SALT ANALYSIS

SCHEME OF ANALYSIS

EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE

PRELIMINARY EXAMINATIONS :

1) Noted the colour Colourless Absence of

Cuz,Fe2t,Fe*, Mn*, Co2*,Ni2*
Blue Pre. of Cuzt
Brown [Link] Fet
Green Pre. of Ni2+
Pale pink Pre. of Mn2+
Pink Pre. of Co2+
2) Noted the solubility
a) In water a) Soluble and no a) Pre. of NH¡
b) [Link] ppt with Na,CO3
b) Insoluble b) Pre. of Pb2+
3) Flame Test: a) Blue surrounded a) Pre. of Cu2+
A little of the salt is made into by green
paste with [Link]. Aglass rod b) Brick red b) Pre. of Ca2+
is dipped in it and introduced c) Crimson red c) Pre. of Sr2+
into the flame. d) Bluish white d) Pre. of Pb2+
e) Grassy green on e) Pre. of Ba2+
prolonged
heating
4) Ash Test: a) Green ash a) Pre. of Zn2+
A little of the salt is heated with b) Blue tinted ash b) Pre. of AI3+
[Link]; and cobalt nitrate c) Pale pink ash c) Pre. of Mg?*
solution. Afilter paper is
dipped in it and burnt.

SYSTEMATIC ANALYSIS OF ANIONS:

1) Dil.HSO4 test: a) Evolution of a) Pre. of carbonates

Tothe salt add dil.H,SO4, warm Colourless,
if required. odourless gas
with brisk
effervescence,
turns limewater
milky.
b) Smell of vinegar b) Pre. of acetate
 2) Conc.H,SO4 test: a) Colourless gas a) Pre. of CI1
Treat a smallquantity of the with pungent
salt with Conc.H,SO4, warm if smell, give dense
necessary. white fumes
when a glass rod
dipped in NH,OH
is shown.
b) Brown gas with b) Pre. of Br-1
pungent smell
c) Violet vapours c) Pre. of [1
with pungent
smell
d) Light brown gas d) Pre. of NO1
with pungent
smell on strong
heating.
e) Smell of vinegar e) Pre. of CH;CO01
3) Paper balltest: Brown fumes Pre. of NO,1
Heat a little of the salt with
Conc.H,SO4 and introduce a
paper ball to it.
4) Test for sulphates : White ppt insoluble in Pre. of sulphate
Heat a little of the salt solution [Link]
with [Link] add BaCl;
solution.
5) Test for phosphates: Yellow ppt Pre. of phosphate
Add [Link], to the salt
solution and boil. Add exess of
ammonium molybdate solution
and boil again.

CONFIRMATORY TEST FOR ANIONS:

1) Carbonates: White ppt Pre. of carbonates confirmed

Magnesium sulphate test :
To the salt solution add MgSO,
solution.
2) Chlorides:
a) MnO,test : a) Greenish yellow Pre. of chloride confirmed
Heat a small quantity of salt gas with pungent
with Conc.H,SO4 and MnO2 smell
 b) Chromyl chloride test: b) Reddish brown
Salt is heated with vapours
[Link] acid and
[Link].
The vapours are collected Yellow solution
and passed through NaOH Pre. of chloride confirmed
solution.
Add lead acetate solution to Yellow ppt
this.
c) Silver nitrate test : c) White curdy ppt Pre. of chloride confirmed
Acidify the salt solution with soluble in excess
[Link] acid and add silver of NH,OH
nitrate solution.
3) Acetates :
a) Oxalic acid test :
Make a paste of the salt a) Smell of vinegar Pre. of acetate
with oxalicacid. Rub the
paste and smell.
b) Ester test:
To the salt add conc.H,SO4 b) Pleasant fruity Pre. of acetate confirmed
and heat. Add alcohol. smell
Shake. Pour the contents
into a beaker containing
water.
c) Ferric chloridetest:
To the salt solution add c) Reddish coloured
neutral ferric chloride ppt
solution. Filter. Divide the
filtrate into two portions : Pre. of acetate confirmed
To one add [Link]. Reddish colour
To the second, add disappears
water and boil II. Reddish ppt
4) Sulphate:
a) To the salt solution add White ppt insoluble in Pre. of sulphate confirmed
[Link] and barium chloride HCI
solution.
b) To the salt solution add White ppt soluble in hot Pre. of sulphate confirmed
acetic acid and lead acetate ammonium acetate
solution.
5) Phosphate:
a) Ammonium molybdate test : a) Yellow ppt Pre. of phosphate
To salt solution add
conc.HNO3 and boil. Add
ammonium molybdate and
 heat again.
b) Magnesia mixture test : b) White ppt Pre. of phosphate confirmed.
To the salt solution add
magnesia mixture and allow
to stand.
6) Bromide:
a) Tosalt add conc.H,SO4 and a) Dense brown [Link] bromide confirmed
MnO2 fumes
b) To salt add [Link] AgCl b) Pale yellow ppt Pre. of bromide confirmed
partially soluble
inNH,OH
7) Nitrate :
a) To a little salt add a) Brownvapours Pre. of nitrate confirmed
conc.H,SO, and add cu and green
turnings and heat. solution
b) To salt solution add fresh b) Brown ring at the Pre. of nitrate confirmed
FeSO4 and cool. Add junction between
conc.H,SO4 two layer.
ANALYSIS OF CATIONS:

