“Hydrodynamic Modeling for Sediment Accumulation in Hagonoy, Bulacan Rivers: An

Input in Flood Intervention”

A Research

Presented to the

Faculty of the College of Engineering

Bulacan State University

By:

AGULTO, JOSHUA

CARPIO, JIO ANJO

ESTRELLA, RUZCHEL LLOYD N.

SEVILLA, PATRICK ANTHONY C.

 Chapter I

THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

Introduction

Flooding is defined as a rising and overflowing of a body of water especially onto

normally dry land meaning that water is going where it should not be. It happens because of the

river overflows that happens during Typhoons and the southwest monsoon rain prevailing over

the islands during the rainy season. River overflow can be primarily attributed to unfavorable

channel characteristics, such as steep gradients and meandering patterns in the lower parts of the

river (Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources). It is a problem that is faced by anyone near a

body of water all over the world. Places like Cambodia, China, Pakistan, and Vietnam, to name a

few, experience flooding throughout the year. The places that are affected by flooding have one

thing in common, they are all close to different bodies of water. Such is true for the country of

the Philippines.

Flooding is one of the most common and severe hazards disrupting people’s lives and

livelihoods around the world. About 1.47 billion, or 19% of the world population, are directly

exposed to inundation depths of over 0.15 meters (World Bank).

Floods are the leading cause of natural disaster deaths worldwide and were responsible

for 6.8 million deaths in the 20th century. Asia is the most flood-affected region, accounting for

nearly 50% of flood-related fatalities in the last quarter of the 20th century (National Institutes of

Health).
 It is a prevalent issue in the Philippines affecting every region, neighborhood, and

several low-lying regions of the country. It is no stranger to the powerful forces of nature.

Typhoons, in particular, are a formidable and recurring challenge that the country confronts

year-round. The nation is especially susceptible to cyclones due to its position in the

Northwestern Pacific Basin, recognized as the world's most active tropical cyclone region. To

further expand upon this, according to the Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical, and

Astronomical Services Administration (PAGASA), the Philippines is highly susceptible to

tropical cyclones because of its geographical positioning. This geographical location typically

gives rise to substantial rainfall. Additionally, these cyclones are accompanied by powerful

winds that can result in significant human casualties and extensive damage to agricultural crops

and properties.

Besides typhoons, flooding can also be attributed to the southwest monsoon,

locally known as “Hanging Habagat”, rains that sweep across the islands during the rainy season.

The way rain falls in Southeast Asia is influenced by the region's topography and the prevailing

surface winds that accompany the monsoon seasons. The Philippines, in particular, has mountain

ranges that generally run from north to south along its eastern and western coasts. Consequently,

during the East Asian winter monsoon, which begins in November, northeasterly winds bring

moisture to the eastern coasts while making the western coasts relatively dry. Conversely, the

rainy season commences around May when the western North Pacific subtropical high-pressure

system shifts northeastward, allowing the Asian summer monsoon to usher in southwesterly

winds that bring rainfall across the Philippines (Villafuerte, Matsumoto, Takaahashi, Kubota &

Cinco, 2014). The elongated periods of typhoons and monsoons raise the water levels at various

places within the country thus making it flood.

 Areas with prominent bodies of water near them experience this quite often as it

tends to experience this quite frequently. Such is true for a certain municipality in the province of

Bulacan, a town called Hagonoy. It is situated along the coast in Bulacan. It covers a land area of

103.10 square kilometers or 39.81 square miles, accounting for approximately 3.70% of

Bulacan's total land area. According to the 2020 Census, the population of Hagonoy stood at

133,448 residents. This population figure represents 3.60% of Bulacan province's total

population and constitutes approximately 1.07% of the entire population of the Central Luzon

region. Based on these statistics, the population density of Hagonoy is calculated at 1,294

inhabitants per square kilometer or 3,352 inhabitants per square mile (PhilAtlas).

It is a town that frequently experiences floods as an effect from the overflow of

water in Pampanga and Angat River, and Hagonoy River. Furthermore, due to high tide, many

low-lying places in the municipality flood all year. To add to that, the water released from the

nearby Angat and Ipo Dams also cannot be held by the Bustos Dam, which caused the latter to

overflow. The raging waters come down the Pampanga River (as its catch basin) and travel along

different barangays on its path, including those in Hagonoy. With just a little downpour, the

whole first-class municipality turns into a body of water. When experiencing floods, the waters

are often deep enough to reach the interior of people’s homes. The areas in Hagonoy, even

though the waters caused by typhoons may have subsided from the rest of the town, the shanty

areas are still flooded because of the high tides.

And based on local reports, the Municipality has been experiencing this for quite

some time now. Such is the latest well-known case, as of the time of writing, for Typhoon Egay

which occurred only in 2023. The municipality also had similar cases during the past years, and

it is safe to say that it is a perennial problem to the country.

 Related to this is an occurrence that happened in the northern part of the

Philippines. During the devastation brought upon by Typhoon Ulysses, the release of water from

Magat Dam in North Luzon, among other factors, was blamed for flooding in Cagayan and

Isabela provinces (Klippe, 2020). On Nov. 12, 2020, from 5 p.m. to 4 a.m. the next day, seven

gates of the dam were opened, PAGASA said that 6,706 cubic meters of water per second were

released from the dam at maximum discharge. This caused the Cagayan River to swell and

submerge the surrounding areas.

