1. What are diuretics designed to increase?
A) Appetite
B) Water and salt
C) Blood pressure
D) Heart rate
2. Which of the following is a primary function of diuretics?
A) Increase cholesterol levels
B) Reduce fluid build-up (edema)
C) Boost immune system
D) Increase muscle mass
3. Diuretics are categorized into how many major groups based on their
chemical composition and mechanism of action?
A) One
B) Two
C) Three
D) Four
4. Which of the following is a type of diuretic?
A) Antihistamines
B) Mercurial Diuretics
C) Beta-blockers
D) Analgesics
5. Which condition is treated by diuretics to reduce fluid overload?
A) Hypertension
B) Congestive Heart Failure
C) Kidney Disorders
D) All of these
6. Which of the following is NOT an indication for the use of diuretics?
A) Maintenance of urine flow
B) Increase in muscle mass
C) Management of hypertension
D) Reduction of intraocular pressure in glaucoma
7. Which medical condition involves the use of diuretics to manage fluid
retention associated with liver disease?
Hypercalcemia
Hepatic Cirrhosis with Ascites
Nephrolithiasis
Diabetes
8. What is the purpose of using diuretics during surgical procedures?
Increase blood sugar
Reduce weight
Maintain renal function
Increase heart rate
9. Diuretics help prevent kidney stone formation by reducing the excretion of
which substance?
A) Sodium
B) Potassium
C) Calcium
D) Magnesium
10. Which of the following is a purpose of diuretics in treating hypertension?
A) Increase blood volume
B) Reduce blood volume
C) Increase cholesterol
D) Reduce appetite
11. What is the primary purpose of diuretics?
A) To decrease appetite
B) To increase the amount of water and salt expelled from the body
C) To boost the immune system
D) To reduce cholesterol levels
12. Which condition is NOT managed by diuretics?
A) Hypertension
B) Diabetes
C) Congestive Heart Failure
D) Glaucoma
13. Diuretics help in reducing fluid build-up known as:
A) Hypertension
B) Edema
C) Hypercalcemia
D) Nephrolithiasis
14. What are the two major groups of diuretics based on their chemical
composition and mechanism of action?
A) Organic and Inorganic Diuretics
B) Mercurial and Non-mercurial Diuretics
C) Synthetic and Natural Diuretics
D) Primary and Secondary Diuretics
15. Diuretics are used to treat which condition by decreasing intraocular
pressure?
A) Hypertension
B) Hypercalcemia
C) Glaucoma
D) Nephrolithiasis
16. Which of the following is NOT an indication for diuretic use?
A) Circulatory Shock
B) Hepatic Cirrhosis with Ascites
C) Diabetes
D) Excretion of Poison
17. Diuretics help in the maintenance of urine flow during:
A) Exercise
B) Sleep
C) Surgical Procedures
D) Eating
18. Which condition involves the use of diuretics to reduce elevated levels of
calcium in the blood?
A) Hypercalcemia
B) Hypertension
C) Edema
D) Nephrolithiasis
19. Diuretics help prevent kidney stone formation by reducing:
A) Sodium excretion
B) Calcium excretion
C) Potassium excretion
D) Magnesium excretion
20. Diuretics can be used to manage fluid retention in patients with:
A) Heart Failure
B) Glaucoma
C) Hypercalcemia
D) Anemia
21. Which functional group in mercaptomerin is responsible for increasing
solubility due to hydrogen bonding?
A) CH3
B) OH
C) CONH
D) Carbonyl
22. What role does the carbonyl group play in the structure of
mercaptomerin?
A) Increases solubility
B) Increases potency through receptor binding
C) Decreases diuretic activity
D) Enhances membrane binding
23. In the structure of mercaptomerin, what effect does the CH3 group have
on the drug?
A) Decreases solubility
B) Decreases diuretic activity
C) Increases diuretic activity and potency
D) Enhances hydrogen bond formation
24. Which atom in mercaptomerin is central to its activity by binding to the
thiol group of target enzymes?
A) Oxygen
B) Nitrogen
C) Carbon
D) Mercury
25. Which group in the structure of mercaptomerin is responsible for potency
and efficacy by increasing the ability to bind to enzymes?
A) Methyl group
B) Thiol group
C) Carbonyl group
D) Hydroxyl group
26. What is the role of the benzene ring in furosemide?
A) Provides stability to the drug molecule
B) Increases solubility
C) Enhances potency
D) Decreases diuretic activity
27. In furosemide, the carbonyl group at which position provides optimal
diuretic activity?
