APOSTOLIC VICARIATE OF BONTOC-LAGAWE EDUCATIONAL SYSTEM

CATHOLIC SCHOOLS IN IFUGAO

HEALTH 9
THIRD QUARTER A.Y.2024-2025

LESSON 1: FIRST AID BASICS

First aid is the provision of immediate care and intervention to an injured or ill person. This includes
emergency measures for life-threatening conditions that would require further medical intervention or care
for less serious injuries that may or may not need further medical attention. If first aid is not given, it may
result in worsening the patient’s condition, permanent damage, or even death.

ROLES OF A FIRST AIDER:

 Serves as a bridge that fills the gap between the victim and the physician.
 Gains access to the victim.
 Assesses for any possible risks to the patient’s life.
 Contacts for advanced medical care as needed.

3Ps OF FIRST AID:

1. Preserve life. Save the person from dying.
2. Prevent further harm. Stop the person from being injured more.
3. Promote recovery. Try to heal the person’s injuries.

C-A-B OF FIRST AID

C-CIRCULATION OR COMPRESSION. Keep the blood inside the body and the heart beating.
A-AIRWAY. Keep a path open for air to go from the mouth to the lungs.
B-BREATHING. Move air from the outside of the lungs.

CHARACTERISTICS OF A GOOD FIRST AIDER

A first aider is a person who can give immediate treatment to someone injured. A good first aider must
perform first aid proficiently, think quickly, and act accurately in assisting the person injured while waiting for
a doctor or medical health staff.
1. The observant should notice all signs.
2. Resourceful-should make use of things at hand.
3. Gentle-should not cause pain.

IMPORTANT REMINDERS WHEN ADMINISTERING FIRST AID:

1. Keep the victim as comfortable as possible/Be calm and deliberate.
2. Never give food or water to unconscious victims/Give water, rather than tea, coffee, or alcohol.
3. Loosen tight clothing.
4. Do not touch the wounds with bare hands.
5. Notify the family members or significant others regarding the incident.

FIRST AID GUIDELINES AND PROCEDURES

In emergencies, time is very crucial. You must prioritize and have the presence of mind and confidence. Attend
first to the most critical one when you have several cases on hand. Only a doctor can diagnose medical
problems, but you can protect your family’s health by learning to recognize certain symptoms.
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WARNING SIGNS THAT CALL FOR MEDICAL CARE:
a. Difficulty breathing or shortness of breath/Fainting.
b. Chest or abdominal pain
c. Sudden dizziness, weakness, or change in vision
d. Change in mental status such as confusion or unusual behavior
e. Coughing and vomiting of blood

TYPES OF LIFE SUPPORT:

a. Basic Life Support (BLS) is composed of foreign body airway management, rescue breathing, and
cardiopulmonary resuscitation until the arrival of medical assistance.
b. Advanced Cardiovascular Life Support is the use of special equipment to maintain breathing and
circulation for the victim.
c. Prolonged life support is given after successful resuscitation to sustain life.

GUIDELINES IN GIVING EMERGENCY CARE

A. SCENE SURVEY
If you encounter an unresponsive person or witness a person suddenly collapse, the first thing you
need to do is make sure that the scene is safe for you and the victim.

B. PRIMARY SURVEY OF THE VICTIM

1. Check for consciousness
 Check for the victim’s response by touching the victim on the shoulder and shouting, hey,
are you okay? Twice. Then check for any movement.
 If unresponsive immediately activate emergency medical service. Call 117 (Philippine
Emergency Code) or the contact number of the nearest hospital.
 Observe the Call First or Care First Principle if you are a lone rescuer.
 CALL FIRST. First aider must activate medical assistance before assessment of the victim. This is
indicated for adult victims requiring emergency care.
 CARE FIRST. First aider must assess the victim and give immediate resuscitation before activating
the emergency response system. This approach is indicated for infants and children requiring
emergency care.

