PM SHRI JAWAHAR NAVODAYA
VIDYALAYA
(PASCHIM MEDINIPUR)
SESSION:- 2024-2025
INVESTIGETORY PROJECT ON PHYSICS
TOPIC: TO INVESTIGATE THE DEPENDENCE OF THE
ANGLE OF DEVIATION ON THE ANGLE OF INCIDENCE
USING A HOLLOW PRISM FILLED ONE BY ONE, WITH
DIFFERENT TRANSPARENT FLUIDS.
NAME: avijit maji
CLASS: xii(science)
ROLL:
GUIDED BY:
ANJALI RANI(PGT PHYSICS)
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that Avijit Maji of class
XII(Science) Roll ,has successfully
completed the Physics project on the topic of
“TO INVESTIGATE THE DEPENDENCE OF
THE ANGLE OF DEVIATION ON THE
ANGLE OF INCIDENCE USING A HOLLOW
PRISM FILLED ONE BY ONE, WITH
DIFFERENT TRANSPARENT FLUIDS.”, as
prescribed by the course during the academic
year 2024-2025.
Sign of Internal Examiner Sing of External Examiner
Sign of Principal
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Apart from the efforts of me, the success of any project depends
largely on the encouragement and guidelines of many others. I take
this opportunity to express my gratitude to the people who have
been instrumental in the successful completion of this project.
I would like to express my special thanks of gratitude to my teacher
Mrs. Anjali Rani as well as our principal mam Mrs. Shobhna Ghosh
who gave me the golden opportunity to do this wonderful project on
the topic “TO INVESTIGATE THE DEPENDENCE OF THE ANGLE
OF DEVIATION ON THE ANGLE OF INCIDENCE USING A
HOLLOW PRISM FILLED ONE BY ONE, WITH DIFFERENT
TRANSPARENT FLUIDS”, which also help me in doing a lot of
research and I came to know about so many new things, I am really
thankful to them.
The guidance, friends and support received from all the members
who contributed and who are contributing to this project, was vital for
the success of the project. I am grateful for their constant support
and help.
Sign of Candidate:
Date:
CONTENT
1. TOPIC
2. INTRODUCTION
3. THEORY
4. APPARATUS REQUIRED
5. PROCEDURE
6. OBSERVATIONS
7. RESULT
8. PRECAUTIONS
9. BIBLIOGRAPHY
TOPIC
“TO INVESTIGATE THE
DEPENDENCE OF THE ANGLE OF
DEVIATION ON THE ANGLE OF
INCIDENCE USING A HOLLOW
PRISM FILLED ONE BY ONE, WITH
DIFFERENT TRANSPARENT FLUIDS.”
INTRODUCTION
The refractive index of a liquid is a measure of how much the
speed of light is reduced inside the liquid compared to its speed in a
vacuum. It is defined as the ratio of the speed of light in a vacuum to
the speed of light in the liquid:
n=c/v
Where n is the refractive index, c is the speed of light in a vacuum,
and v is the speed of light in the liquid. The refractive index indicates
how light bends when transitioning from one medium to another. For
example, water has a refractive index of around 1.33.
To determine the refractive index of liquids, several methods can be
used:
1. Critical Angle Method: Light passing from the liquid to air is
directed at increasing angles until total internal reflection
occurs. The refractive index is calculated from the critical angle.
2. Minimum Deviation Method: Using a prism and a
spectrometer, the refractive index is found from the angle of
minimum deviation as light passes through the liquid.
3. Refractometer A simple tool that directly measures the
refractive index by detecting the angle of light as it refracts in
the liquid.
Each method allows precise measurement of the refractive index,
essential for understanding light behavior in different liquids.
THEORY
PRISM: A prism is a transparent optical
element with flat, polished surfaces
that refract light. Prisms can be made from any
material that is transparent including
glass, plastic and fluorite.
A prism can be used to break light up into its
constituent spectral colors. Prisms can also be
used to reflect light, or to split light into
components with different polarizations.
REFRACTION:
The refractive index of the liquid
Is given by the formula:
Where:
µ = refractive index of the liquid
δm= the angle of minimum deviation
r = angle of refraction
i = angle of incidence
A = angle of prism
FLUIDS REFRACTIVE INDEX
Water 1.33
Glycerine 1.47
Ethyl Alcohol 1.36
Vegetable Oil 1.45
Acetone 1.36
HCl 1.34
APPARATUS
REQUIRED
1. HOLLOW PRISM,
2. HYDROCHLORIC ACID,
3. ETHYL ALCOHOL,
4. PINS, BOARD,
5. SCALE,
6. PROTECTOR.
PROCEDURE
● Fix a white sheet of paper on the drawing
board with help of drawing pins.
● Keep the prism and mark the outline of it as
ABC.
● Drop a normal PQ on the side AB.
● Draw the angle of incidence in accordance
with the normal PQ and place 2 pins so that
they appear to be in the straight line.
● Place the prism filled with given sample of
liquid ,on the marked outline ABC.
● Now take the pins and place them on the
side AC so that all the 4 pins appears to be
in same line.
● Remove the prism and draw the line joining
the points so obtained.
● Mark the diagram as shown in the figure.
● Repeat this with different liquids and
different angle of incidence.
OBSERVATIONS
HYDROCHLORIC ACID
S.No. i e d A
1. 35 46 22 60
2. 40 50 34 60
3. 45 44 32 60
4. 50 36 32 60
5. 55 28 29 60
ETHYL ALCOHOL
S.No. i e d A
1. 35 51 31 60
2. 40 46 29 60
3. 45 39 28 60
4. 50 35 30 60
5. 55 33 34 60
RESULT
THE REFRACTIVE INDEX OF HCL
EXPERIMENTAL- 1.34
CALCULATED- 1.40
THE REFRACTIVE INDEX OF ETHYL
ALCOHOL
EXPERIMENTAL-1.36
CALCULATED- 1.412
PRECAUTIONS
●Angle of incidence should lie b/w 35-60
degree.
●Pins should be vertically fixed and should lie
in same line.
●Distance b/w two points should not be less
than 10mm.
●Same angle of prism should be used for all
observation.
●Arrow head should be marked to represent
emergent and incident ray.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
● wikipedia.org
● google.com
THANK YOU