A) C-1
B) C-2
C) C-3
D) C-4
28. Which group, when substituted in the 4th position of furosemide,
increases diuretic activity and potency?
A) Hydroxyl group
B) Methyl group
C) Halogen group
D) Thiol group
29. In the structure of spironolactone, what is the effect of replacing the 17-
spironolactone group with a hydroxyl group?
A) Increases diuretic activity
B) Decreases diuretic activity
C) No effect on activity
D) Enhances membrane binding
30. Which ring provides stability to the drug molecule furosemide?
A) Benzene ring
B) Lactone ring
C) Thiol ring
D) Pyridine ring
31. Where is the carbonyl group positioned in furosemide to provide optimal
diuretic activity?
A) C-1
B) C-2
C) C-3
D) C-4
32. What ring is essential for the interaction with the binding site on the
transporter in furosemide?
A) Furan ring
B) Pyrrole ring
C) Benzene ring
D) Lactone ring
33. Which group, when substituted at position 4, increases the diuretic
activity and potency of furosemide?
A) Hydroxyl group
B) Halogen group
C) Methyl group
D) Thiol group
34. What is the essential group for selectivity to the transporter and diuretic
activity in furosemide?
A) Hydroxyl group
B) Carbonyl group
C) Sulfonamide group
D) Methyl group
35. Which ring is necessary for diuretic activity in spironolactone?
A) γ-Lactone ring
B) Benzene ring
C) Furan ring
D) Pyridine ring
36. What happens when the 17-spironolactone group in spironolactone is
replaced by a hydroxyl group?
A) Increased activity
B) Complete loss of activity
C) No change in activity
D) Slight increase in activity
37. What is the active metabolite of spironolactone?
A) Furosemide
B) Canrenone
C) Mercaptomerin
D) Meralluride
38. Which group in spironolactone is essential for increasing membrane
binding?
A) Methyl group
B) Hydroxyl group
C) Carbonyl group
D) Halogen group
39. What effect does the addition of a double bond between carbon atoms 6
and 7 in spironolactone have?
A) Decreases diuretic activity
B) Forms an active analogue
C) Has no effect on activity
D) Causes complete loss of activity
40. What provides stability to the drug molecule in furosemide?
A) Furan ring
B) Benzene ring
C) Thiol group
D) Lactone ring
41. The carbonyl group at which position provides optimal diuretic activity in
furosemide?
A) C-1
B) C-2
C) C-3
D) C-4
42. Which ring is essential for interaction with the binding site on the
transporter in furosemide?
A) Furan ring
B) Pyrrole ring
C) Benzene ring
D) Lactone ring
43. What effect does substituting the activating group in the 4th position with
chlorine have on furosemide?
A) Decreases diuretic activity
B) Increases diuretic activity and potency
C) No effect on activity
D) Reduces side effects
44. Which group in furosemide is essential for selectivity to the transporter
and diuretic activity?
A) Hydroxyl group
B) Carbonyl group
C) Sulfonamide group
D) Methyl group
45. What is the active metabolite of spironolactone?
A) Furosemide
B) Canrenone
C) Mercaptomerin
D) Meralluride
46. What happens when the 17-spironolactone group in spironolactone is
replaced by a hydroxyl group?
A) Increased activity
B) Complete loss of activity
C) No change in activity
D) Slight increase in activity
47. Which ring is necessary for diuretic activity in spironolactone?
A) γ-Lactone ring
B) Benzene ring
C) Furan ring
D) Pyridine ring
48. What is essential for increasing membrane binding in spironolactone?
A) Methyl group
B) Hydroxyl group
C) Carbonyl group
D) Halogen group
49. What effect does adding a double bond between carbon atoms 6 and 7 in
spironolactone have?
A) Decreases diuretic activity
B) Forms an active analogue
C) Has no effect on activity
D) Causes complete loss of activity
50. What is the effect of substituting the S-atom in the core structure of
thiazide diuretics?
A) Increases activity
B) Decreases activity
C) No effect on activity
D) Results in loss of activity
51. What kind of groups can be substituted at the R position of thiazide
diuretics?
A) Large aromatic groups
B) Small alkyl groups
C) Halogens
D) Sulfonamide groups
[Link] position in thiazide diuretics requires a free sulphamoyl group for
activity?
A) 1st position
B) 3rd position
C) 6th position
D) 7th position
[Link] is the role of the O=S=O group in acetazolamide?
A) Causes deamination
B) Enhances lipophilicity and stability
C) Binds to Carbonic Anhydrase
D) Enhances saluretic activity
[Link] substituent group is essential for the activity of acetazolamide?
