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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
21 views10 pages

17

Uploaded by

morokali8
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

!

"# $ % &
= (ω' = # ( − ω'
= # (− ω' ' = # (− ω ' '

) * # +
, &
- = (ω' $
= ' (. / $

) , !
, % '
0 / $
'
$ / ( 1 2
'

3 4 + /

5 = >>
/ % / 6 $ ω <<

µ ( $ − 7
( $ = τ

= ρ' = δ ( − '
( $ − 7 ( $ − 7
0 τ=
≈ =
ω
( $ − = − ω' # (− ω ( − ' = − ω' # ( ( ' − ω' ' : = '
−µ ω
$ ( $ = # ( ( ' − ω'

$ / 5 / 5
ω$ 2 $ ∇↔
/ '

3 , '

=∇∧ '
=∇∧( ( =∇ ( ∧
−µ −
0 = ω + # ( ( ' − ω' ∧
8π 9

= θ' − θ' θ
−µ θ
0 = ω ( − ) # ( ( ' − ω' ϕ
8π 9

; ω= $ / = '

, '

− 9
= ∇∧
ω
= (9 θ( − + θ( − − 9 9
θ # ( ( ' − ω'
8πε <

ω
; ω= $ = = / '

= >
2 & =5 >'
? )5) >> >> λ

9
3 #
'

−µ 9 θ
= ω # ( ( ' − ω' θ

9 9
( /

9 '

− µ ω9 θ
= # ( ( ' − ω' ϕ

= $ # ( ( ' − ω' / # ( ( ⋅ − ω'


'

9 . /

θ ϕ '
/ '

< ; 2

= ∧ = ∧ '0 ( $ $ " + '


$ $ = '

λ
<<

θ
; $ θ / $ # ( ( ⋅ − ω' /

− µ ω9 θ
- ' $ = # ( ( ⋅ − ω' ϕ $ 2

2 '

<
8

• θ 2# $ 2
'
* 2 5 / & $ #
'
• 0 (
)
/ " ( $θ $ϕ (θ $ ϕ
/ 2 '
2 " ρ = ( $θ $ ϕ : "#

- " + "
" : 7 "-
7 '
2 2 '
)
0 $ " ρ = α' θ'
0 $ -

θ ρ

ρ7 θ

/ $ - '

,2

• ,2 B
& '
• / 2 " / 2
'

8
!" #
&
C

π= ∧ = 9

µ µ
= ε 9
+ 9
=ε 9

9 9µ

9 *

• 0"
=< π ⋅ >$ " # " 2 '
• #
µ9 ω8 9 9
θ
= < 9
>= ' D=
µ 9µ 9µ Aπ 9 9

µ ω8 9 9
θ
=
<9π 9 9

• 7 9

• / ω8 '

< 5 / + '

• #
=< π⋅ >= <π ⋅ > =
µ ω8 9 9 µ 8
= <
θ θ ϕ= ω8 9
×
<9π 9 9
Aπ ' <
µ
; = ω8 9
9π '

) - - ( /
2 # + / '
9
7 ( 2 +
" $ 7 '
) , " # - " '
( 2 $ : " '
(9 $ " "-
- - " '

@
)
( ,2 " - " '
( $ / $
E
(9 , / "
'

3 2
F ,

µ
= ω8 9

9π '
= ω' $ = −ω 9 ω'
9
=< 9
>= ω8 '
9
'
9
µ
$ = 9 9

Aπ '

9 G (

• . / "
2
) E '

) " ( ≠
• /
, " , 2 ( / /
• $ 2 '

< " 2


• , 2 ( H
/ #

) /
) 0 ( I . J

A
• "
) , 2 / α -$
" (= 3 >
)
4 + $ 4 9+ $ F 9+ K / 2
/ - 2 + (
• 0 "" + ( "'

!
0 "" .
0 ""
2 2 2 / + / - -
2 '

* / +


2 ;$ '
• /
) +
( + # + " 2
<<
(9 L # "#
(<

2 " 5
( =− ρ =− ω ρ 9

F , M ! = ( + ∧ ≈ ( <<

F " = − ' = − γ' (γ I $ / τ >>
τ ω
) "
ρ = − ω ρ − γρ +
9

; ρ + γρ + ω 9 ρ = − ( + ρ/ $ ( ρ << λ
# $
ρ (−ω 9 − ωγ + ω 9 = −
; ρ= ≈ (
ω 9 − ω 9 + γω ω9 −ω9

( ,2 '
(9 ( ω '
(< $ 2 / - - 2
2 '

• F ,
µ
= 9 9

Aπ '
9
9
= < ρ 9 > = ω 8 ρ ⋅ ρD = ω 8 ⋅ D
9 9 9
(ω 9 − ω 9 9

= < ⋅ >= 9
" '
µ 9µ
µ9 8
ω8
$ =
Aπ 9
(ω 9 − ω 9 9

• ; "" ""
µ9 8
ω8
= σ' $ / σ =
Aπ 9
(ω 9 − ω 9 9

, 2 / "" $ 2
/ σ 5 2
'

< 0 "" .

• 0"
2 ω >> ω
ω I @' A ' −
0 λ = $ 8µ = 8
$ O( →9 $ λ << λ
• F .
µ 9 8
=
Aπ 9
• ; "" ""
µ 9 8
σ" = $ ω'; ) 2 P
Aπ 9

N
9
#I $ #= 9

8πε
9 8
µ9 8
0 = $ π' 9
= =
8πε 9
Aπε 9 9 8
Aπ ' 9

σ" I −9Q 9
(R - = −9N 9


* 2 " 2- 2 (
" +
, ""
• - / # 3 S ( / O

8 0 ""

• 0"
2 ω << ω ( λ >> $ 8 µ $ / -
• F
µ9 8
ω8
=
Aπ 9
ω8
• , /
+ .

/ 2 =
8πε $ <
9 8
0 =− $ = (8πε $ < 9

8πε $ < ω8
9

ω9


2 = 9
$ Aω 8
<

) 1 " '
) * / + " ω'
) , "" #
77 ⊥ $ / 2
5 #= & >

77

77

Q
$ 2 #
= & > # #5 ⊥ 77 $ 5
2 # $5 / ',
/ '
) , +

⊥ $ # 2 ""
77 $
α =π 79'
• 3
ω ≈ 9 × ω$ $ ≈ A× $

1 $ / - - - # ""
( " '
" ( # $ - "" $ 2
'

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