and respiration.
● today he is known as the Father of
Scientific Lie Detection and at the same
time the Father of Polygraph
LIE
B. GALVANOGRAPH
1. Sticker
● Works on the galvanograph component and studies the influence of the
sweat glands on skin resistance.
● He made the earliest application of a psychogalvanometer to forensic
problems.
2. Veraguth
● formulated the term Psycho-galvanic skin reflex following the study of
Sticker.
● the first scientist to use the word association test with galvanometer.
LIE
3. Richard O. Arther
● The person who developed a polygraph machine with two galvanic
skin resistance.

4. Chester Darrow – 1930

Modification on Larson Polygraph by adding a galvanometer
LIE
Psychogalvanometer
Electrodes in the palm and back of the handa
LIE
C. PNEUMOGRAPH
1. Vittorio Bennussi
● Focus on the
formulation of the
Inhalation and
Exhalation ratio.

VITTORIO BENUSSI - PNEUMOGRAPH

● He also included recording of heart rate and blood pressure curve in detection of
deception and probably the first person to record more than one physiological
response.
LIE
2. Harold Burtt
Considered respiration as a weak
basis in determining deception
and incorporate the systolic
blood pressure to respiration.
LIE
D. KYMOGRAPH
1. Leonarde Keeler
● made a modification of Larson’s instrument.
● Developed the kymograph and the Keeler’s
Polygraph in the year 1926 as one of the great
advancements to the development of the polygraph
machine.
● today Keeler is known as the Father of Modern
Polygraphy.
LIE
OTHER PERSONALITIES:
1. John E. Reid – Developed the Reid Polygraph with an incorporation of muscular
resistance compared to the Keelers and the Stoelting. Also developed the SAT
test and Control Question Test.
2. Francis Galton - Formulated the Word Association test.

3. Cleve Backster - Formulated the Numerical Scoring on the polygraph chart and
standardizing quantitative polygraph technique.

4. Sir James Mackenzie - a heart specialist who published in two British journals the
machine he used in his work and named it “INK POLYGRAPH”. Its invention, however,
was not for lie-detection purposes but for medical research and polygraphs
specifically in the inking system, chart-driving and pen conglomerating
simultaneous operating system and the pen centering adjustment system.
LIE TRIPOD FOUNDATION OF POLYGRAPHY
1. Psychological Leg Basic Premise = states that specific nervous system
component whose stimulation can thus be diagnosed are so stimulated by the
involuntary and emotional processes of the individual who is continuously
attempting concealment of deception especially if that individual has something at
stake and the prevailing circumstances lead him to believe that exposure to
deception is quite possible although undesirable.
2. Physiological Leg basic Premise = that among the physiological responses that
may be recorded are those that automatically occur only following the stimulation
of specific nervous component system
3. Mechanical Leg basic Premise = polygraph is capable of making graphic records
containing reliable information regarding physiological responses of the subject.
LIE
Polygraphy = is scientific methods of detecting deception done with the aid of a
polygraph machine. Also referred to as Instrumental Interrogation.

Polygraph = a delicately engineered instrument that simultaneously records

the changes in respiration, electrodermal activity and cardiovascular activity.

The term POLYGRAPH literally means, “multiple writing”, and is now often
connected to the term “lie detector”. It is an instrument for recording several
pulsations (as of physiological variables) simultaneously
LIE
THEORY OF POLYGRAPH EXAMINATION
● When a mentally normal person tells a lie, physiological changes occur
within his body that could be recorded by the instrument and evaluated by
the examiner.
LIE
Polygraph Uses and Significance
1. Aid in investigating criminal incidents and issues
2. Speed up the process of investigation.
3. Eliminates innocent suspects.
4. Pre-employment screening.
5. Honesty test ( Periodic Test).
LIE CARDINAL RULE OF THE POLYGRAPH EXAMINER
“Always OBJECTIVITY over SUBJECTIVITY”

OBJECTIVES OF A POLYGRAPH EXAMINATION

1. Obtaining additional investigation leads to the facts of the case/ offenses.

2. Ascertain if a person is telling the truth
3. Locate the fruits or tools of the crime and whereabouts of wanted persons.
4. Identify other persons involved (accomplices of crime).
5. Obtain valuable information from reluctant witnesses.
6. Eliminate the innocent suspects.
LIE