This event prompted a study of this behavior called the Integrated Flood and

Sediment Management in River basin for susTainable development (FSMaRT). It is a project led

by Assoc. Prof. Sameh Ahmed Kantoush, From Kyoto University, started in 2021. It is done to

formulate the core concept of the project; it is imperative to begin by identifying and

emphasizing the challenges and issues present within the river basin. These challenges serve as

the foundational framework upon which the project's objectives and solutions were built.

They proposed various tools that can help assess the situation that happened in

Cagayan such as using various software to predict how the release of water can prevent the kind

of flooding that happened before. Including that software were TELEMAC and Soil and Water

Assessing Tool (SWAT). SWAT is a software assessing climate change impacts on streamflow

and TELEMAC is used to estimate sediment transport. With such tools in tow the researchers

wondered if it would be possible to implement such mapping in the Municipality of Hagonoy to

help alleviate the flooding problems that it has been facing. The focal point of this study lies in

the endeavor to simulate sediment accumulation within the rivers of Hagonoy, Bulacan. The

primary objective of this study is to utilize this simulation as a foundational element for the

initial evaluation of future flood interventions in the area.

Statement of the Problem

General Problem:

What effective flood intervention in Hagonoy, Bulacan Rivers can be

implemented by utilizing hydrodynamic modeling softwares as an evaluating tool?

Specific Problems:

1. How does flood behavior in the area be affected in terms of:

1.1. Sediment Accumulation

1.2. Periodic Rainfalls

2. How can TELEMAC models be calibrated and validated for the study area

using available data and information?

3. What intervention can reduce sediment accumulation and mitigate flooding in

Hagonoy, Bulacan?

Objectives of the Study

This study aims to utilize hydrodynamic modeling to understand the patterns of sediment

accumulation in Hagonoy, Bulacan rivers and to propose effective flood intervention strategies

based on these insights.

Specific Objectives:

1. To simulate the hydrodynamics of Hagonoy, Bulacan rivers using TELEMAC software

tool.

2. To evaluate the impact of sediment accumulation on the river’s hydrodynamics and its

implications for flood events.

3. To propose effective and sustainable flood intervention strategies based on the insights

gained from the hydrodynamic models.

Significance of the Study

The study will be useful in Hagonoy, Bulacan as this research will propose an

intervention to mitigate the flood that is often experienced in the city. The use of TELEMAC

models will help identify the critical locations and factors that need to be improved within the

city to mitigate flooding.

Local Officials. Valuable information, insights, and recommendations from this study

can be used by the local officials to identify specific areas in Hagonoy, Bulacan, that are more

vulnerable to flooding due to sedimentation. This information can allow local officials to

prioritize these areas for targeted intervention and flood management strategies as well as offer

insights into the long-term trends of sediment accumulation, allowing officials to develop

sustainable and resilient flood intervention plans.

Residents. Residents from the area will benefit from this study when the proposed

intervention to mitigate the flood is implemented. It can educate the local community about flood
risks associated with sediment accumulation. This knowledge can empower its residents to take

proactive measures for their safety and encourages community participation in flood

preparedness initiatives.

Future Researchers. This study will benefit future researchers as it will contribute to the

existing literature about hydrodynamic modeling and sediment management, specifically in

Hagonoy, Bulacan. Furthermore, this study can pave the way for future studies about using

TELEMAC and SWAT models in flood mitigation.

Scope and Delimitations

Figure 1. Rivers of Hagonoy, Bulacan

This research is designed to simulate the hydrodynamics and sediment accumulation in

the flood-prone rivers of Hagonoy, Bulacan. Utilizing TELEMAC software, the project aims to
simulate water flow and sediment transport, proposing interventions based on the model

outcomes.

The focus is specifically on the rivers within Hagonoy, Bulacan, specifically the

Labangan Channel that spans the municipality. Consideration will be given solely to sediment

accumulation resulting from natural processes, excluding human activities such as mining or

dumping. The analysis will be confined to the period from 2010 to 2020, encompassing recent

flood events in the region.

Definition of Terms

Bathymetry - The measurement and mapping of underwater depths and the

topography of the seafloor or other bodies of water.

Calibration - process of adjusting model parameters to match observed or

measured data, improving the model's accuracy.

Catch Basin - A geographical area or basin that collects and contains water,

such as rivers or lakes. In this context, it refers to the Pampanga River's

role as a catch basin for water from upstream areas.

Channel Mesher - refers to a specific feature or tool used for mesh generation in

modeling fluid flow within channels or rivers.

Finite Element Method (FEM) – a numerical technique used in hydrodynamic

models in TELEMAC to approximate the behavior of fluids within each

 element of the mesh. FEM breaks complex problems into smaller, more

manageable pieces.

Flood - rising and overflowing of a body of water, such as rivers or oceans, onto

normally dry land.

Flood Prediction- The use of scientific and meteorological data to forecast and

predict the occurrence and severity of flooding events, allowing for

early warnings and preparedness measures.

Mesh generation - process in computational modeling and simulation where a

complex physical domain is divided into smaller, simpler elements or

cells.

Streamflow - The flow of water in a river or stream, often measured in cubic

meters per second (cms).