2. Check for pulse (circulation)

If the first aider does not feel a pulse within 10 seconds, start chest compressions.
A. Adult and child check the carotid pulse.
B. Infant- check a brachial pulse

3. Compressions, airway, and breathing (CAB)

Initiate chest compressions
 Push hard and push fast. Allow for complete chest recoil of the chest after each compression to allow
the heart to fill before the next compression.

4. Open the airway (all ages).

 Position the victim facing up on a firm surface.
 Open the airway by gently tilting the head back with one hand and lifting the chin with the other.

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5. Begin rescue breathing.
 Take a normal breath before each rescue breath. Each rescue breath should last for a second. Make
sure the chest falls between rescue breaths.
 Give two rescue breaths that will make the chest rise.

C. SECONDARY SURVEY
A secondary survey is the systematic survey method of gathering additional information about the victim’s
injuries. It is a more detailed and thorough examination to determine the extent of injury or illness.
1. PASAC
• Patient’s name • Address
• Age • Contact number/s
• Sex/gender
2. Vital signs
• Temperature • Blood pressure
• Pulse rate • Pain
• Respiratory rate
3. Sample history (medical cases)
Deformity Deformity Deformity
Contusion Contusion Contusion
Abrasion Abrasion Abrasion
 Past/present medical history ✓ Signs and symptoms
 Allergies ✓Medications
 Past/present medical history ✓Last oral intake
✓ Events leading to injury

4. Head-to-toe examination (trauma cases)

FORMATIVE ASSESSMENT NO. 1: GROUP ACTIVITY. RETURN DEMONSTRATION

1. Practice checking the pulse of your groupmates. Tabulate their pulse rate.
2. With your groupmates, practice doing the primary survey. Take note of each other’s actions and give
feedback.
 Get ready to share your return demo experiences in class.

LESSON 2: USE OF DRESSING AND BANDAGES

A dressing is a special material that is used to cover a wound. It is intended to control bleeding, prevent
infection, absorb blood and wound drainage, and protect the wound from further injury.

TYPES OF DRESSING AND THEIR USES:

TYPES OF DRESSING USES
Gauze pad  It is used for surgical wounds and comes in sterile packages of various sizes.
 It can be used for burns or wounds with exudates.
Adhesive strip  It is a combination of sterile dressing, adhesive, and a bandage in one strip.
 It is used for small cuts and abrasions.
Improvised dressing  It is done by soaking a cloth in boiling water or rubbing alcohol, then drying
afterward or by ironing.
Bandage – a strip of fabric used to dress and bind up wounds. It should be clean and sterile. Uses:
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  To hold the dressing placed directly over an open wound.
 To apply pressure over a dressing to control bleeding.
 To prevent swelling.
 To provide support.

TYPE OF BANDAGES
TYPES OF DESCRIPTION
BANDAGES
Roller bandage It comes in various widths, lengths, and types of material.
Self-adhering It comes as rolls of slightly elastic, gauze-like material. It is easy to use because of its
bandage self-adherent quality. It comes in various widths.
Gauze roller This is cotton, rigid, nonelastic. It comes in various widths (1, 2, and 3 inches) and is
usually 10 yards long.
Elastic bandage It comes in various widths. It is used for compression bandages for sprains, strains,
and contusions.
Improvised As an alternative or substitute bandage, you can use the belt, necktie, or strips of
bandage cloth.
Triangular bandage This is available commercially or can be made from a 36-to 40-inch square of
preshrunk cotton muslin material and cut diagonally.

PRINCIPLES OF WOUND DRESSING

How to apply wound dressing:
1. Perform hand washing first.
2. Use a dressing large enough to extend beyond the wound edges. Place it directly over the wound.
3. Cover the dressing with a bandage.

BANDAGING TECHNIQUES FOR UNINTENTIONAL INJURIES

 Bandaging is done to hold dressing in place, apply pressure over a wound, support a limb, and immobilize.
 Avoid applying bandages too tightly to ensure adequate blood supply to the injured part.
 If there is no pulse below the limb, and the skin turns cold and bluish, loosen the bandage.

