Unit -4 Group Theorey _ \. Binary Operaions }. tar Gr kee a men-emfiy ak ond Q,bEG. Tren om aperaken + om G $s Said Jo te binary 3h avn ER FAbEn ie. if #1 GxXH 3G Jan &® JS binary . The probeu Lis Joid do er dhe closure propetty. Fon orambd, cacdtition Ur) and oud plication 2 ou binary operations an dia Bi ob manera me. 2. Algerie Structure + A non - embhy wset together with gne on maxt than Ont | binary cbeation and some propenhas Js Caled. an Olgobric Stuwelwue. Sore af the Bropertier ovw oa qollorws ' Associative Duo: 9 inary operation % on a ab Sis avid br associative ih ¥ a,b,c 6S Oxo =lo*b) ¥C D Commutative two. - A vinary oprahon x ey ine Str S fe said Jo ke Commudetve kh ¥ bes Axb = OFA S Tdontity eloment \- An elomont e tra aeks Je called am Jdonhty eltmonh with swrpect So dhe bine operohe * ik don ant) clam AES FeC=exXa=Q © scanned with OKEN ScannerUnit -4 Greoip Theory lar Ge a non-embly 8d and Q,b€ & , Tren on aperalon * On G 3s aaid do We binary 3h arb Eh Warren ie. ik FL GG SG dam # Js binony preety Us taid do br tho chose property. for oxamph, addition Cr) amd omnssbli plicakicn (4) ort. | Na Qinary operation an Jw gu of nadutod \. Binoy Operakions 2. Algebiic Stuucrwie + A mon - embhy ager togehen with ore on Mae dhan One binary operakon and som property J Cabled, On Algploriic. Abuukwu. Some of dhe Bropertion orn a2 yellows 1 Associative Yaw). 4 binary ‘operation % on a &uk S js avid ke oxsociahue if, ¥ a,b,c eS Ort(b#C) cloth) ¥C 2) Commukakive yO! - A vinev'y opmabion x gn She SU 5 fe said do be Commutative ikh Ae S Axb= OFA xX aot Clomnent ‘An eloment e ta aars Jc calfecl an sdonhty ekmon’ with swiped do dhe birexy operahon © if fon an clemunF AES Otter eXa=Q © scanned with OKEN Scanner? Invese eloment'. Ain eluent b Js said to We 4% Lavarige of an efomonr a iy O%b = LEA= Ee O. nak ic as = 's Ave idombity omer @€z. with swap ecl- Jo dhe binary operation * given Dy OF b= atb-Q, for all a, bez Satu: tho dsb clomenk fs the ofomank-e dor ilicn — gge ze Waez Hee Qe = are-Q RQ 7) ate-92a 2) ©-9. Hone the adentity elomom Ps Q. Algphic. Stowetwua ) Closwoe Bioberhy / Gsoupoid 2) Acsociative Property Semignoup 3) Tetentity eront- | Monoid 4) tooo elemorn )$ Gistouo 5) Commutative Poberty Alaetion qoeup — << ar Abelian © scanned with OKEN ScannerQ.2 Lt Q donolis the Sor Of Jotional no. Cngider tno operation + given by, akb = Atb+ab ,hor ave a Snow dhol (Q,4) is an abelian Monoid. Also tind At invittibh eomonts of @ wilh swapec> to #- Solu) - YD Coswe Patopexty le Since por ubty Aw e@ , Arorabeg dheutore @ is Hoaed with suapec to oF, 2) Associalive Pioperty : — fox ab,CEQ OF OKC) = ar (orctbey4 aco+crbE) = AF b+C+ bop ab +ac+abe (ast Ah) +c + Carb+ab)e atb+alo +o+ actbe + abe 8 (Ab) te yo Aib+O pab+ac+ be+ Abc =) OH b#C) = (ab) *C D Commutative \- gon arb 8 Aterab = brarba >) atv= DFA 4) Tdankity ebmenk |; bor iden ty elomen? © ate =a, VaeQ )) Are+rae = Q =) ecvuay=o ey) @so Troreos So! je ctha idontity Como af (Q,#) 5) Omnven 0 edornond— 1 lak bas dre Pauptce ah a 7) Qtb= © 2) Arsrab=o0 2) aynlitay zo =) b=—9 ra) which edatikb a FA © scanned with OKEN Scanner. jven 89, an the Ser Me QXQ (ynsider dhe operation — Cayo) FC, yy) =Car Ab) Jor Ab HHVE ind “halk CM) is @ mon-Alaation monoid. Also ALL its Pruitalds elvmants . », a om 2) tan iayte) Qoswie Property re Yk lawr 2 COW) Rance Mis Closed @ssociative pebaly = Ue Gib), (Od) fea) em 2) (Wib) ¥ (CC,dp4xCP,V)) =r) KC CP, C444) = acp, acca+d) +d ) 2 = lacp, aca+rad +b) (a ¥ Cod)\ecbiaj} 2 (Ac , adtp) * CP,4) = (egy, (ACP, Aq + al +b J Vlaw + CCC dd CP, ,)) =((OuDDR Cord) #CP,L) D> Tdonhity Property! Let (€1)@) be om Pelenbrigy f M de. (Ayo) ¥C@1€2) =i) “¥ Gy EM =) (ae, , derby) =(aib) =) S21 4#H=? =) (yoy Jd the Telntity w Thvove tin elemank \ Qik qu (ert, by ds the Prverse otf CaPIEM =) |b) ¥ Cor, vt) =(aat, abl+b) =(1)0) . lye de abso. b- 2) arte) )y ate e & abirb Oo? Bab thes (qb) ds dw Paverte af (a,b) Ib ad ! © scanned with OKEN ScannerOY Dokine byioulo ~ Os Lek = 81), 2,3,4,54, ond q donolis uno addition Modul 6, Show AMak (644) 1S A QRoup. Solus The Composifion gal wv Lollows. 1) Chaswe property \- Hew all Kjo12 aus Ofo12 SUS — dhe entorier to the Falale ane elem ; 123456 ok & thy (Giro) is dosed - 234 501 ' an 31245012 Associative. 1 The Composition 1¢ 45012 3 asso ticthvt Pee ee Qn: 1243) = AIS 2) Tdonkity elomont 1 How dhe 210 heactect oy ceo lo is q | 60 coracicles with dhe top 20% rns So | Jolombity edmumh, W Inverse? - The idontity alsmont- eecwwned. Pn every goo and Column only once hen savour af evry ebemoar ential. the. Wy The Pawetse Gh 0, 12,3415 GV 0, 5)4s3)211 respecte OS Show drat dhe ser £112,345} Js mob a group with stwapecrto +4 £ Xo. OT, Show that ave de (Q*,%) bs an abelian grote whe ath = ab y¥arb ea 3 G2 Show dhak {G, #4} u's an abelian growp whe tre FA, Ts and + is tee wuod Mmulhplicahon © scanned with OKEN Scanner(6) 29 Woiigy anor (Z,-k) is an abdian grep at. FEY = IHyy , too Wy CZ Qjo = Brove dral- the aot A= PUWy Ban Martian greub with suspect to uasuod multi ptication A fraup § Callkkd a cy chic Group if, bor Soma AEG » Uvbty element of @ af dhe boom a” whore Nes an Lakeger ie. Gz parne zd, The elomonl- a I dhe generar Ob Gr. do is 2 cyclic Qsuoup goneratid oy a, iF48 donated 'f G&= . Tre elomeils of G aw In the oN 2 tian Oe Onn ar alas ee Note! . a MEE may be mene than ont gunwaler. Eve Bthic gsieup “hos at task dtoo gonwotors | gorwatos Gnd ab Paws, . . Koimutetion Gaeup !