SWAT (Soil and Water Assessment Tool) - a software extensively applied in

evaluating methods to prevent and manage soil erosion, control

non-point source pollution, and oversee regional management within

watersheds.

TELEMAC - specifically TELEMAC 2D, a Software for maritime tasks (dikes,

dredging, waste discharges) and river work (hydraulic structures, dam

breaches, flood analysis).

 CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

Introduction

In this chapter, it encompasses all relevant readings, literature, and studies related to the

field of study. The relevant readings on this chapter provide information about various attempts

of agencies and officials to address how flood intervention strategies are implemented in the

country and municipality during recent times. Some other relevant topics discussed in relevant

literature includes; how recurring issues of river overflow affect the severity of flooding in

municipalities in the Philippines, impacts of flooding on the livelihood of the residents, various

flood risk management strategies and its importance for flood mitigations, concept of

hydrodynamic modeling as an essential tool for flood risk assessment, its strengths and

limitations, and the role of TELEMAC as modeling software in assessing environmental impact

and hydrodynamics. Some other relevant studies are being discussed in the relevant studies

section which have identical objectives to this research study, including the utilization of

modeling software as a basis for flood risk assessment and interventions. The information

presented in this chapter has been carefully compiled through the researchers' thorough

examination of pertinent readings, literature, and studies published and available on the internet,

and carefully analyzed each of it as it would be relevant to achieve the primary objective of this

study.

Relevant Theories

Einstein-Brownian Motion Theory. This theory explains the unpredictable movement

of particles that are hanging in a fluid. While it wasn't explicitly developed for the transport of
bed load, it established the groundwork for comprehending how particles move within fluids.

This is a crucial contribution to the understanding of the random movement of particles

suspended in a fluid. It proposed that the motion of a particle suspended in a fluid is the result of

countless, random collisions with the fluid molecules. Considered the particle as subject to

continuous bombardment from surrounding molecules, causing it to move in a zigzag, erratic

manner. This motion is a consequence of the random thermal motion of the fluid molecules.

Thus, being relevant and evident that particles can and will move through river stream flow and

motion. (Britannica, 2023)

Hjulström Curve. It is a graphical representation that illustrates the relationship

between the velocity of water and the size of sediment particles necessary for erosion,

transportation, and deposition. It was named after Filip Hjulström (1902–1982), is a graph used

by hydrologists and geologists to determine whether a river will erode, transport, or deposit

sediment. It is a valuable tool in sediment transport studies and helps in understanding the

dynamics of how water interacts with different sediment sizes. It provides insights into the

conditions under which erosion, transportation, and deposition of sediments occur in a flowing

water environment. (Kunaka, 2023)

Figure 2: Hjulström Curve

 Water Balance. A concept used in hydrology to describe the movement and distribution

of water within a specific region or watershed. It involves tracking the inputs, outputs, and

storage of water in a particular area over a defined period. The primary components of the water

balance equation include precipitation, evapotranspiration, runoff, and changes in storage, such

as changes in groundwater or soil moisture.

Where:

P = Precipitation

ET = Evapotranspiration

R = Runoff

= Changes in storage

It uses the principles of conservation of mass in a closed system, whereby any

water entering a system (via precipitation), must be transferred into either evaporation,

transpiration, surface runoff (eventually reaching the channel and leaving in the form of river

discharge), or stored in the ground. Meaning if it cannot go anywhere where it is naturally

supposed to go, flooding in nearby areas will occur (Iofin, 2020)

Manning's Equation. Formulated by Robert Manning in the late 19th century, is an

empirical expression that explains the correlation among channel velocity, slope, and a friction
coefficient represented by Manning's n. This equation, in its basic form, delineates the balance of

energy between gravity and friction in a conduit. The widely employed version of Manning's

equation is presented as follows (Czachorski, 2019):

Here, Q denotes the flow rate in cubic feet per second (cfs), n stands for

Manning's roughness coefficient (dimensionless), A represents the flow area in square feet, R is

the hydraulic radius in feet, and S denotes the slope of the energy gradient in feet per foot.

Related Literature

These are the readings from various articles that the researchers have found related to the

study that is being conducted:

Hagonoy is a municipality prone to frequent high-tide flooding, rendering it particularly

susceptible to upstream flooding. In recent years, Hagonoy has been consistently battered by

various typhoons, resulting in widespread consequences such as extensive inundation, residents

seeking refuge in safer locations, class suspensions, health issues, disruptions to trade and

businesses, inaccessible transportation, loss of lives, and damage to properties and infrastructure.

The municipality faced another onslaught in 2023 when Typhoon Egay entered the Philippines,

intensifying the southwest monsoon and causing moderate to heavy rains. This led to tidal

flooding in Hagonoy, submerging several barangays in water. Subsequently, Typhoon Falcon

re-entered the Philippine Area of Responsibility (AOR), reinforcing the southwest monsoon and

bringing about another round of light to heavy rains. Following the rainfall induced by these

typhoons and monsoons, Hagonoy witnessed backflooding as water receded from neighboring

towns and provinces. The northern and central parts of Hagonoy were particularly hard-hit by
this phenomenon, further exacerbating the challenges faced by the municipality. It was declared

in the State of calamity on July 30, 2023, flooding many of its barangays for up to 3 feet deep.