The ultimate objective of Polygraph Examination is to obtain the

Subject’s ADMISSION or CONFESSION of the offense committed.
LIE
PURPOSE OF POLYGRAPH EXAMINATION
● To determine truth or deception based on the presence of
emotional disturbance of the subject as appearing on the
questions relative to the case under investigation.
LIE
Phases of Polygraph Examination
Initial Interview
● Conducted by an investigator handling the case.
● designed for the obtaining of pertinent information necessary for the
conduct of the test. This is falling short of the basic process of
investigation.
● All information gathered by the investigator will be copied and furnished to
the investigator.
● As a rule no polygraph test can be conducted if there is insufficient
amount of data gathered.
LIE
1. Pre test Interview

An interview conducted by the polygraph examiner designed to

prepare or condition the subject for the actual test. It usually
lasts for about 20 – 30 minutes.
LIE There are four basic things being undertaken in this stage.

a. Determining the subject physical, mental and psychological suitability

to undergo the test
i. he subject should avoid taking drugs at least 12 hrs before the
test
ii. the subject if female should not be pregnant
iii. the subject should not be hungry
iv. the subject should not be physically or emotional abuse
v. the subject should not be suffering from high blood or
hypertension.
LIE
B. Informing the subject of his Constitutional Rights (if the examiner is
a law enforcement officer)
C. Taking of the subject’s consent to undergo the test (signing of the
statement)
D. Taking of the subject personal data
E. Preparing the subject for the test – administration of stimulation
test
F. Evaluating the psychological preparation of the subject
G. Informing the subject of his involvement with the case
LIE
2. Actual Test - is the actual conduct of the test administered by a
polygraph examiner:

Conditions of the room:

1. It should be spacious for two
2. Well lighted
3. Well ventilated
4. Sound Proof
5. Not decorated
LIE
3. The conduct of an instrumental test - with the asking of
questions previously reviewed with the subject.

A. Transducers are attached to the body of the subject

B. Test instructions are given to the subject
C. Stimulating and conditioning the subject
D. Conduct preliminary evaluation/Initial Findings
LIE
4. Post-test Interview or Interrogation

is an interview or an interrogation administered by a polygraph examiner

after the test designed to obtain confession or admission by the subject.

If the polygraph test result indicates deception then the examiner

proceeds to conduct a short interrogation, the purpose of which is to
obtain confession or admission. However, if the test charts of polygraphs
indicate that a subject is telling the truth then he will be released
cordially and the examiner will thank him for his cooperation.
LIE
● Interviews are conducted when the reactions indicate an
innocent response and are very cooperative to the
examiner.

● Interrogation is conducted when the reactions show

signs of deception and being uncooperative to open an
information.
LIE
Timeline of the modern Polygraph

● In 1921, John Larson, a Canadian psychologist employed at Berkeley Police

Department developed the modern Polygraph Instrument. His machine was the
first to simultaneously measure the subject’s pulse, blood pressure, and
respiratory rate. It was used with much success in criminal investigations.
LIE

● In 1938, Leonarde Keeler patented what is considered

the prototype of the modern polygraph - the Keeler
Polygraph. Today Leonarde Keeler is known as the
father of the polygraph.
LIE
● 1945 – John E. Reid, a lawyer from Chicago, developed the Control
Question Technique (CQT), designed to emotionally arouse non-deceptive
subjects. It was a major breakthrough in polygraph methodology.

● 1948 – Leonarde Keeler founded the world’s first polygraph school in

Chicago, Illinois.
LIE
Computer Age of the Polygraph

The polygraph made its official entry into the

computer age around 1993 when statisticians of the
Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory in
Maryland completed a software called PolyScore,
which used a sophisticated mathematical algorithm to
analyze the polygraph data in order to estimate a
probability level of lying or sincerity of a subject.
LIE
Department of Energy of the United States

In 2003, the Department of Energy of the United States

commissioned a study on the scientific evidence of the
polygraph with the National Academy of Sciences. To do this, a
review committee scrutinized the available evidence in the
research literature on the polygraph. They did not, however,
conduct new research in the laboratory or in the field,
because as reported by the Committee, it would be difficult - if
not impossible - to replicate a crime scene simulation, in a lab
the same to evaluate the effectiveness of the polygraph.
LIE
The National Academy of Sciences review committee concluded that
although there may be alternative techniques to polygraph testing, none can
outperform the polygraph and none seem promising at supplanting the polygraph
in the near future.