PARTS OF A TRIANGULAR BANDAGE

a. Base-longest side
b. Point-corner opposite the base
c. End-other two corners

TYPES OF TRIANGULAR BANDAGE

A. FULLY OPEN. It is used to hold the dressing in place and does not apply sufficient pressure on the
wound. It is best used as an arm sling.
B. CRAVAT OR FOLDED TRIANGULAR. It is used to hold splints in place for stabilizing an injured arm. It
applies pressure evenly over a dressing and is also used as a binder around the body of the victim.

BANDAGING FRACTURES AND SPRAINS

When the bone is broken, the most important thing to do is to keep it immobilized. This is done to avoid
further injury. This will also promote healing and recovery.

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Splints can be improvised by using folded newspaper, cardboard, banana trunks, or pieces of wood or bark.
Always make sure that the victim is positioned comfortably when you immobilize the joint above and below
the fractured areas.

For sprains, apply a cold compress during the first day to relieve pain then followed by warm compress. Pain
and swelling can persist depending on the severity of the strain and can even last for six months or longer to
heal completely. Immobilization in both fractures and sprains is vital.

BANDAGING TECHNIQUES:
1. TRIANGLE OF FOREHEAD OR SCALP – It is used to hold dressings on the forehead or scalp.
2. TRIANGULAR ARM SLING – It is used for the support of fractures or injuries of the hand, wrist, and
forearm.
3. TRIANGLE OF CHEST OR BACK – It is used to hold dressings on burns or wounds on the chest or back.
4. TRIANGLE OF SHOULDER – It is used to hold dressings on wounds on the shoulder.
5. TRIANGLE OF HIP – It is used to hold dressings on the buttock or hip.
6. TRIANGLE OF FOOT – It is used to hold dressings of considerable size on the foot.
7. TRIANGLE OF HAND – It is used to hold dressings of considerable size on the hand.
8. CRAVAT BANDAGE FOR FOREHEAD
9. CRAVAT BANDAGE FOR NECK
10. CRAVAT BANDAGE FOR JAW, CHEEK, OR EARS – It is used to hold dressing on the chin, cheeks, and
scalp and as a temporary support to immobilize a fractured or dislocated jaw.
11. CRAVAT BANDAGE FOR THE EYE – It is used to hold dressing over the eye.
12. CRAVAT FOR ELBOW – It is used to hold dressings around the elbow.
13. CRAVAT FOR THE KNEE – It is used to hold dressings around the knee.
14. CRAVAT FOR THE FOREARM, ARM, LEG, AND THIGH
15. SHOULDER ARMPIT CRAVAT – It is used to hold dressings in the armpit or shoulders.

LESSON 3: TRANSPORTING THE VICTIM (DRAG AND CARRY TECHNIQUES)

When an injured person must be moved from an emergency scene to a safe location, it should promote
comfort, be painless, and entail no further harm.

A) TECHNIQUES IN CARRYING A HURT VICTIM:

a. ONE-PERSON CARRY (ANKLE DRAG)
- This technique is the fastest method of transferring or moving the injured person to a short
distance over a smooth surface.
- This is only used if the first aider cannot bend over or the victim is in immediate danger.
b. TWO-PERSON CARRY (HUMAN CRUTCH)
- This technique involves two rescuers to carry the victim and allows the injured person to swing
his/her leg using the rescuers as a pair of crutches.
- It is a quick and easy way to move a victim out of immediate danger.
c. THREE-PERSON CARRY (HAMMOCK CARRY)
- This technique involves three or more rescuers to get on both sides of the victim.
- The strongest member should be on the side with the fewest rescuers.