This is just one of the latest cases that has happened and historically, it has experienced the worst

(Municipality of Hagonoy, 2023).

With Regards to climate change, The Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Plan

(DRRMP) for the period 2013-2018 in the Province of Bulacan was crafted with the aim of

preventing and effectively managing disasters in the region. The plan, recognizing the escalating

occurrences of hydro-meteorological disasters in recent years, particularly in Bulacan, addresses

the need to confront and mitigate these challenges. The province has experienced a rise in

disasters of hydro-meteorological origin, a trend anticipated to intensify further because of

climate change. In further compliance with RA 10121, the Provincial Government took a

significant step by issuing Executive Order (EO) No. 17 of 2010. This executive order not only

reflects the province's dedication to disaster risk reduction but also signifies a renaming of the

Provincial Disaster Management Council and Provincial Disaster Management Office to the

Provincial Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Council and Provincial Disaster Risk

Reduction and Management Office (Province of Bulacan, 2014).

The Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR) Region III has

announced a significant initiative involving the extensive cleanup of an eight-kilometer stretch

along the Calumpit River in Bulacan. This comprehensive cleanup, slated to commence this

month, is a strategic effort aimed at mitigating flooding incidents in low-lying areas and

expediting the rehabilitation of Manila Bay areas in Central Luzon. The head of the agency

highlighted that the cleanup of the Calumpit River system is not only crucial for reducing

flooding in the immediate area but will also yield positive impacts for other flood-prone towns in
Bulacan, including Hagonoy, Paombong, and certain parts of Malolos City. This initiative

reflects a proactive approach by the DENR to address environmental challenges, emphasizing

the interconnectedness of water systems and the broader implications for neighboring regions.

The cleanup project aligns with broader goals of environmental sustainability and disaster risk

reduction in the region (Department of Environment and Natural Resources, 2021).

As a proactive measure to combat perennial flooding in Bulacan, particularly in

Hagonoy, the San Miguel Corporation (SMC) has taken significant steps by initiating the

planting of 190,000 mangrove seedlings across over 76 hectares in the province. Notably, this

initiative comes at no cost to the government. The Department of Environment and Natural

Resources (DENR) has identified this project as a priority, emphasizing the importance of

mangrove planting in flood-prone areas. The strategic placement of these mangrove seedlings is

expected to yield substantial benefits in addressing flooding issues and mitigating the impact of

rising sea levels attributed to the adverse effects of climate change and global warming. This

initiative is particularly crucial for Hagonoy, a low-lying town that consistently grapples with

floods during high tide. Once these thousands of mangrove seedlings mature, they are anticipated

to serve as a natural barrier, offering protection against flooding and contributing to the overall

resilience of the area. The partnership between SMC and the DENR underscores the significance

of public-private collaboration in implementing sustainable solutions to environmental

challenges (Velez, 2020).

The Department of Public Works and Highways (DPWH) has undertaken a

substantial project involving the construction of a 60-kilometer and 400-meter-wide floodway.

This ambitious endeavor, known as "The Pampanga River Floodway and San Antonio Swamp

Ring Dike," is set to commence from the mouth of the San Antonio Swamp and traverse seven
towns in Pampanga, including Arayat, Santa Ana, Mexico, Santo Tomas, Minalin, Macabebe,

and Masantol. Envisioned as a major flood control project for 2024, this initiative is poised to

make a significant contribution towards addressing the persistent flooding issues in both Bulacan

and Pampanga. More than 40 towns in these provinces are expected to benefit from the

construction of this floodway. By strategically routing the floodway through key areas, the

project aims to efficiently manage and divert floodwaters, minimizing the impact on

communities and enhancing overall resilience against flooding (Abarca, 2023).

Now, these are the various concepts, backed by relevant literature, that this study will

utilize throughout its span:

River overflow. For many municipalities in the Philippines, bodies of water provide not

only life for their residents but also economic opportunities. Across history, the role played by

rivers is an indispensable fact we could take in the development of the population. Nonetheless,

even as they bring life, rivers can also take lives.

In 2020, in the middle of the onslaught of Typhoon Vamco (Ulysses), the infamous

Marikina River surpassed its 2009 record brought by Typhoon Ondoy – reaching 22 meters in

height (Elemia, 2020) and forcing thousands of individuals and families to evacuate due to the

flooding. In the same period, the heavy rainfall brought by Vamco forced dams in Northern

Luzon to release water, and the decision taken by Magat Dam caused intense floods to ravage

population centers across the provinces of Cagayan and Isabela. Both situations proved the

natural disaster attached to rivers overflowing their banks and submerging dry land nearby.

The study’s site of study, Hagonoy, is no stranger to cases of river overflows. In 1972,

Typhoon Rita (Gloring) hit Luzon and hit hard the Pampanga River basin causing flooding
across the island that was dubbed as the greatest since the Second World War. Floodwaters have

enabled the municipality of Hagonoy to be underwater for at least two months, sharing the

situation with at least 14 other provinces plus the National Capital Region. Before the 1978

arrival of another Typhoon Rita, locally known as Typhoon Kading, the government already had

planned to finish the Labangan Channel project ahead but was interrupted due to the typhoon.