2014 – Converus, Inc. releases the EyeDetect – a Lie Detector that uses the eyes
to measure truthfulness which uses a unique algorithm.
LIE
For almost 150 years, the Lie Detector has been developed and improved
since its first conception and with today’s technology, there is no other
way but forward.

The Lie Detector can be used to great effect through Pre-employment

screenings and Periodic Clearances to Employees.
LIE
Joseph F. Kubis
First researcher to use potential computer applications for the purpose
Polygraph Chart Analysis.

John Kircher and David Raskin

Computer Assisted Polygraph System
The first algorithm for measuring physiological data
Computerized polygraph- 1992
LIE
Dale Olsen and Johns Harris
Polyscore-a computerized polygraph chart scoring algorithm that uses
statistical probability to arrive at truthfulness or deception.
Records the Thoracic and abdominal breathing patterns of respiration.
Consist of two hollow corrugated tubes about seven inches in length attached
to a unit by a rubber hose not longer than six feet and not larger than one
quarter inch in diameter.
The inhalation and exhalation of the subject causes the tubes to expand and
contract, thereby reflecting the change through billows to the pen into the
chart.
LIE
PHILIPPINE SETTINGS

● The Polygraph was first introduced to the Philippines in 1945 by the Crime Laboratory of the
Military Police.
● The Crime Laboratory sent several people including Mr. Jose Navarro and Conrado Dumlao to the
U.S for polygraph training.
● In 1950 the National Bureau Investigation sent Mr. Agustin Patricio to train at the Keeler
Polygraph Institute.
● Lawyer Manuel C. Roura also trained their after he succeeded
● Mr. Patricio as chief of the Polygraph Division of the NBI Crime Lab
● Personnel trained in Polygraph were Ernesto Lucena, Ms. Tessie Logan and Artemio Panganiban Jr.
LIE
Polygraph exams

The polygraph exam has withstood over a century of research, development

and widespread use, the polygraph is still the most effective way to verify the
truth and at detecting deception.
LIE
Factors affecting the accuracy of Polygraph technique

● The instrument
● The condition of the subject
● The condition of the examination room
● The qualification and skills of the examiner
LIE
Errors of Lie Detection
● Nervousness or extreme emotional tension experienced by a
subject who is telling the truth regarding the offense in question
but who is nevertheless affected by:
LIE
Physiological Abnormalities such as:
● Excessively high or excessively low blood pressure
● Diseases of the heart
● Respiratory Disorder
LIE
Mental Abnormalities such as:
● Feeblemindedness as an idiots imbeciles or morons
● Psychosis or insanities as in manic-depressives, paranoids,
schizophrenia, paretic, etc.
● Psychoneurosis and Psychopathy, as among the so-called “peculiar”
or emotionally unstable persons.
LIE
Unresponsiveness in a lying or guilty subject because of:
● No fear of detection
● Apparent inability to consciously control response by means of certain mental
sets of attitudes.
● A condition of “subshock” or adrenal exhaustion at the time of the test.
● Rationalization of the crime in advance of the test to such an extent that lying
about the offense arouses little or no emotional disturbance
● Extensive interrogation prior to the test
● Attempt to “beat the machine” by controlled breathing pattern or by muscular
flexing
● Unobserved application of muscular pressure which produces ambiguities and
misleading indications in the blood pressure tracing
LIE
Limitations and barriers of Polygraph technique
● It is an invaluable investigative aid, but never a substitute for investigation
● It is not a lie detector but only a scientific diagnostic instrument.
● It does not determine facts, it records responses to that which the subject knows to be
true.
● It is only as accurate as the examiner is competent
● The test will not be given until enough facts have been established to permit the examiner to
prepare a complete set of suitable questions.
● The test will not be given without the voluntary consent of the subject
● No indication will be given to any person or placed in any report that a person will be
considered guilty because he refused to take the test.
● A test will not be given until the accusations have explained with the subject
● No attempt to use Polygraph for mental or physical evaluation of any person
● No examination will be conducted on unfit subjects.
LIE
Barriers to the Polygraph Examination
● Pathological Liar
● Mental cases
● Persons under the influence of intoxicating liquor
● Narcotics related cases
● Various heart and other organic troubles
LIE
THE EXAMINER

● Examiner should be an intelligent person, with reasonably good educational

background preferably with a college degree with understanding in human
nature.