A) Acetamide group
B) Thiadiazole ring
C) Sulfonamide group
D) Halogens
[Link] effect does methyl substitution at positions 1, 3, and 7 have on
theophylline?
A) Decreases diuretic activity
B) Increases diuretic activity
C) No effect on activity
D) Causes loss of activity
[Link] component of ethacrynic acid is crucial for its diuretic activity?
A) Phenoxyacetic acid core
B) Acryloyl group at position 4
C) Chlorine atoms at positions 2 and 3
D) Ethyl group attached to acryloyl moiety
[Link] happens if one chlorine atom is removed from the benzene ring of
ethacrynic acid?
A) Increases diuretic activity
B) Decreases diuretic activity
C) No effect on diuretic activity
D) Eliminates diuretic activity
[Link] position on triamterene should remain unsubstituted for diuretic
activity?
A) 1st position
B) 2nd, 4th, and 7th positions
C) 3rd and 5th positions
D) 6th position
[Link] at the para position of the phenyl ring with which group increases
the activity of triamterene?
A) Methyl group
B) Hydroxyl group
C) Ethyl group
D) Halogen group
[Link] group in acetazolamide is responsible for metabolism?
A) O=S=O group
B) Acetamide group
C) NH2 group
D) Thiadiazole ring
[Link] is the role of the O=S=O group in acetazolamide?
A) Causes deamination
B) Enhances lipophilicity and stability
C) Binds to Carbonic Anhydrase
D) Essential for activity
[Link] group is essential for the activity of acetazolamide as a Carbonic
Anhydrase inhibitor?
A) Acetamide group
B) Thiadiazole ring
C) Sulfonamide group
D) Halogens
[Link] at which position in the sulfonamide nitrogen of acetazolamide
can lead to loss of activity?
A) Position 1
B) Position 3
C) Position 6
D) Any substitution
[Link] is the role of the thiadiazole ring in acetazolamide?
A) Causes deamination
B) Enhances lipophilicity
C) Responsible for stability and binding to Carbonic Anhydrase
D) Essential for metabolism
[Link] component is crucial for theophylline's diuretic effect?
A) Xanthine Scaffold
B) Acetamide group
C) Sulfonamide group
D) Thiadiazole ring
[Link] effect do methyl groups at positions 1, 3, and 7 have on theophylline's
diuretic activity?
A) Decreases diuretic activity
B) Enhances diuretic activity
C) No effect on activity
D) Causes loss of activity
[Link] groups enhance interactions with renal targets, promoting diuresis in
theophylline?
A) NH2 groups
B) Sulfonamide groups
C) Aromatic rings
D) Halogens
[Link] is the impact of substituents at position 7 on theophylline?
A) Enhances diuretic activity
B) May diminish diuretic activity
C) No effect on diuretic activity
D) Essential for stability
[Link] group in theophylline is responsible for contributing to diuretic effect
by interacting with renal receptors/enzymes?
A) NH2 groups
B) Hydrogen bonding
C) Acetamide group
D) Thiadiazole ring
Answer: B) Hydrogen bonding
[Link] core structure is responsible for the diuretic activity of ethacrynic acid?
A) Thiadiazole ring
B) Phenoxyacetic acid core
C) Xanthine scaffold
D) Pteridine core
[Link] positions on the benzene ring of ethacrynic acid have chlorine atoms
crucial for receptor binding?
A) 1 and 2
B) 2 and 3
C) 3 and 4
D) 4 and 5
[Link] is the result of removing one chlorine atom from the benzene ring of
ethacrynic acid?
A) No change in activity
B) Increased activity
C) Reduced activity
D) Complete loss of activity
[Link] group at position 4 of the benzene ring in ethacrynic acid is responsible
for its biological activity?
A) Sulfonamide group
B) Acetamide group
C) Acryloyl group
D) Methyl group
[Link] role does the ethyl group attached to the acryloyl moiety in ethacrynic
acid play?
A) Enhances reactivity
B) Enhances lipophilicity
C) Enhances stability
D) Enhances potency
[Link] core structure is responsible for the diuretic activity of triamterene?
A) Xanthine scaffold
B) Phenoxyacetic acid core
C) Pteridine core
D) Thiadiazole ring
[Link] amino groups in triamterene are essential for diuretic activity and
should remain unsubstituted?