The lack of the channel’s supposed benefits in avoiding another catastrophe proved to be fatal to

residents of Hagonoy, as an operator upstream in Angat Dam located in the town of Norzagaray

opened the dam’s floodgates too wide that resulting in a flash flood that killed several people

(Cruz et al., 2019).

River overflow is a complex phenomenon that is influenced by various factors such as

climate change, urbanization, land use change, and flood management practices. Climate change

is expected to increase the frequency and intensity of extreme rainfall events that can trigger

river overflow (IPCC, 2012). Urbanization can alter the hydrological characteristics of river

basins by increasing impervious surfaces, reducing infiltration capacity, and modifying drainage

networks (Kefi et al., 2020). Land use change can affect the runoff generation and sediment

transport processes in river basins by changing the vegetation cover, soil properties, and erosion

rates (Wang et al., 2016). Flood management practices can either mitigate or exacerbate river

overflow by implementing structural or non-structural measures such as dams, levees, flood

forecasting systems, land use planning, and community participation (ADB, 2021).

In 2011, along with nearby Calumpit, Malolos, and Paombong, Hagonoy was also

submerged for days as rainfall from Typhoons Nesat and Nalgae (Pedring and Quiel in local

naming conventions, respectively) combined with water release from dams. News reports had

indicated floodwaters rose as high as 3.35 meters in these areas (Reyes-Estrobe & Orejas, 2011).
 In 2018, several villages in Hagonoy and Calumpit were flooded for weeks due to back

floods from nearby provinces and water release from Bustos Dam. The provincial governor

declared a state of calamity in Bulacan and appealed for government agencies to help solve the

flooding problem (Philippine News Agency, 2018).

In 2020, Hagonoy also experienced flooding up to 1.8 meters due to Typhoon Vamco

(Ulysses), which caused heavy rains and river overflow. The situation prompted another

declaration of a state of calamity in Bulacan as 7,000 people remained in evacuation shelters.

The resulting flooding and river overflow have cost the province already an estimated P1 billion

in damage to agriculture and infrastructure (Reyes-Estrope, 2020).

The frequent and prolonged flooding in Hagonoy has caused various adverse effects on

the lives and livelihoods of its residents, such as displacement, health risks, crop losses, income

reduction, and psychological stress. One possible solution is to adopt modern flood control

systems that are resilient and adaptable to the changing climate and landscape. For instance, Dr.

Andreas Klippe, Chair and President of Flood Control Asia RS Corp., suggested improving flood

warning systems and making the threat understood and informed to residents as passive solutions

to the flooding problem. He also cited an ideal lifespan of at least 50 years for these technologies

that can be used in similar cases in the future (Klippe, 2020). Another possible solution is to

restore and protect the natural ecosystems that can mitigate flooding, such as mangroves,

wetlands, and forests. These ecosystems can provide multiple benefits for the environment and

the society, such as reducing erosion and sedimentation, enhancing water quality and

biodiversity, sequestering carbon emissions, and supporting livelihoods and tourism

([Link], 2014).
 Sediment Accumulation. Sediment accumulation in rivers is a natural phenomenon that

stems from the erosion and transport of soil particles by water. This process, however, can be

exacerbated by human activities such as deforestation, agriculture, mining, and dam

construction, leading to an increase in the rate and volume of sediment accumulation. This has a

variety of detrimental impacts on river ecosystems and water quality (Ezugwu, 2013).

The morphology and stability of river channels can be significantly affected by excess

sediment accumulation. This can reduce their capacity to handle floods, thereby increasing the

risk of flooding. The deposition of sediment can elevate the riverbed, modify the flow patterns,

and result in bank erosion (USGS, 2020).

In order to mitigate the effects of sediment accumulation in rivers, it is necessary to adopt

various strategies. These include restoring and protecting natural vegetation, implementing soil

conservation practices, regulating land use and water resources, and enhancing sediment

monitoring and modeling. Such strategies can help to enhance the environmental and

socio-economic benefits of rivers, such as water supply, biodiversity, recreation, and tourism

([Link], 2019).

Land Use. The relationship between flood behavior and land use is a critical area of

study in managing and mitigating flood risks. Research has shown that understanding this

relationship can lead to effective strategies for coping with floods and maximizing the use of

flood-prone lands. For instance, communities have been found to adapt their livelihoods to

seasonal flood, alternating between agriculture and fisheries depending on the season

(Juarez-Lucas et al., 2016).

 Hydrodynamic Modeling. is an essential tool for understanding and managing flood

risks in various regions. These models can help assess the extent, depth, duration, and frequency

of floods, as well as evaluate the effectiveness of different flood intervention strategies. Flood

models can be broadly classified into two main types: hydrodynamic models and machine

learning models.

Hydrodynamic models are based on the physical laws of fluid motion and sediment

transport. They require input data such as topography, land use, rainfall, river discharge, and

boundary conditions to simulate water flow and sediment dynamics in a river system.

Hydrodynamic models can provide detailed information on the spatial and temporal distribution

of flood variables, such as water depth, velocity, flood extent, and sediment concentration

(Karim et al., 2023).

TELEMAC. TELEMAC is a set of software for numerical modeling of hydrodynamics,

sediment dynamics, water quality, and wave propagation (Hervouet, 2007). TELEMAC has been

applied in numerous engineering projects including coastal and maritime structures design,

fluvial hydraulics, pollutant dispersion studies, sediment transport, and dredging among others

(Hervouet & Janin, 1995).