- Ler A ke a finite Sol- . TAA 8 said bo ea bormutation Sb AE 4s one -On0 And Onbo . The No ob cligtind— Clomonts Ba he finife 8 A 1s called The dagree of the bermutohon, an Then Bae a func © scanned with OKEN ScannerA primulahon Com be WUMEN ag fy M2 so in (sen Saas) ‘nl Vy Thoe are Ny pemutations G1 oc fpr mac. rom ome. of, eberonls aed tre Sah ob Ol Ts Peimuktons 85 donoted ly cnn amd Call a Syrnmelsiic gsroulp < : oF pornuiation pou For Cramp , ih As $234 Then S@gz Poss ) Po, Pa, Puy Psy : \2 3 baa 3 tome by 212 2N > (25 3) bae(313) a{lr 3 _{\2 3 -f\%3 Ps (Pzjome (say) (Cas The mulliplicaton -felale sos the Compositions cfs pamuahon in Sz ds as given helow * PoP Po be by Pr y The talats Shows Sek hmm Wl Py Py Po, Po Ps Pa Py axsocuiahv. 2): Po is the Po lp, bo br by Pe bs iduntitg, clever Pa Ps py. Ps Po Pi bo. 3) davetse Oy by bp Po) Py) Pa jPas Pushy , 4 Ps bg be, Po Pi Par e Ps pa Py Py ba Pe PoyPay Pi, P3, Ry Ps” oedpechvuly uy Mere The seeSp ows tae mob Same as APG euspechve G@lumn hon nok Commubahuer , © scanned with OKEN ScannerVs Usider @h Qn eluman! “he o ps the & osiclen & an elomeni- g in agioup & J Smatlor positive Integra 3-h gree donded x. alg), “), Mo Auch Jntegu edb Then g hoy nbinibe “octey Ons em Store @efaydjay Midereh 1 oy dat xe 1,9, 4,4 sts bechuaty Sug In q ou (6,0), ads an alomon® of oxen B®. Cinel the oseler ok ae apes SBUT tg) = 30 2) a%ze =) (a8fze =) efa8) =¢ Oo dna Greub © toy AbEH , OMS , b#E And abat=b* Show thal oie 31 on, Solu”). (abat)*z(@nortyCaberl) { ab) Cora) coer) = avy va} = abla S acavatyat S qphar =) abot - (avert) *( aver )*= (bo) (arbor) = a>(abatyq> Soe E & Vlavaye . aba g lavas = aSbaS= ebhetay =) (sb 2) Deb » bse 5 obl=3) © scanned with OKEN Scanner1 OTS let Cé,%) be a group, and abe . Prove ° 6 tha 8) Catto amd ii Gey t=! net ok |W) Wr € ae tne identity elymonr fps # fr G 2 Mate e, whe atetn | Alo loryalaty! - @- gaat | J (ey! ot = axet | ) @yr=a § Right Canceslation j th let AbEG 4 aaADen ! ) (xb)! (as b)zae =i) "QA,beG 3 weve 2) (b' x01) x(a xb) = 4 ¥(atza)*b (useciatve ) 2 yt - a drom (1 2. eB) bike *zb = © hy Ob 1 ¥ cox) elb' a") £@ #15) =) (Q*b)4 = = bt yor. (Bight Cancallertion ) Say, 6 Be a group, Juakiby thal lab)*= a7? ee NM a beq ih Ca &s am akoltan Qreub © scanned with OKEN Scanner{ 2 pdpr Sou). Ler Abe & , Subkose (Ab) ‘= arb Yo Prove dhak tr JS akolian, we Move Yo show dha ab = ba 2) Cab)*= a2b? =) (Ab) (eth) = (AayCbb) 7) Alba) = QCab) b 7) bas ab Right and Lo} oP ancl ion ) Again , Suphose & is aladian = ab= ba. Wr hove do Plove dhal- laloyt= 2b? Mu (by*> AYaby = albayb = atab)b 2 (aay(b b) e) Q2b> Hence rovec} —_—_ S15 Consider tne element &= (13562) and £=(1523) (41) rl PermuteHton Qiau $. Compute by elements Satis OX ond eke Hen ee (123486 sy atef12 8u5¢ 2 31 5u4ea) (Cae ®- (12345 S37 22g 9 w(42 use D saz ('2345¢ Cae : 123U66) _7ra3 261436)(53) 62 4) (316434) “(ea 2 gse T0536 y0245 © scanned with OKEN Scanner0 plow -fl2 SUS o\Pr234C6\/ W234 HF b)W : MBH (aee CLUS) BME Papen 7 c/\23us6 i QUS316 22435) A= 21 Lk Ss denoke tne &ih of Permulbrbions Ob stro ar P12, 8 shi drat $3 4s a gsvp doin SPECI do shy bincoty Gherahion Combos! Hen Sf func, O17 BRE Gpsite / teh qo The Ad Zy Woith Saped- bo ty 2 Xy. 48 Gu tuy ts oe roup ? Show cdthol- (hoy, jis nat a grou. Soli: Zu= {012,35 2 Z hoy = $25 Tabt 1 Table 2 o12 3 3 ojO\2 3 oO 1|\22 0 2 212201 va 31301 2 \ From Polls y ab DB Noiercl Thal (uytu) us _ Clorech ermal aociahue , $s ddontity element! 18 0. and Fnvvuc elomontak 0,1,2,3 At 0,3,2,1 we Peck wally hence Ruy tu) iS A Qroup. © scanned with OKEN ScannerFeo tebb 2 sb 4 mobced trot Yysimy thesé 12 Hoy Xu5 1 nek Cloud an 9,2 € Zhe bur 2K%y2 20 ¢ Zu [oy Yeme ak js mat a gaaup. O18 Give an exami of a cyclic gaexufo Ob ordin 4, > Gury) ds a tytlic group ab ovclon y ery elumenh ak 24) Can BL Whiten a2 cthe bow.sn of 1 Ary °) rs |! 2s reolrul Be iS = yltyl Oma eRIER Ten ier! Thay 2y = ? Warns 1d the qenwobor also Ruy = p33, 334 , 3B we qenuctoy S Blq Snow sralr voy cyiic group Js alalian Proof. Lor G be a cyclic grey one Lor oes o Qenerater ok @ so thar & = ae@leHem) »aeza ( Again as ACH celis He idonhity af H ae! ea =) aesael =) e=@! poner prove © scanned with OKEN Scanner_ 2" The invewe of omy. olomwnl- of o Augen? Ps Une Seve as ane ~Pawise oe Bong Clement a the qraub. ; Y Proof Lok en ¢ eds dhe common identity ob 6 kr b Js the inwiseafainy = obese é Cow ' wow Gr 7) acre 2) Qo = AC z) b=C Hone ove] Od Th 5. The amol ssubhiei emt: Condion qe a chon - empty Zaetbter H of a Qeupla .%*) do be a Yuwogreup s Qky CH W AEN Whee wt gs tho dnvirge ak b Pa. PUrb!- EW be a dub-geaup ancl Ao EH Since ben >) bteH Kao aen 2wien 2 abtcn (oy deswr popedg) Thus She Condition iS Wersary . Sufbicionk CordiHon’.- wow assume Whale ne Able Mails CH wr Mave do Show dale His & Rudagaturp af omc Wwe howe, AEH by Ie coni#gnakort EH 2) @ CH lohee es te \dontity olomonls Hone Ht Conbaing the Sdonhity — elomont- oe © scanned with OKEN ScannerG5) Again , we howe, Vary eX) Hilhs Fo neo Su- ae Hit, omd b © HOH. >) QvehH, 2 Aver =) GebT EH, 2 AxbteHe 2) asd © H)NHy D Mie |S a Colaparfo © scanned with OKEN Scannerfay Nole’. Howevti Ihe umion al; poo Subproups de Mok Necescarify subgaorP +, gio B20 Give an exampl o & Gur a, we Subgroups WL Kk , Such Hol HUI gs mor aubgoup . Satu", Lr G be dhe additive