A) Positions 1, 2, and 3
B) Positions 2, 4, and 7
C) Positions 3, 5, and 6
D) Positions 4, 5, and 8
[Link] is the effect of substituting the para position of the phenyl ring in
triamterene with a hydroxyl group?
A) Increases activity
B) Decreases activity
C) No effect on activity
D) Causes loss of activity
[Link] is the effect of substituting the para position of the phenyl ring in
triamterene with a methyl group?
A) Increases activity
B) Decreases activity
C) No effect on activity
D) Enhances stability
[Link] can the phenyl group in triamterene be replaced by to potentially retain
or enhance activity?
A) Large alkyl groups
B) Small heterocyclic rings
C) Halogens
D) Thiadiazole ring
Answer: B) Small heterocyclic rings
[Link] is the core structure responsible for the diuretic activity of ethacrynic
acid?
A) Thiadiazole ring
B) Phenoxyacetic acid core
C) Xanthine scaffold
D) Pteridine core
[Link] positions on the benzene ring of ethacrynic acid have chlorine atoms
crucial for receptor binding?
A) 1 and 2
B) 2 and 3
C) 3 and 4
D) 4 and 5
[Link] is the result of removing one chlorine atom from the benzene ring of
ethacrynic acid?
A) No change in activity
B) Increased activity
C) Reduced activity
D) Complete loss of activity
[Link] group at position 4 of the benzene ring in ethacrynic acid is responsible
for its biological activity?
A) Sulfonamide group
B) Acetamide group
C) Acryloyl group
D) Methyl group
[Link] role does the ethyl group attached to the acryloyl moiety in ethacrynic
acid play?
A) Enhances reactivity
B) Enhances lipophilicity
C) Enhances stability
D) Enhances potency
[Link] core structure is responsible for the diuretic activity of triamterene?
A) Xanthine scaffold
B) Phenoxyacetic acid core
C) Pteridine core
D) Thiadiazole ring
[Link] amino groups in triamterene are essential for diuretic activity and
should remain unsubstituted?
A) Positions 1, 2, and 3
B) Positions 2, 4, and 7
C) Positions 3, 5, and 6
D) Positions 4, 5, and 8
[Link] is the effect of substituting the para position of the phenyl ring in
triamterene with a hydroxyl group?
A) Increases activity
B) Decreases activity
C) No effect on activity
D) Causes loss of activity
[Link] is the effect of substituting the para position of the phenyl ring in
triamterene with a methyl group?
A) Increases activity
B) Decreases activity
C) No effect on activity
D) Enhances stability
[Link] can the phenyl group in triamterene be replaced by to potentially retain
or enhance activity?
A) Large alkyl groups
B) Small heterocyclic rings
C) Halogens
D) Thiadiazole ring
[Link] is the general structure for Thiazide diuretics related to?
A) Position 1 substitutions
B) Phenoxyacetic acid core
C) Pteridine core
D) Xanthine scaffold
[Link] position in Thiazide diuretics cannot be substituted without loss of
activity?
A) Position 3
B) Position 1
C) Position 6
D) Position 7
[Link] increases the saluretic activity in Thiazide diuretics?
A) Substitution at position 1
B) Substitution with small alkyl groups at R position
C) Hydrophobic character at 3rd position
D) Substitution at the para position of the phenyl ring
[Link] is necessary for the activity of Thiazide diuretics?
A) Substitution at position 1
B) Double bond between 3rd and 4th position
C) Substitution at R position
D) Removal of chlorine atoms
[Link] group is essential for the activity of Thiazide diuretics at position 7?
A) Acetamide group
B) Sulphonamide group
C) Acryloyl group
D) Ethyl group
[Link] happens if the sulphamoyl group is lost in Thiazide diuretics?
A) Increased activity
B) No change in activity
C) Elimination of diuretic effect
D) Enhanced lipophilicity
[Link] groups are typically substituted at R1 in Thiazide diuretics?
A) Small alkyl groups
B) Large heterocyclic rings
C) Halogens
D) Hydrogen atoms
[Link] is the function of the O=S=O group in Acetazolamide?
A) Causes deamination
B) Binds to Carbonic Anhydrase
C) Enhances stability and lipophilicity
D) Responsible for metabolism
[Link] ring is responsible for the stability and binding of Acetazolamide?
A) Phenoxyacetic ring
B) Thiadiazole ring
C) Pteridine core
D) Xanthine scaffold
100. What effect does N-Methylation have in Theophylline's diuretic activity
compared to N-Ethyl substitution?
A) Decreases activity
B) Increases activity
C) No effect on activity
D) Causes loss of activity
Answer: B) Increases activity
