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: KSU-CCJE-01
Kalinga State University
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COLLEGE OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE EDUCATION Revision No.:

Learning Module Page No.: 1

LAW ENFORCEMENT ORGANIZATION AND ADMINISTRATION

Lesson 3

Topic: POLICE IN THE MODERN WORLD & THEORIES AND PHILOSOPHIES IN THE POLICE
SERVICE

Learning Objectives: at the end of the lesson, the learners should be able to:
1. Discuss the different police forces in the modern world and make comparison of them
2. Explain the important philosophies and theories in the police service
3. Differentiate Old from Modern Concept of Police Service

I. LESSON DISCUSSION

Police in the Modern World

The police form part of a nation’s Criminal Justice System (CJS) which also includes the courts and correctional
institutions. In this sense, the police are called law enforcers in the CJS- they compose the law enforcement pillar.

A. Police Force in United States

There are about 40,000 separate police agencies in United States that operates under city, country, state or
federal governments. Police officers in US are often called COPS. During the late 1800’s, they were called
constables. The word COP may have come from the acronym C.O.P., which stands for Constable-on-Patrol.

Four (4) Types of Police in US

1. City Police- These are mainly responsible for enforcing the law in their own city. New York City has the
largest city police department in the United States- about 29,000 police officers.
- A small town may have a police force of only two police officers. In most cities, the mayor appoints
the head of the police department. These officials may have the title Chief, Commissioner, Director,
or Superintendent. Other ranking police officer includes sergeants, inspectors, captains, majors,
lieutenants, and lieutenant colonels.
2. Country Police- The powers of a country police force extend throughout the country. In some states,
however, these powers are restricted in towns and cities that have their own forces. Sheriff, elected by the
people, is the chief law enforcement office in most countries. A Sheriff will appoint his Deputies (men).
3. State Police- Every state, except Hawaii, has either state police force or a state highway patrol force.
Both types of agencies are headed by a commissioner or superintendent appointed by the state governor.
State police enforce state laws. They are called Troopers because there were originally along military
lines and often rode horses. Federal Law Enforcement Agencies include the Federal Bureau of
Investigation (FBI).
Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI)- The chief investigation branch of the United States Department
of Justice. It investigates federal crimes and handles cases involving stolen money or property that has
been taken from one state to another.
National Crime Information Center (NCIC)- This is a computerized information system that stores
records on wanted persons and stolen properties. This is operated by the FBI based in Washington D.C.
4. Private Agencies- Are licensed by federal state government to perform limited types of police work.
Industrial security police guard factories and warehouses. Campus police protect the people and property
of colleges and universities. Private investigative agencies provide detective services to individuals and
businesses. The earliest private agency was licensed by the federal state government was the Pinkerton
Private Detective Agency founded by Allan Pinkerton
Other Federal Police Agencies in the United States of America
1. Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI)
 2. Drug Enforcement Agency (DEA)
3. Alcohol, Tobacco and Firearms (AIF)
4. U.S. Marshals- arrest fugitives in the entire USA
5. U.S. Secret Service- implement the laws on counterfeiting dollars
6. Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)
7. Internal Revenue Services (IRS)
8. Immigration and Naturalization Services (INS)