ger ef Gnreguis aso We fe Gy 0,246 Y vs Mo 2 fee =p 9y-6 30,3614 12---3 dre both gubgreup of &. Now HUH, = Pe —=- Gaby Hy By -ZyABIMIGV A> -Y Ku. 92236 HUHs but 24325 ¢ Hive 2 Hyon, dg not dosed 3 Hivrh Js mele ub gasup Cosels Lae H be @ Subgraup aba gecup 6 rer QeG. Then th Ser fawn nen 48 G cajt cosel Qermroted by a and H, cluncted ey att. similany Has Shea: heny $s Caltid the Sighr ur. Beth Ha 2 aH are the Subses eb a, Noke) gh eis ane idlontily ch @ , tren CEH and, He= H=He. Thowtpye nH tid Js a Sight As wal os Leb Corcob 1. — | © scanned with OKEN Scanner2% o grsup 4s dbbion Ike ayesha rT) Stight Coad JS equod 4o the Lift Coit 3) “Yb The oerahen Js ddiRien , Key Sigh” Cost ob H Qonnotedl tag a c eyy> ar haas pha: neny 2 Sibt Coach wild be | tH = FAH IHNEN i ~ GF i ets DE HIS® subgaeup a; Bicperties al (osets_ 8 on Y aear 2 an=H ibb QEH 3 3 al=bH om QHMbH = wy ah=bHikk atbeu Prooly 1- ans foen sneer and Qe axe whe eeH =) AEH (identity element) 2) le anen 4 acer Be iat Jaen | 5) QeH { Prove) Convsnsdly ) dik aen 9 QteH Pe vou ob 2) Athen wv heH ( Closure prope)” =) acath) ca v hen 1 » z 2) h @n + HEH > HCAaH Again i GEM ancl HEH den QhEH ¥nEH > Hoan 4 © scanned with OKEN Scannerke Qer Sine anon 2 ucal +) aH eH @ hon co provecl ae a feuoup af er qeioup G ard al Z € choo Libr cogtts Of H, Seppae — annby 44 and ¢ ennfiby Whey can ee tHUHON ay Ceah ond ¢=2bh! 3+ hi hen *) Ah bnt 2) as(bwynt > b Ohi) Ate hah onten Conn enj > asbh" oy an = bhYy = bon'n) = be (ane Hib oen, he eH y nin ) “My either aHNbh = gos al-bH Hence _brtovecd ® We hove a One bH SD alah = a bH > eh =(atb)H D Hew) H =) Open (ik QH=bH ) Conversely Ge aber anew b= @CbH) = laabh) =aletb)H = alalbH) =a =) bH= aH Wonce. . Tha a albeH ( ahebH 2 a Hence prover) © scanned with OKEN ScannerTrderc a o subgroup Pa oO gpreup r- J Has Q Rubgreup o geroup 6, dhe no. Of cishnek Sight (Luft) Coausts ab Hin br Js Called che Fadex ob H in Gr and fe denoted by CGH ox ig@th) O21 (onsiden une Qeteub Ge (z+) , and-Subereup He 6z = B= 712,-6,016112---4, Find 3) Coats ak H in Gy "J The indlox CGH] CY G22 Compute she cosets of Tre Subyroup H= 6Z Ja the gstoup Gi=(z,+). lohat is the Jinclox. Ok Hin Q. Solu" ‘(Goth Gpunkory ae same ) Gre Pe--B)-2jAj0)1,2438,-- ey a el TA TN Aine G3 abalion Jeb and Luighh Cosds will Re Hue 0 6G 2) AMorer Sf PS, FLW, by vyal{a Fe MG) HDs fe -12,-6, 0,6, 12° - Hae PoorahS Ww ¥ W422 t ~10)-4,2)8)14, ---Y a © scanned with OKEN ScannerWade Pe =4,-3,3,9, 15, °° Y oak t ~By-2) 410, 16y- "J, Hts =f SJyrly Sy) WW J hag 2 f- =6,0,6,12,18 °° Hue oe obaenue thal Hoss H+6 Aimilouy Has HHT = H+ 1B Wyre WHah- oo : Thy 3 aire disjaink tight Codets rome Hy HH, Hd) H43, HAY, HAS =) dk Toclex [Gind=5 