Flood Risk Management. The coastal municipality of Hagonoy faces frequent and

severe flooding due to various factors such as its low-lying location, land subsidence, sea-level

rise, storm surges, heavy rainfall, and river overflow (Hoff, 2020). These factors affect not only

the physical environment but also the livelihoods and well-being of its residents who depend on

fishing and agriculture as their main sources of income. Therefore, there is a need for effective
and sustainable flood risk management strategies that can reduce the impacts of flooding and

enhance the resilience of the community.

One of the recent initiatives that aimed to address this need was a collaborative research

project by the University of the Philippines Diliman, Nelen & Schuurmans, and MUST that was

conducted in 2020. The project involved assessing the current and future flood hazards and

vulnerabilities in Hagonoy using hydrological models and participatory methods. Based on their

findings, they proposed several interventions that can help mitigate flood risks and improve

adaptive capacities such as restoring wetlands and mangroves, constructing flood barriers and

drainage systems, implementing early warning systems and evacuation plans, and promoting

alternative livelihoods and social protection schemes (Hoff et al., 2020). As of the time of this

research’s writing, the parties mentioned earlier in this paragraph have not made any statements

yet regarding the update of the proposals.

Related Studies

Related Studies

A study conducted by Mahmod, Han, Ijaz, Siyal, Ahmad, & Yousaf published in 2022

investigated the geomorphic changes in an alluvial stretch of the Indus River, specifically

focusing on the section below Kotri barrage in Pakistan. These resulted in floods, typically

occurring from late July to mid-September due to monsoon rains in the upper catchments of the

Indus basin, have carried significant amounts of sediment from the Tarbela dam's catchment to

the downstream floodplain, eventually contributing to the Indus delta's sediment load. They

emphasized that channel erosion, sediment transportation, and deposition are critical factors
affecting river morphology under varying flow conditions. The introduction of barrages and the

Tarbela dam has altered the river's flow patterns, leading to sediment trapping and degradation of

the river's geomorphology.

They used the HEC-RAS hydrodynamic modeling suite and a combination of ground and

remote sensing data, their study revealed significant degradation in the river's morphology due to

reduced flows and hydrological extremes. The excessive deposition of approximately 4.3 billion

cubic meters of sediment has elevated the channel bed, leading to a 17.75% reduction in the

river's flood-carrying capacity. Furthermore, persistent sediment accumulation and low flow

conditions have resulted in a substantial loss of 48.34% of bank-full discharges over the past 24

years.

The findings of the study shed light on the consequences of decreased flood-carrying

capacity in alluvial channels due to inadequate sediment transport capacity resulting from flow

regulations, offering insights into the associated impacts.

In another study, Li, Liu & Shao (2022) created an urban flood simulation model using

TELEMAC-2D and validated using data from two rainstorms that occurred on June 7, 2018, and

September 16, 2018. The model was then used to simulate flooding under various rainfall

scenarios, including different return periods and rainfall peak coefficients. They assessed the

flooding that was experienced by the area around Shenzhen River Basin, China.

This study employed the hazard-vulnerability (H-V) method, which considered factors

such as flood depth, flood velocity, elevation, slope, land use type, population density, and

property distribution. Weight values for each of these factors were calculated using the analytic

hierarchy process (AHP), and ArcGIS software was used for overlay calculations. They
developed a risk zoning map that provides valuable insights into the distribution of flood risk in

the Shenzhen River basin, offering a scientific basis for early flood prevention and drainage

measures in the region.

Furthermore, another recent study conducted by Wei Ronglian (2022), TELEMAC-2D

was used to dynamically forecast flood risks in the Wuqiangxi Watershed near Hangzhou. The

watershed had previously suffered severe financial damage due to an extreme rainfall event in

2020. The study demonstrated that TELEMAC-2D could accurately predict general flood hazard

tendencies in the watershed. The model’s performance was validated against historical flood

events, ensuring its reliability for dynamic flood risk forecasting and extreme flash flood

reproduction. This research highlights the potential of TELEMAC-2D in flood risk prediction

and management.

A study conducted by Reisenbüchler, Bui, Skublics, & Rutschmann (2019) utilized

TELEMAC-MASCARET to better simulate sediment transport in rivers. They mainly focused

on the Saalach River. They were conducting the study of how man-made structures affect the

river morphology thus resulting in more flooding. They compared how the river flow will be

affected when there are changes due to man-made structures to how it will be when you use the

clear water models which do not take into account the changes in river morphology. The

integrative model they provided has a more accurate representation of flood inundation in the

floodplain. As a result, it can offer more reliable predictions for decision-makers involved in

flood protection strategies.

Baky, Islam, and Paul (2020) focused on integrating GIS, hydraulic modelling, and field

information in assessing the flood risk in Baniachong Upazila, Bangladesh. The study focuses

on Baniachong Upazila, a region where Boro rice, a significant crop, is predominantly grown.
The area’s vulnerability to flooding is a crucial factor in risk estimation. As the return period

increases, the inundation depth also increases significantly, impacting both cropland and

settlements. Cropland is highly vulnerable at a depth of 2.8 meters, while settlements are highly

vulnerable above a depth of 3 meters. This study demonstrates an effective approach of

integrating GIS, a hydraulic model, and field survey in flood risk assessment. This approach

successfully assesses flood risk in the study site, framing risk within a theoretical context.

