Hardware & Software
Hardware is a term for physical components that make up a typical system.
Hardware
internal
external
Internal Hardware devices
Central process unit (CPU)/processor
Mother board
Random access memory (RAM)
Read only memory (ROM)
Graphic Card & Sound card
Internal Storage devices like hard disk drivers (HDD) and solid-state drives (SSD)
Network interface card (NIC)
External Hardware Devices.
Monitor
Printer Output Devices
Plotter
Keyboard
Mouse Input Devices
Camera
Software
Software is a term used for the programs that control the computer system and process data.
Two types of software
application software.
o Provides the services that the user requires to solve a given task
System Software
o Design to provides a platform on which all other software can run.
Application Software
Word processing.
Spreadsheet
Control & measurement software
Database (management system).
Video editing
Graphic editing.
Audio editing
Apps & applets
Computer-aided design (CAD)
Provides services to users to do specific tasks.
Can be general-purpose software or custom-made software.
Specialist Software (Customized the clients wants & need)
System Software
Compliers
o Software that translates high level language to machine language
Device drivers
o Enable the devices to work with another
Linkers
o Creates the link between language processor into workable solutions
Operating System (OS)
o Software that provides the necessary facilities
Utilities
o Enable computer to function.
Analogue & Digital data
Analogue data
Real-world date that changes smoothly.
Without discrete steps
Infinite value between points (e.g., 2.55)
Digital data
Computers only understand binary data (0&1)
Only exact value (e.g., 1.2.3...)
ADC (Analogue to digital Converter): Convert analog to digital
DAC (Digital to Analog Conveter): Convert digital to analogue
Main Components of Computer Systems
CPU (contained motherboard)
Internal hard disk drive or solid-state drive
RAM
ROM
Central Processing Unit (CPU)
CPU, also known as microprocessor, is the brain of the computer that execute hardware & software
operations.
Components:
Control unit (CU). Manage input & Output devices
Arithmetic and logic unit (ALU): Perform computation & logical operations.
Register: Small memory region for quick data access.
Function
Processes input data
Produce output results.
Random Access Memory (RAM)
Temporary Memory devices storage
Volatile (data lost when the power is off)
Can be read and write
Stores data, files, program, and so parts currently in use Can be increase in size to improve
operational speed
Read only Memory (ROM)
Permanent memory storage
Non-Volatile (data retained when power is off)
Read-only, data cannot be change
Store BIOS and other startup data
Contain boot files for initial startup tasks.
CMOS: Stores data, time and system configuration, powered by a battery
CMOS: Complementary metal oxide semiconductor
OS: Operation System.