Onc & = HURHUBFZU HISD HAY DAAS 823 Compute al) Cosets af dhe Subgroup 1 =5Z in dhe Qstoup (2,4) What iS dhe inclooe C@iny? Sabu" — Some og above, vest Lagstange 4 theosem : - Tha ondin of Cach Sub-group Ab O finite geioup & &s @ dliviso ak the ordi of the Your . Prook’- Lot H be any dubgrauh of order mab & eae grav ef ordsr 1. We Consiclin the Jor corel ds Que Pah HENy elm He (hy he-- hol 2) GH cPahy )Ahr- --- ahm4 - hers of om eval Gls CM Lolth be altstinel- l © scanned with OKEN Scanner(2 ik @hizahj =) hie hj) @)" DOD Sobst Codets af H consist af, mM di phewn!- elomoente Since & Wa finite group, no. af clistinck tbr couuty toll be Finite ay K, Hence the total Wo - abs ee in ald caaoty .ig km tohich £8 Gquol 40 Me tokad mo. of Coments af i =) N= Me =) M™ the ondet ab H Us the divisod OD) the ondin . “6% Paovtc) Note! Converge ps nok dius B24 Bove rob wtuy group af rime orcler Fs cydtic . Prob. - Lor G ke a grou af; orden p dohme bas a prime parme I@le pc) 1G\>Bl 1243, 51~) Wr gem ) 9#e Lagaan gus di: 2) <97 SG 4 2 >I ay y \497\ fs otai Jot) 2) \<97l=h its a0) >) a "gre & >) ot) = 4 or P Hence ty is Cyclic © scanned with OKEN Scanner0 —— Nosima) Sug eu yh & 7 Sgrcup Haka {Ystoup Os gs Saict so NWMmeal Rubgrwup af G He Hasart se CEG, woo, the Noki Eviny Subgneupek an aatlian nouP ® if Neamol Tamem 11-9 Suboep Ho O group &1 o Mamel ‘bb ghg EH fon every hetig © Pacok?- Lr H lac a normal Aubgsaup of 6- lor HEH 1 GEG “Then Hg = gH =) hg € Hg = 9H 7 for Aome hr EH Bo hg= gh ») qthg chy whee eH =) ging & H Corevely, Ler A be Such thal gingeH vnen £966 ws» Nave to fhow tal- pas aH EH Conidn. AEG ZnHEH =) QthacH =) a(@nay can > tah(nay ECH =) haean gw ¥ heH >) Hacan lek b= qt =) blhb GH ae bu bh = Latha oe Oe Ao dram (ahoae Ha 2 aheHa WheH 7 @HCHG wy Haran Crouse! © scanned with OKEN Scannerqos Move dhol dnt intesechan of hoo G2 Moamal Auvdograuhs oka qn Gis agodn a mana BulagrourP Ot Gy pk! Gre erchHinK ter wand —~ gor ynol Subgroups of gaeup ia br gen =) ginger ¥ MEH kK ons two 2 gthngek 7 her tr heunk 2 ginger & ging A =) ging EHNK v he BNE Hore. HM 1 o normal subgsorh 95 A Homer Povee| Homomgsi phism ef Groups’ ee ee Mop - LI- (6,0) and ( , *) et Swe Groups. ove. aoltrd 9 cmapbing S1Gat ds oid to be a nomemorphism sk SCacby= Mar xe) Wubea Boororphiom ¢- tep (6,0) £ (G¥) are ctwo gueups and {1 3G! ks a homomosbhism. £ ds 2aid to ee an dsomoaphism is $ ds I+) and ono, Notes !