SCIENCE .

ᐟ
2ND QUARTER: EXAM REVIEWER JHS 10 | 2024-2025 | JEFF MALLARI

Made by Ali Demapendan - X ST JEROME 2. Product

L1: CHEMICAL REACTION - Substances that are
- Process in which one/more formed as a result of the
substances are transformed into chem reax
one/more. - Result from the
IN A CHEMICAL REAX, THE FFG. EVENTS rearrangement of atoms in
CAN HAPPEN: the reactions
a. Chemical Bond breaks COLLISION THEORY
b. Atoms of broken compounds ★ The reacting particles must
rearranges collide with one another
c. New chemical bonds are formed ★ Rate of the reaction depends on
d. New compounds are produced the frequency of collisions
NOTE! - More collision/interaction
● It results in changes in the = Faster chem reax
composition and properties of TEMPERATURE
involved substances. ★ Gain kinetic energy, move faster
● A chemical reaction will take and collide more frequently
place if there is a chemical leading to faster reactions
change. - Increased Temp = Faster
SIGNS OF CHEM REAX reax
- Decreased Temp = Slower
CHANGE IN COLOR reax
● Noticeable change in colour SURFACE AREA
CHANGE IN ODOR ★ Total area of exposed outer
● New odor paired with a change of surface of a three-dimensional
taste object
LIGHT EMISSION ★ More particles of a solid reactant
● Produce light, can be observed as are exposed to the other
a glow/flash reactants which lead to a faster
CHANGE IN TEMPERATURE reaction
● May release/absorb heat, causing - Increased Surface Area =
temperature increase/decrease Faster reax
ENDOTHERMIC - Size = gets smaller
● Absorbs energy through heat FACTORS AFFECTING CHEM REAX
● Increases temp = Involved 1. Solid
material 2. Liquid
EXOTHERMIC 3. Gas
● Releases energy through heat NATURE OF REACTANTS
● Increases temp = surrounding
area 1. PHYSICAL STATE
PRODUCTION OF GAS ➔ Molecules are more free moving
● Bubbles, fizzing, steam/smoke due to their state of matter
CHANGE IN PH - Chem reax = Faster
● Acidity or Basicity 2. CHEMICAL STRUCTURE
PRECIPITATE FORMATION ➔ Some substances are more
● Solid that forms and separates reactive than others
from a liquid solution ➔ Ionic compounds react faster
● Insoluble in the solvent than covalent compounds = Their
COMPONENTS OF A CHEM REAX bonds are easier to break
1. Reactant 3. PRESENCE OF CATALYST
- Starting substance ➔ Substance that speeds up the
- Undergo changes during rate of chem reax without being
the reaction to form new consumed
substances
- “Ingredients”
 SCIENCE .ᐟ
2ND QUARTER: EXAM REVIEWER JHS 10 | 2024-2025 | JEFF MALLARI

➔ Catalysts reduce the energy and light forming carbon

barrier, increasing the number of dioxide and water
successful collisions L2: LAW OF CONSERVATION OF MASS
Examples: ● Mass cant be created/destroyed
1. Enzymes: Biological ● Mass is just transformed
- Amylase: Breaks down ● By Atoine Lavosier (1789)
starch = sugar NOTE!
- Lipase: breaks down fats = ● Total mass of the reactants must
fatty acids equal the total mass of the
2. Platinum: Automotive catalytic, products.
converter LAW
3. Nickel: Catalyst in Hydrogenation ● Universal, applies to all
(Margarine = Vegetable Oil)
THEORY
4. Sodium Bicarbonate: Leavening
● Exceptions, doesn’t apply to all
agent in baking, decomposes to
EXAMPLE
release carbon dioxide
4. OZONE DEPLETION
➔ Chlorofluorocarbons(CFCs)
catalyze breakdown of ozone in
the stratosphere
TYPES OF CHEM REAX
● Based on how the reactants
rearranges to form a product
COMBINATION (SYNTHESIS) CHEM EQUATIONS
● A + B → AB ● Inspection
- Two/more reactants - To balance chem
combine to form a single equations by adjusting the
product coefficients of the
DECOMPOSITION reactants and products
● AB → A + B until they are equal
- Single compound breaks STEP 1.
down into two/more ● Write the unbalanced equation
simpler products STEP 2.
SINGLE DISPLACEMENT ● Balance one element at a time
● A + BC → AC + B - ORDER OF BALANCING:
- One reactant replaces a - 1st: Polyatomic Ions
part of the other reactant - 2nd: Mono/Diatomic ions
producing two new - 3rd: Hydrogen & Oxygen
compounds STEP 3.
- Replaces a similar element ● Check the Balancing
- Should be similar in Ve, STEP 4.
Group, Type ● Simplify the coefficients
DOUBLE DISPLACEMENT (METATHESIS) L3: HYDROCARBONS
● AB + CD → AD + CB ★ Organic Covalent Compounds
- Positive and Negative ions ★ Form the basis of many organic
of two ionic compounds molecules
exchange places to form ★ Found in living things
two new compounds ★ Carbon (central atom)
- Cation - Cation; Anion - ★ Involved in combustion reactions
Anion GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS
COMBUSTION ● Density
● Hydrocarbon + O2 → CO2 + H2O - Less dense than water
- A substance usually a ● Solubility
hydrocarbon reacts with - Insoluble in water but
oxygen producing heat soluble in nonpolar
solvents
 SCIENCE .ᐟ
2ND QUARTER: EXAM REVIEWER JHS 10 | 2024-2025 | JEFF MALLARI

- Like dissolves Like COMMON APPLICATIONS OF

● Melting & Boiling Point (Low) HYDROCARBONS ( ENERGY SOURCE)
- Influenced by length & ● Methane, Ethane, Propane,
presence of multiple Butane
bonds - Used as natural gas =
- Long chain = High Electricity, Cooking,
- Branch = Low Heating
- Multiple Bonds = Low ● Octane
CHEM STRUCTURE - Combustion engines in
1. Linear vehicles
2. Branced (Side Chain) ( PLASTIC PRODUCTION, LOW & HIGH DENSITY
3. Cyclic (Ring-Like) PE )
TYPES ● Ethene
★ Aliphatic - Base chemicals in
- Mild/odorless producing polyethylene =
- Linear & Branched flexible, durable, high
★ Aromatic impact resistance
- Distinct odor ● Propene
- Cyclic - Producing polypropylene,
★ Saturated used in food containers,
- Single Bond bottle caps, etc
- Less reactive - High temperature
- Linear tolerance
★ Unsaturated ( FABRIC PRODUCTION )
- Double/Triple Bond ● Ethene & Propene
- More reactive - Producing fibers =
- Branched Polyester & Acrylic
DID YOU KNOW? ( SOLVENTS )
● 500-1000 years = Plastic ● Benzene, Toluene, Xylene
Decompose (Long chain of Less - Used in paints =
reactive hydrocarbon) Effectiveness in dissolving
TYPES substances
( MEDICAL APPLICATIONS )
1. Alkanes (Paraffins)
- Single bond ● Benzene, Toluene, Xylene
- Non-polar & relatively - Starting materials in
unreactive synthesizing complex
- Found in natural gas & organic molecules
petroleum - Found in drugs, antibiotics,
2. Alkenes (Olefins) etc
- Double bond
- Less no. of Hydrogen
- More reactive
- Found in plastic
3. Alkynes (Acetylene)
- 1 carbon-carbon, Triple
Bond
- Less no. of Hydrogen
- More reactive
GEN FORMULAS
★ ALKANE
- CnH2n + 2
★ ALKENE
- CnH2n
★ ALKYNE
- CnH2n - 2