Also, in 2015, Tung Vu, Chua, and Law utilized TELEMAC-2D to dynamically predict

flood risks for a part of the Mekong river. The study demonstrated the accuracy of TELEMAC

models with satellite images. Notably, the study also employed Blue Kenue, an advanced data

preparation, analysis, and visualization tool for hydraulic model, in the post-processing of the

data. The accuracy of the model was found to be high, with a match of over 90% with satellite

observations during peak flood periods.

They used the HEC-RAS hydrodynamic modeling suite and a combination of ground and

remote sensing data, their study revealed significant degradation in the river's morphology due to

reduced flows and hydrological extremes. The excessive deposition of approximately 4.3 billion

cubic meters of sediment has elevated the channel bed, leading to a 17.75% reduction in the

river's flood-carrying capacity. Furthermore, persistent sediment accumulation and low flow

conditions have resulted in a substantial loss of 48.34% of bank-full discharges over the past 24

years.

The findings of the study shed light on the consequences of decreased flood-carrying

capacity in alluvial channels due to inadequate sediment transport capacity resulting from flow

regulations, offering insights into the associated impacts.

 In another study, Li, Liu & Shao (2022) created an urban flood simulation

model using TELEMAC-2D and validated using data from two rainstorms that occurred on June

7, 2018, and September 16, 2018. The model was then used to simulate flooding under various

rainfall scenarios, including different return periods and rainfall peak coefficients. They assessed

the flooding that was experienced by the area around Shenzhen River Basin, China.

This study employed the hazard-vulnerability (H-V) method, which

considered factors such as flood depth, flood velocity, elevation, slope, land use type, population

density, and property distribution. Weight values for each of these factors were calculated using

the analytic hierarchy process (AHP), and ArcGIS software was used for overlay calculations.

They developed a risk zoning map that provides valuable insights into the distribution of flood

risk in the Shenzhen River basin, offering a scientific basis for early flood prevention and

drainage measures in the region.

Furthermore, another recent study conducted by Wei Ronglian (2022), TELEMAC-2D

was used to dynamically forecast flood risks in the Wuqiangxi Watershed near Hangzhou. The

watershed had previously suffered severe financial damage due to an extreme rainfall event in

2020. The study demonstrated that TELEMAC-2D could accurately predict general flood hazard

tendencies in the watershed. The model’s performance was validated against historical flood

events, ensuring its reliability for dynamic flood risk forecasting and extreme flash flood

reproduction. This research highlights the potential of TELEMAC-2D in flood risk prediction

and management.

A study conducted by Reisenbüchler, Bui, Skublics, & Rutschmann

(2019) utilized TELEMAC-MASCARET to better simulate sediment transport in rivers. They

mainly focused on the Saalach River. They were conducting the study of how man-made

structures affect the river morphology thus resulting in more flooding. They compared how the

river flow will be affected when there are changes due to man-made structures to how it will be

when you use the clear water models which do not take into account the changes in river

morphology. The integrative model they provided has a more accurate representation of flood

inundation in the floodplain. As a result, it can offer more reliable predictions for

decision-makers involved in flood protection strategies.

Baky, Islam, and Paul (2020) focused on integrating GIS, hydraulic modelling,

and field information in assessing the flood risk in Baniachong Upazila, Bangladesh. The study

focuses on Baniachong Upazila, a region where Boro rice, a significant crop, is predominantly

grown. The area’s vulnerability to flooding is a crucial factor in risk estimation. As the return

period increases, the inundation depth also increases significantly, impacting both cropland and

settlements. Cropland is highly vulnerable at a depth of 2.8 meters, while settlements are highly

vulnerable above a depth of 3 meters. This study demonstrates an effective approach of

integrating GIS, a hydraulic model, and field survey in flood risk assessment. This approach

successfully assesses flood risk in the study site, framing risk within a theoretical context.

Also, a recent study conducted by Wei Ronglian (2022), TELEMAC-2D was used to

dynamically forecast flood risks in the Wuqiangxi Watershed near Hangzhou. The watershed had

previously suffered severe financial damage due to an extreme rainfall event in 2020. The study

demonstrated that TELEMAC-2D could accurately predict general flood hazard tendencies in the

watershed. The model’s performance was validated against historical flood events, ensuring its

reliability for dynamic flood risk forecasting and extreme flash flood reproduction. This research

highlights the potential of TELEMAC-2D in flood risk prediction and management.

 Going on to studies done in the country itself, Gacu, Monjardin, Senoro, &

Tan (2022) assessed the spatial flood risk in the Municipality of Odiongan, located in the

archipelagic Romblon province of the Philippines. The assessment is conducted using the

Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) and Geographic Information System (GIS), with data

collected from various government agencies. It provided a comprehensive assessment of flood

risk in Odiongan, combining hazard, exposure, and vulnerability factors. It offers valuable

insights for local authorities to develop effective flood risk reduction and management strategies

to protect the municipality's population and infrastructure.