- 1) Bo QGouPs are Callecl isomorphic go cach OMe dlnoied ky GSe! 2% An ds j ; : is YLOMOA phism oka group Orlo Jtshe called automsaphivn © scanned with OKEN ScannerYY 2 ae "\ homames pnigmn Js cabled Called monomorbn's SS _ only \-1 nok conto ly ® homemerypnism 1S collad ehimorphism bore &) Onto mol ye b Home moslp phism fnto Wsalk B (alltel erdomo Theo, _ 2 BEGGi2) and (9,%) toe Boo Q2EUPS arn AGG! be a homomaphism - hen nis > Kee e' wre eande! aw idombity of, aZu aw )pech wh wy Hor =[ Seen) (7 acy Bool. | eh! D He ath 3 fu) ea! D Savee'= Sa) = 4 aoe) > Fax fe) = hay we) Fa eel = fa) x Hey z) els Sey hence brovec} 2 job 9€G 2 ate z) $ed' 2 foheG! =) €=aQ0at =) ez fey= flaca) = f@) x0) and e'- tia ¥(4ey)! go? hoe Fe) 2 Koay) 29 4er-ery! own © scanned with OKEN ScannerF ycerned af Homemosphivm nn Cey) Bok” Lok (,0) amd (Ck) WR Too groups ornc), . £1 Gog) Gs a homermonphism Won , dhe kernel a5 ¢ dondked ay Ko J, ds a dubssh of GQ ctofjined ky- ka £2 fa aon Jo) ey Fey ko Pie Rings & Fields Ring st An abgbric dtyweture CR, +t)-) Whow R ig & Nen- embly du- With yoo inary operation with qnultipiication amd odoliigr dafiee on Kis cold a Sting if de Poll\owi ng Conditions ors xabibieol DER s+) an abfian gscup DR.) Ba Sumi gjoup (loaed and axsocikn) 2) he chention ds dismibukive. Cot) c OAb+d-c YF hb ,C ER B (bi@yar bata : Commukotive Ring *- A Aing (RH) iA Saute) Jo oe commuakve Ib Ab=ba Yaber Rirg wien Unily i — Jd dhe ding Consish ob dhe idomkity Comonk Dirk Mubbbicafe oe. © scanned with OKEN ScannerCho . Oe — U >. : CE yh.) £5 0 Comninigtive ing with uni ky) » ; . ) Qz,+,) 1S a Commufohve sing iithouk unily Sh 3) . (2m TD is a commubeurive sing with wity y » (MB+) os a Mon- Commutative ving with Umit where Mp(Z) is dhe Blk Oy 242 Mohan with Pnkegt elemonb. ay Croperties of Ring \ 72 GO =0-029 YER, uno ous dhe identity e edomenk wrt aclolon G0) -Layh 2 -Cav) ¥ abER S) €a).t-b) =(an) + Goer DO acp-C) -ay—ac £ (bc) a= b.a-6a ¥ ayb,cER Ring with no divisox - Ms Qand b me two monztr0 ements Ob a sting K at abro, thon Aand b me.che divisors ay ©. Then Ihe Bing R is Said 1O KL a sting wih zu clivisors, Men. os © scanned with OKEN Scannerer 0.26 Find dhe ao divisors a ynit elomonral; (#6, 48, Xe) Ox 7 762 Poirs,ury O12 e050 5 blo009 O90 0 Plgi2 206 9 lo 24 0 2 oO 2\0o3 0308 y jo¥2OoU4 2 rlos54 32! D Mar dhe stow hoadlec! ky 1 Js same ag dh Job stow honce 1 JA the unit ebomokd af % 08 ewny elm a Ze Con ke writen % axywls a 2) Hane. the Producl of non. 2u0 poclue Po Ps woihau <0 Nviso4 ben exam 7 irs) “CRy4,*) ane Pntegral demain 2 (225r,+) fs Nok om Prtep.rol domain as © AH darsn't Contain wih elomad— > (maz), 4.) BS nak an Fategra) domain L Aino tk iS Nek Commuaive ay (Ante) 8s mak an Prego) domain od i hoy zero divisor, ‘y-Gmb Frel a - Peng Comeining of thoxt tioo elomou 8s Called Lela ie ea a) Commubativic 2 M+ hos unity eu clomank af, R hoy a mulhboicative, DAVES | Gu. . ah a ORT 6) (€s+)-),(Zs rte Xs) ae ro A © scanned with OKEN Scanner