THE SUBJECT

● 3 general types of subject – suspect, the victim and the witness

LIE
Persons not recommended to take the polygraph examination

● Persons who have extreme nervousness

● persons who have physiological abnormalities such as high blood pressure/ hypertension, heart
disease, respiratory disorder, toothaches, severe headaches and any painful illness

● Persons with mental abnormalities

● Unresponsive persons such as those who suffer mental fatigue or under the influence of drugs
of alcohol

● Pregnant women

● Persons below 18 years of age

LIE
THE EXAMINATION ROOM

● Lie detector test should be conducted in a quiet private room.

● A room with none of the usual police surroundings and with no distractions
within the subject's view.

● A room without any windows at all

● The interrogation room should contain no ornaments, pictures or other

objects which would distract the attention of the person being tested or
interviewed.
LIE
● A room free from noise such as the ringing of a telephone or the conversation
of persons outside the examination room.

● The presence of other officers or other spectators in the room itself may
produce disturbances and distractions which will interfere with a satisfactory
diagnosis of deception; hence this should be avoided.

● Adequate ventilation is needed with comfortable temperature. Lightings should

not be excessive.

● There should be an examination room adjacent.

LIE
●
OTHER CONSIDERATIONS
Do not wait until the last minute to ask a person to take the test

● Do not tell the subject everything that you know about the offense or about him

● Do not fail to investigate the case before you ask a person to take the test

● If for some reason, it must be temporarily taken the investigator must continue investigating the
case

● Do not depend on mass screening of possible suspects to produce a real or the guilty one

● Do not tell anyone that the lie detector will decide whether a person is guilty or not. The court will
make the decision

● If the test indicates that the person did not tell the truth or if the person confesses after the test,
do not think that the investigation is over.

● Polygraph examination normally takes from 1 to 3 hours

LIE
THE INSTRUMENT

● The condition of the Instrument and the attachment may affect the result
of a polygraph examination. Before conducting the exam make sure that
the instrument is calibrated, well maintained and is fully functional.
LIE
Modern components of Polygraph Instrument: Its part and
accessories

THE MAJOR COMPONENTS OF POLYGRAPH:

The Polygraph machine is basically composed of three

major components serving as the detecting mechanism and
five major sections by adding a kymograph component and pen
and inking system to serve as the recording mechanism.

1. Pneumograph - designed to detect and record changes

in respiration of the subject which consists of the ff:
 LIE
a. Rubber Convoluted Tube - about 10 inches corrugated rubber attached
to the body of the subject.
b. Beaded Chain - used to lock the rubber convoluted tube.

c. Recording Pen Unit - consisting of two 5 inches recording pen

d. Centering Knob - used to center the pen

e. Sensitivity Knob - used to adjust the desired size of tracings

f. Vent - used to release excess pressure from the system

g. Pneumo Module - located inside the instrument that receives the

reactions detected by the corrugated tube and moves the pen to record
the reactions on the chart
LIE
1. ardiosphygmograph - Designed to detect changes in
the cardiovascular activity of the subject. It
consists of:

a. Blood Pressure Cuff - attached to the upper

right arm of the subject, above the brachial
artery.
 LIE
a. Sphygmomanometer - used to
indicate the amount of air
pressure inflated to the system.
Usually about 60 mm of mercury
for male subjects.
LIE
C. Recording Pen Unit - five (5) inches length
D. Air Pump/Pump Bulb - designed to supply air to the system
E. Cardio Module - located inside the instrument that receives the
reactions detected by the cuff and moves the pen to record the
reactions on the chart
F. Sensitivity Control - used to adjust the desired size of tracings
G. Centering Control - designed to center the pen on the chart
H. Vent - Used to release excess pressure from the system
 LIE
Cardiosphygmograph provides a record of the following:

A. Relative Blood Volume/Pressure - is the changes in the

average value of the cardiac tracing (waveform) with
respect to a baseline.

B. Diastolic Blood Pressure - refers to the downward

blood pressure representing the low pressure to the
closing of the valves and heart relaxed.
LIE
C. Systolic Blood Pressure - the upward blood pressure
as the apex of the curve caused by the contraction of
the heart, valves are open and blood is rushing into the
arteries.

D. Pulse Amplitude - is the changes in pulse amplitude

(tracing height) independent of baseline.