B) FIRST AID FOR COMMON UNINTENTIONAL INJURIES AND MEDICAL EMERGENCIES

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When you are dealing with an emergency, it is always important to remember that you do not put your safety
at risk. Before you help an injured person lying on the floor, check around and watch out for any possible
danger like falling bricks.
A. MUSCULOSKELETAL INJURIES
1. FRACTURE
- A break or crack in the bone.
- It can be simple (closed), compound (open), transverse, spiral, comminuted, impacted, greenstick
or oblique.
Closed fracture – skin is intact and no wound can be seen upon inspection.
Open fracture – damaged bone protrudes through the skin, thereby resulting in a wound.
2. SPRAIN
- An injury to the ligaments (tissues that connect bones to a joint) due to violent stretching or
swelling.
- The skin of the injured area may be discolored because of the bleeding from torn tissues.
- An attempt to move or use the joint increases pain.
3. STRAINS
- A muscle strain or muscle pull occurs when a muscle is stretched beyond its normal range of
motion, thus resulting in the tearing of muscles.

B. BLEEDING
TYPES OF BLEEDING
1. EXTERNAL BLEEDING – occurs when blood is visible coming from an open wound.
- If there is an extensive amount of bleeding from a continuous period, it is termed a hemorrhage.
2. INTERNAL BLEEDING – occurs when the skin remains intact and blood is not visible.
- It is difficult to detect and can be life-threatening.
- It comes from injuries that are not induced by trauma.
- Signs and symptoms:

C. BURNS
TYPES OF BURN INJURIES
1. Chemical  The result of a caustic or corrosive substance touching the skin.
 Contact with acids, alkalis, and organic compounds.
2. Electrical  Exposure to electric current
3. Thermal  Flames, contact with hot objects, flammable vapor that ignites and causes an
explosion, and steam or hot liquids.
CLASSIFICATION OF BURNS ACCORDING TO DEPTH OR SKIN PENETRATION:
1. FIRST DEGREE (SUPERFICIAL)
2. SECOND DEGREE (PATIAL THICKNESS)
3. THIRD DEGREE (FULL THICKNESS)

D. HEAT EMERGENCIES
1. HEAT EXHAUSTION
- It occurs when your body is not able to cool off and maintain a normal body temperature caused by
either hot weather, excessive exercise, or dehydration.
- People at risk are small children, the elderly, the obese, and those who have long-term illnesses.

2. HEATSTROKE
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 - It is the critical stage of heat exhaustion wherein the body temperature reaches 40C and above.
- The symptoms are almost the same with heat exhaustion.

E. POISONING
- It is considered one of the most common causes of accidents, particularly in children.
- It often occurs from swallowing substances. Others are toxic when inhaled or absorbed by the skin.
- Most common potential poisons include:
 Household cleaners (examples: bleach, dishwashing liquids, detergent, nail polish, waxes,
insecticides, sprays, mothballs)
 Medicines (Vitamins, aspirins, sleeping pills, tranquilizers)
 Toiletries (Rubbing alcohol, mouthwash, hair dye)
 Other substances (gasoline, lighter fluid, paint thinner)

FIRST AID FOR POISONING:

1. Obtain the following necessary information from the victim:
 Substance/s ingested  Age and health history
 Quantity or amount  Presence of vomiting
 Date and time
2. If the person is unconscious:
 Call for emergency medical assistance.
 Check for breathing. If absent, open the airway and begin rescue breathing.
 Check for pulse. If absent, begin CPR.

F. CHOKING
- It happens when the airway is blocked partially or completely.
- Causes of choking:
 Food and fluids that go down the  Tongue that slips back in the mouth
windpipe. resulting in snoring.
 Foreign object that adheres to the
throat.

G. ELECTROCUTION
- It occurs when people accidentally touch high-tension wires that may fall during a storm or when
struck by lightning resulting in the following:
 Muscle spasms or tissue damage  Third-degree burns
 Seizures  Unconsciousness
 Interrupted breathing  Death
 Irregular heartbeat

FORMATIVE ASSESSMENT N0. 2: RETURN DEMONSTRATION FOR COMMON UNINTENTIONAL INJURIES

Practice with your groupmates how to give first aid to victims of common unintentional injuries.

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