B. Existing National Police Agencies around the world.

In many countries, the national government directs the police system and maintains a national police force.
1. Canada- Canada has national, provincial and city police forces. The Royal Canadian Mounted Police
(RCMP) enforces federal laws throughout Canada. The RCMP provides service on a contract basis to
about 175 cities. Members of the RCMP are traditionally called Mounties, though they now ride horses
only in special ceremonies. For their daily assignment they travel in cars, snowmobiles, helicopters and
vehicles.
2. Great Britain. British Police System is organized into about 50 large forces that are connected with local
governments. These forces operate under the direction of the national governments. The London
Metropolitan Police serve greater London except for an area that is called the City of London, which has
its own force. The headquarters of the Metropolitan Police is called New Scotland Yard. The name
Scotland Yard is often used to refer to the Criminal Investigation Department of the Metropolitan Police.
3. Australia- Each of the sic states and two mainland territories in Australia, it has a police force. Australia
has a national police force, the Commonwealth Police Force.
4. France- The national law enforcement agency in France is the Surete Nationale. The Surete Nationale
forms part of the ministry of the Interior Police Officers, called Gendarmes- serves as military police and
provide police services in rural areas.
5. Russia- The Ministry of Internal Affairs is in charge of providing general police services. It also provides
border guards and investigates activities considered a threat to the security of the national government.
6. China- A national police force is called the People’s Police is directed locally by provincial public
security bureaus. These bureaus function under the Ministry of Public Security- and agency of the
national government.

C. What is INTERPOL?
INTERPOL’s official name in International Criminal police Organization- is an international organization of
police forces about 193 countries (2015). Members of the INTERPOL exchange information about
international criminals and cooperated in fighting transnational crimes as counterfeiting, smuggling and
illegal buying and selling weapons. Its headquarters is found in the city of Lyon, France. Pres. Jolly Bugarin-
a Filipino citizen who became INTERPOL’s president on 1980-1984.

D. What are the existing police agencies in the Philippines?

The recognized national police force in the Philippines is the PHILIPPINE NATIONAL POLICE (PNP). This
is by far the latest name of the police agency with national in scope. The PNP was established by Republic
Act # 6975, the PNP Law of 1991 as the nation's leading law enforcement agency under the DILG. Its
original name was the DILG Act of 1990. This means that this law approved in 1990 by then President
Corazon C. Aquino, particularly on December 13, 1990.

More than seven (7) years later, with the objective to modernize and professionalize the PNP, former
President Fidel Valdez Ramos approves a new Police Act the Republic Act # 8551, otherwise known as the
"PNP Reform Reorganization Act of 1998. This law still supports the concept that the PNP is the primary law
enforcement organization in the Philippines, which is national in scope and civilian in character

Other Significant Police Agencies are the following:

1. National Bureau of Investigation (NBI)
2. Land Transportation Office (LTO)
3. Philippine Drug Enforcement Agency (PDEA)
4. Metro-Manila Development Authority (MMDA)
 5. Police Anti-Crime Emergency Response Team (PACER) - Anti-Kidnapping Law (Art 267, RPC as
amended by RA 7659)

THEORIES AND PHILOSOPHIES/ CONCEPTS IN THE POLICE SERVICE

Theories of Police Service

1. Home Rule Theory - Under the home rule theory, policemen are considered as servants of the
community, who depend on their effectiveness in performing their functions.
2. Continental Theory - Under the continental theory, policemen are considered as servants of higher
authorities. The people have little or no share at all in their duties, nor have any direct connection with
them.

Concepts of Police Service

1. Old Concept - Under the old concept, the public look at policemen as more effective if they conduct
numerous arrests and place behind bars what they have arrested.
Note:This is done through the use of reactive patrol. It is actually done by police officers who will react
on crime that already occurred already and will supress it.
2. Modern Concept - Under the modern concept, the public look at policemen as more effective in the
absence of crime. Police functions are not limited to arresting offenders or to other matters dealing with
offenders. Police functions at present include public service.
Note: This is done through proactive patrol, meaning, the police officer will conduct patrol or any police
visibilities that will deter the occurrence of crime or will prevent the occurrence of crime or opportunity
to commit crime.

II. A. REFERENCES:
 Guevara & Dela Cruz. (2008). Police Organization and Administration with Police Planning:
Wiseman’s Books Trading, Inc.
 Arangorin, O. Compiled Notes: Police Organization and Administration. C/A+CT College.
Unpublished.
B. SUGGESTED READINGS:
 Karlvin. (2018). Police Organization and Administration. Retrieved August 11, 2020 from:
[Link]
Planning