E. Pulse Rate - changes in heart rate or time between

pulses.
LIE
F. Dicrotic Notch - changes in relative position of the dicrotic notch or pulse
waveform; short horizontal notch in a cardio-tracing located at the middle of
the diastolic stem
LIE
3. Galvanograph - designed to detect changes in skin
resistance of the subject. Consists of:

a. Finger Electrode Assembly consists of:

i. finger Electrode Plate and Retainer Bond -

attached to the index and ring finger of the
subject.

ii. Connecting Plug - attached the system to the

instrument
LIE
B. Recording Pen Unit - usually 7 inches

C. Amplifier Unit - designed to support the

galvanometer in converting electrical to
mechanical current.

D. Sensitivity Control - used to adjust the

desired size of
LIE
E. Centering Control - designed to center the pen
on the chart

F. GSR Module - located inside the instrument

that receives the reactions detected by the finger
electrodes and moves the pen to record the
reactions on the chart
LIE
Galvanic Skin Response - is the change in the body’s resistance to
the passage of a minute electrical sensing current.
The electrodes electrically connect the subject to the
instrument. These provide a 5 microamp sensing current to the
subject, far below the threshold of feeling.

Kymograph

● serves as the paper feed mechanism of the polygraph machine

● It is a motor that pulls or drives the cart paper under the
recording pen simultaneously at the rate of five seconds per
vertical chart division or twelve divisions in one minute run.
 LIE
1. Chart - approximately 100 ft. rolled graph paper with
approximately ¼ inch horizontal division and ½ inch vertical
division equivalent to 5 seconds run
2. Cutter Bar - used to cut the paper at the end of the test
3. Rubber Roller - the one responsible for pulling the paper out of
the machine.
4. Pen Table - flat portion where the pen writes on the chart.
5. Paper Rail Guide - serves as the security for the unnecessary
movement of the chart paper or to ensure the paper’s forward
movement without shaking.
6. Synchronous Motor - runs the chart paper at the uniform rate
speed regardless of the voltage change.
LIE
Pen and Inking System - the one that provides for the permanent record
of the test

Capillary Ink - a water based ink intended for polygraph instruments

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FORMULATION OF TEST QUESTIONS
General Rules in formulating Test Questions

● Questions must be simple and direct

● They must not involve legal terminologies
● They must be as simple and as short as possible
● Answerable by Yes or No.
● They must not be in a form of accusatorial.
● Their meaning must be clear and they must be phrased in a language that the subject can easily
understand.
● They must never contain inference which presupposes knowledge on the part of the subject.
● They must refer to one offense only
● They must refer to one element of the offense.
● They must not contain inference to one's religion, race or belief.
● Usually 12 questions
● At Least 3 charts with rest interval of five (5) to ten (10) minutes between charts
 LIE
TYPES OF QUESTIONS
1. Irrelevant – A question that has no connection with the matter under investigation and deals with known facts
that the subject cannot be denied. It is designed to be emotionally neutral to examinees and usually answerable by
“yes’. Also called a Neutral Question.
Types of questions which have no importance to the case under investigation, these are questions which are
believed to have no, or very little emotional impact on a subject. Thus, such questions can be used as an
indicator of a particular subject’s normal baseline level of arousal. This must precede the relevant ones.

Ex. Did you eat today?

Do you smoke?
Are you wearing a brown leather jacket now?
Do you live in burgos street, Bacolod city?
LIE
Sample set of general question test
▪ Have you ever been called by the name pedro? (irrelevant)

▪ Is today Monday? (irrelevant)

▪ Do you have anything to do with the robbery at sm

(shoemart) last night? (weak relevant)
▪ Are you over 20 years of age age?( irrelevant)
LIE
▪ Were you one of those who robbed the sm last night?
(strong relevant)
▪ Have you been involved in a robbery case this year? (control question-relevant)
▪ Do you drink water? (irrelevant)
▪ Was the pair of gloves found at sm yours? (evidence connecting-relevant)
▪ Do you know of anyone involved in the robbery at sm last night? (knowledge
question-relevant)
▪ Have you ever been involved in any robbery in your entire life? (secondary
control-relevant)
▪ Have you deliberately lied to any question I have asked you? (relevant-check
question)
▪ Other questions that maybe asked in the polygraph technique
LIE
○ Characteristics of Irrelevant
i. It has no connection to the matter under investigation.
ii. No threat to the subject (usually).
iii. Neither innocent nor guilty suspects have reason to lie.
iv. Usually about the suspect’s background.
v. Generally used at the beginning of polygraph technique to establish a
‘norm’ for the examinee, or throughout the examination as needed to
reestablish norm pattern.
LIE
Purposes of Irrelevant Question
1. Establish professional authority in the room, that means, the examiner asks
questions and the suspect answers.
2. It allows the examiner to assess the subject’s normal behavior for this heightened
emotional situation.
3. Allows the examiner to identify something he has in common with the subject, to
establish rapport.
4. It minimizes resistance.
LIE
2. Relevant - a question deals with the matter under investigation. Color coded red in computerized
instruments. It is designed to generate reactions from deceptive subjects.