1) To the salt solution add sodium No ppt Pre. of zero group

carbonate solution (Ammonium)
2) To the solution add dil. HCI White ppt Pre. of group 1
(Pb?*)
3) To the solution add dil. HCl and Black ppt Pre. of group 2
passH,S (Cu*)
4) To the solution add solid White gelatinous ppt [Link] group 3
ammonium chloride and excess (AP")
of ammonium hydroxide
5) To the solution add solid White ppt Pre. of group 4
ammonium chloride and excess (Zn?)
of ammonium hydroxide. Pass
H,S
6) Tothe solution add solid White ppt Pre. of group5
ammonium chloride and excess (Ba",Sr*,Ca'*)
of ammonium hydroxide. Add
ammonium carbonate solution
7) Tothe solution add solid White ppt Pre. of group 6
ammonium chloride and excess (Mg")
of ammonium hydroxide. Add
sodium hydrogen phosphate
ANALYSIS OF GROUP 0(AMMONIUM)
1) To the salt solution add NaOH Smell of ammonia. Pre. of ammonium confirmed
solution. Warm Gives white dense
fumes when a glass rod
dipped in HCl is
introduced.
2) To the salt solution add NaOH Brown ppt Pre. of ammonium confirmed
solution. Warm. Add Nesslers
reagent
ANALYSIS OF GROUP 1(LEAD)

1) Potassium iodide test: Yellow ppt Pre. of lead confirmed

To the salt solution add KI
solution

2) Potassium chromate Yellow ppt Pre. of lead confirmed

test:
Tothe salt solution add
k,CrO4solution
ANALYSIS OF GROUP 2(Copper)
1) To the salt solution add few Chocolate coloured Pre. of Cu2* confirmed
drops of potassium precipitate
ferrocyanide solution and
acetic acid.
2) To the salt solution add acetic White ppt [Link] Cu* confirmed
acid and potassium iodide
solution.
3) To the salt solution add NH,OH Deep blue colour [Link] Cuz* confirmed
solution.
ANALYSIS OFGROUP 3(Aluminium)
1) The white ppt obtained is Blue ppt floating in Pre. of aluminium confirmed
dissolved in [Link] colourless solution
Add 2 drops of blue litmus
solution. Then addammonium
hydroxide dropwise tillblue
colour develops.
2) Add excess of NaOH to the salt White ppt soluble in Pre. of aluminium confirmed
solution excess of NaOH
 3) Ash test is conducted with the Blue ash [Link] aluminium confirmed
group ppt
ANALYSIS OF GROUP 4(Zn*)

1) The white ppt obtained in gp.4

is dissolved in [Link]
And divided into two a) White ppt soluble Pre. of Zn² confirmed
a) Toone part add NaOH in in excess of NaOH
drops b) White/bluish [Link] Zn2t confirmed
b) To the second part add white ppt
[Link] solution
2) Ash test is conducted with the Green ash Pre. of Zn* confirmed
group ppt
ANALYSIS OF GROUP 5(Ba2+,Srt, Ca2*)
Test for Ba :
Potassium chromate test:
1) To the salt solution add K,CrO4 1) Yellow ppt Pre. of Ba confirmed
solution.
2) Flame test is conducted with 2) Grassy green Pre. of Ba confirmed
the group ppt. flame
Test for Sr:
1) Add ammonium sulphate to the 1) White ppt Pre. of Sr confirmed
salt solution.
2) Flame test is conducted with 2) Crimson red Pre. of Sr confirmed
the group ppt. flame
Test for Ca :
1) To the salt solution add 1) White ppt Pre. of Ca confirmed
ammonium oxalate solution.
2) Flame test is conducted with 2) Brick red flame [Link] Ca confirmed
the group ppt.
ANALYSIS OF GROUP 6(Mg*)
Test for Mg?:
1) To the salt solution add 1) White ppt [Link] magnesium confirmed
ammonium phosphate
solution. 2) Pale pink ash [Link] magnesium confirmed
2) Ash test is conducted with
group ppt