○ Types of Relevant Question

1. Primary Relevant (Strong Relevant) - addresses the primary issue or direct involvement of the
subject on the matter under question. It is used primarily with the single-issue examination. Ex.
Did you take that missing money?
2. Secondary Relevant (Weak Relevant) - deals with the physical acts that support the primary
issue. This is usually used in multi-issue examinations. Ex. Did you participate in the theft of that
missing money?
LIE
3. Guilty Knowledge - designed to probe whether the subject possesses information regarding the
identity of the offender or the facts of the case under question. Ex. Do you know who took that
missing money?

4. Evidence Connecting Question - test question in which the examinee is asked about a particular
piece of physical evidence that would incriminate the guilty person. It could be items left at the crime
scene by the perpetrator or stolen property. Ex. Do you know where any of that missing money is right
now?
LIE
3. Comparison Question
○ a question which is the same in nature with that of the relevant
question but broad in scope
○ is used for comparative purposes with the relevant question.
○ designed to generate reactions from truthful subjects.
LIE
4. Symptomatic Question - is designed to ensure that the examiner will not ask
un-reviewed questions or that the examinee is not afraid that the examiner will ask
un-reviewed questions.
Examples:
i. Do you believe me when I promised not to ask a question in this test I
have not gone over word for word?
ii. Even though I promised I would not, are you afraid I will ask a
question in this test I have not gone over word for word?
LIE
5. Sacrifice Relevant Question
○ it introduces the relevant question to the subject
○ designed to absorb the response generated by the introduction of
relevant question in the series

Example:
● Regarding the (matter under investigation), are you willing to answer the
questions truthfully?
LIE
Types of Test
1. General Question Test - consist of a series of relevant, irrelevant control questions
in a planned order. Developed by John E. Reid; the most commonly applied; the purpose
is to get the standard tracing of the subject and to establish a true telling pattern
for the initial part of the record.

2. Relevant/Irrelevant Test - consists primarily of a series of irrelevant questions and

relevant questions pertaining to the crime under investigation. Developed by Keeler.
LIE
3. Peak of Tension Test
○ consist of only one relevant and a series of irrelevant questions.
○ resemble, in every general way, the card test, for it consists
essentially of the asking of a series of questions in which only one
has any bearing upon the matter under investigation.
LIE
○ padding questions before and after the relevant questions.
i. Ex. Do you know whether the stolen watch from Rommel is a rolex?
(introductory phrase plus padding question)
ii. Is it an omega? (padding)
iii. Is it a Seiko? (padding)
iv. Is it timex? (relevant question)
v. Is it alba quartz? (padding)
vi. Is it a citizen? (padding)
LIE
4. Card test / Acquaintance Test / Stimulation Test
○ The subject is presented with seven (7) previously numbered cards face down.
○ he will be instructed to take one, look at it and return it with the rest of the
cards.
○ The examiner will shuffle the cards and each card will be shown to him, with the
instruction that he will answer “NO” to all cards , even if the one being shown
to him is the one he has seen earlier.
LIE
5. Guilt Complex Test
○ used primarily for overly responsive subjects.
○ a totally fictitious incident but of a similar nature to the matter being investigated and make
him believe it is real.
○ The purpose is to compare the response with those response made concerning the actual matter
under investigation

6. Silent Answer Test - Subject is instructed not to give any verbal answer, the subject will only answer in
his mind; Test conducted in the same manner as when relevant and control questions are asked but the
subject is instructed to answer the questions silently, to himself, without making any verbal response
causes distortion in the tracing such as sniff or clearing the throat.
LIE
7. Comparison Question Test (CQT) - the reactions on the control and
relevant questions are compared via numerical scoring; Zone- a 20 to 35
seconds block of polygraph chart time initiated by a question having unique
psychological focusing appeal to a predictable group of examinees.
LIE
8. SKY Questions - These three questions grouped together by Backster confirm the
previous charts and may detect indirect involvement or guilty knowledge. The “S” stands
for suspect; the “K” stands for know; and the “Y” stands for you. The “Y” question is the
same as the strong relevant question.
Example:
○ Do you suspect anyone in particular of stealing Hazel’s wristwatch?
○ Do you know for sure who stole Hazel’s wristwatch?
○ Did you steal Hazel’s wristwatch?
LIE
Polygraph Examiner
● is one who is capable of detecting deception and verifying the truthfulness of
statements through the use of a polygraph instrument.
● is someone who has successfully completed formal education and training in
conducting polygraph examinations and is certified by his agency to conduct
such examinations.

Subject - is any person who undergoes polygraph examination.

LIE
Polygraph Examination - a process that encompasses all activities that take place between
a polygraph examiner and an examinee during a specific series of interactions. For a valid
polygraph examination to exist, respiration, EDA, and Cardiovascular activity must be
monitored and recorded.

Chart markings are annotations of the physiologic tracings to denote stimulus (question)
onset and offset, examinee’s answer, question number, question label, artifacts, and other
details important to the interpretation of the physiological data.
LIE “THE LEGAL RULE IN CHART INTERPRETATION”

Is that there must be specific responses and the specific responses must appear consistently the
same in relevant questions in two or more charts.

Polygraph Chart Paper

● 100 feet long
● 11.6-8 inches in width
● ½ or .5 inch margin top and bottom
● Horizontal Lines spaced at ¼ inch intervals or 20 divisions
● Vertical Lines at 1/10 inch intervals with heavy lines at ½ or .5 inch intervals.
● Each ½ division of the vertical lines represents 5 seconds of time
LIE
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Pneumograph Tracings
▪ Found at the top of the chart
▪ Record of the respiratory action during questioning
▪ Classified as normal and abnormal
▪ Consists of Inhalation and Exhalation strikes with a normal amplitude of ½ to
¾ inches
▪ Normal cyclic rate is from 13 to 18 breaths per minute
▪ Normal Breathing Pattern- Newborn- 50 to 70 cycles/minute, Children (1-5
years old)- 20 to 30 cycles per minute, Adults- 15-20 minutes per
cycle/minute
▪ Men are deep breathers/ Women are shallow breathers
LIE
Descriptive type of breathing
▪ Normal
▪ Rapid
▪ Slow
▪ Shallow
▪ Deep
▪ Serrated inhalation
▪ Deviations caused by coughing or mechanics of answering

Two steps in Breathing

● Inspiration
● Expiration
LIE
Factors affecting Breathing Rates
● Muscular exercise
● Anticipation of Muscular Exercise
● Recalling mentally emotional experience
● Mental Activity
● Anxious Expectancy
● Shock
● Surprise
● Electrodermal Response
● Normal Response
● Abnormal Response
● Machine Fright Response
● Physical Movement Response
● Outside Interference Response
● Mental tie up response
● Deception Response
LIE
Indications of Deception
▪ Change in Rhythm or Regularity
▪ Change in amplitude or volume
▪ Change in the inhalation or exhalation ratio
▪ Notched or serrated inhalation or exhalation strokes
▪ Change of base line; loss of base line
▪ Hyperventilation
▪ Suppression
▪ Respiratory block
LIE
Galvanograph Tracings
▪ Center position
▪ Wavering line
▪ Galvanic Skin Response
LIE
Records changes in subject’s increase or decrease resistance to a
constant electrical current generated through the amplifier , recording
galvanometer and rectifier of the Polygraph. It also applies in fingers,
hands, and palms, forehead, armpit, anus area and the bottom of the
feet.
Sweat varies according to different circumstances such as muscular
exercise, nausea, pain, mental excitement, nervousness, dyspnea,
asthma, other diseases, including certain drugs which somehow affect
sweating activity. Temperature and Humidity also affects the sweat
glands. Cold environment decreases sweating, enhances urination and
dehydration.
LIE
Galvanic Tracings indicative of deception
▪ Vertical rise at the point of deception
▪ Double saddle response
▪ Long duration and/ or degree of response following point of deception
▪ Plugging galvo tracings
Cardiosphygmograph Tracings
▪ Found at the bottom of the chart showing the three physiological
phenomena, a systolic stroke, diastolic stroke and dichotic notch.
▪ Normal pulse rate of an individual is 72 to 80 beats per minute
LIE
Indication of deception
▪ Increase or decrease in blood pressure
▪ Increase or decrease in pulse rate
▪ Increase or decrease in the amplitude
▪ Change in position or disappearance of dicrotic notch
▪ Extrasystoles
LIE
What are the general rules to follow for an effective chart
interpretation?
▪ There must be a specific response
▪ To be specific, it must form a deviation from norm
▪ It must appear in at least two (2) test charts.
▪ The best indication of deception is the simultaneous specific
responses in the three (3) tracings in the chart.
LIE
Two Types Chart Markings

1. Primary Markings - these are markings which indicate the beginning and end of
examination as well as the questions and answers of the subject. These are usually
placed at the bottom or top of the polygraph chart

2. Secondary Markings - are markings which are placed only if the examinee does
something which will cause the physiological tracings to distort. These markings are
usually placed below the affected tracing.
LIE
Result Errors
1. False Negative
○ refers to the failure to detect the presence of a particular event or
item.
○ in polygraphy refers to the incorrect decision that deception was not
practiced by the examinee.
LIE
2. False Positive
○ is the false detection of something that is not actually
present. In polygraphy
○ it is the incorrect decision that deception was practiced by
the examinee.
LIE

IS POLYGRAPH RESULT CONCLUSIVE?

No, because the polygraph result is opinionated.
LIE
ACCEPTANCE OF THE POLYGRAPH:

Many countries all over the world have

utilized polygraph technique as a method of lie detection. It has been proven
that it is a valuable aid in investigation. In some
countries, polygraph test results are admitted as evidence in court. In the
U.S., almost all courts utilized polygraph and more than one half of these
courts accept it as evidence in criminal prosecution.
LIE
WHAT IS THE CURRENT STATE OF POLYGRAPH TESTING IN THE PHILIPPINES?

In the Philippines, polygraph evidence was first discussed by the Supreme

Court in 1978 in People v. Daniel (G.R No. L-40330 Nov. 20, 1978).
In this case, the accused submitted to the trial court the results of a
polygraph test to show that he was innocent of the crime of rape. The trial
court rejected the results as evidence. The supreme court sustained the
trial court’s ruling. It held that a polygraph test is unreliable considering
that the subject took the test after the trial was over.
LIE
COMPARATIVE SETTING ON POLYGRAPH USE AND ADMISSIBILITY:

UNITED STATES – Polygraph testimony was admitted by stipulation in 19 states

since 2007, and subject to the discretion of the trial judge in the federal courts.
The use of polygraph in court testimony remains controversial, although it is used
extensively in post-conviction supervision, particularly of sex offenders.

EUROPE – In most European jurisdictions, polygraphs are not considered reliable

evidence and are not generally used by police forces. Courts themselves do not
order or pay for polygraph tests.
LIE
CANADA – The polygraph is regularly used as a forensic tool in the investigation of
criminal acts and sometimes employed in the screening of employees for government
organizations. In the 1987 decision of R.v. Beland, the Supreme court of Canada
rejected the use of polygraph results as evidence in court.

Australia – The High Court of Australia has not yet considered the admissibility of
polygraph evidence. The New South Wales District Court rejected the use of the
device in a criminal trial.
LIE
ISRAEL – The High Court of Israel in Civil Appeal rules that as the polygraph has
not been recognized as a reliable device, polygraph results are admissible as
evidence in a civil trial. In other decisions, polygraph results were ruled
inadmissible in criminals' trials.

INDIA – Recently, an Indian court adopted the brain electrical oscillations

signature test as evidence to convict a woman, who was accused of murdering her
fiance. It is the first time that the result of a polygraph was used as evidence in
court. On may 5, 2010, the Supreme Court of India declared use of narco analysis,
brain mapping and polygraph tests on suspects as illegal and against the
constitution.
LIE
ENGLAND – The current legal position, with respect to the second Bonython
requirement, is that, for expert evidence to be admissible in England and Wales, it must
be “sufficiently well-established to pass the ordinary tests of relevance and reliability”
that is to say, the expert witness’s evidence must be sufficiently reliable to be fit for a
jury to consider.

JAPAN – On April 21, 1982 the Tokyo High Court admitted a written expert opinion of
polygraph examination as evidence. The polygraphist had used both concealed
Information Test and the Control Questions Technique. The judge decided that the
result of the CIT was reliable enough. The CQT result was questioned not because the
CQT method itself was unreliable, but because the questionnaire use in this case was
not in standard format.
 DECORATIVE
ELEMENTS

Thank you!
Good luck!
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