In 2021, Libiran, Manuel, Natividad, Rata & Tolentino (2022) Used

HEC-RAS to map the Labangan Channel Present in Hagonoy Bulacan. The study addresses

flood management in Hagonoy, Bulacan, Philippines, focusing on mitigating the effects of

potential floods caused by the Labangan Channel, especially when its capacity is exceeded due

to water release from the Angat Dam. They attempted to provide a range of strategies and

projects aimed at reducing flood risks and minimizing damage in the affected areas. These

strategies may involve the construction of flood control structures, the enhancement of existing

infrastructure, land-use planning, and emergency response plans.

An ongoing project, initiated in 2021 and led by Assoc. Prof. Sameh

Ahmed Kantoush from Kyoto University is currently underway. The project proposed a variety

of tools to assess the impact of extreme meteorological events, such as typhoons, floods, and

landslides, which are prevalent in countries like Japan, Vietnam, and the Philippines. These

countries are significantly affected by climate change and climate variability, factors that are

predicted to increase the frequency and magnitude of extreme floods and droughts. The project
utilizes software tools, including TELEMAC and SWAT, to predict the potential benefits of water

release in preventing the recurrence of previous flooding incidents.

As various studies have been done, it is evident that the use of TELEMAC

and SWAT has not been prevalent in the Philippines. We would like to utilize it and prompt

various interventions to further upgrade the flood predictions that the country can use.

Going on to studies done in the country itself, Gacu, Monjardin, Senoro, & Tan (2022)

assessed the spatial flood risk in the Municipality of Odiongan, located in the archipelagic

Romblon province of the Philippines. The assessment is conducted using the Analytical

Hierarchy Process (AHP) and Geographic Information System (GIS), with data collected from

various government agencies. It provided a comprehensive assessment of flood risk in Odiongan,

combining hazard, exposure, and vulnerability factors. It offers valuable insights for local

authorities to develop effective flood risk reduction and management strategies to protect the

municipality's population and infrastructure.

In 2021, Libiran, Manuel, Natividad, Rata & Tolentino (2022) Used HEC-RAS to map

the Labangan Channel Present in Hagonoy Bulacan. The study addresses flood management in

Hagonoy, Bulacan, Philippines, focusing on mitigating the effects of potential floods caused by

the Labangan Channel, especially when its capacity is exceeded due to water release from the

Angat Dam. They attempted to provide a range of strategies and projects aimed at reducing flood

risks and minimizing damage in the affected areas. These strategies may involve the construction

of flood control structures, the enhancement of existing infrastructure, land-use planning, and

emergency response plans.

 An ongoing project, initiated in 2021 and led by Assoc. Prof. Sameh Ahmed Kantoush

from Kyoto University is currently underway. The project proposed a variety of tools to assess

the impact of extreme meteorological events, such as typhoons, floods, and landslides, which are

prevalent in countries like Japan, Vietnam, and the Philippines. These countries are significantly

affected by climate change and climate variability, factors that are predicted to increase the

frequency and magnitude of extreme floods and droughts. The project utilizes software tools,

including TELEMAC and SWAT, to predict the potential benefits of water release in preventing

the recurrence of previous flooding incidents.

As various studies have been done, it is evident that the use of TELEMAC has not been

prevalent in the Philippines. We would like to utilize it and prompt various interventions to

further upgrade the flood predictions that the country can use.

Summary of Chapter 2

Rivers have the ability to attract human populations and generate economic opportunities

because they provide essential resources like freshwater, transportation routes, and fertile land

for agriculture. However, alongside their benefits, rivers also present risks, particularly in the

form of flooding, which can threaten the lives and livelihoods of those living near them.

Flooding leads to the devastation of properties, enterprises, and unfortunately, loss of human

lives, making it one of the most devastating natural disasters that frequently occurs in the

Philippines.

Based on recent literature and research findings, it is evident that flood severity is

influenced not only by sediment accumulation but also by factors such as river flow and climate.

This study, however, concentrates solely on sediment accumulation in the rivers of Hagonoy,
Bulacan. The objective is to assess its specific causes and its unique contribution among other

factors.

Given that flooding is a significant issue in the Municipality of Hagonoy, it is

recommended to develop flood management plans and interventions as a solution to this

problem. Such plans encompass a systematic approach to flood mitigation, preparedness,

response, and recovery within a particular area or locality.

To achieve this, the researchers aim to create simulations of sediment accumulation using

computer software applications like TELEMAC and SWAT. These simulations will serve as a

foundational tool for early assessment of the effectiveness of flood interventions in Hagonoy,

Bulacan. Past studies have demonstrated the successful use of these applications for simulating

and mapping flood hazards along floodplains and formulating flood management strategies for

flood-prone areas.

Conceptual Framework

Figure 2: The process used for developing a Flood Intervention Strategy

 The gathering of data includes information from various sources such as topographic

maps, satellite images, river discharge data, rainfall data, sediment data, land use data, and flood

records. This gathered data will be input in SWAT and TELEMAC softwares for calibration and

validation. Various scenarios will be conducted using the SWAT and TELEMAC models to

understand how sediment accumulation impacts the river’s hydrodynamics and its implications

for flood events. Insights will be taken from the models and based on these insights, an effective

and sustainable flood intervention will be proposed for Hagonoy, Bulacan.

Assumptions of the Study

The study constructed the following hypotheses:

1. The study hypothesized that sediment accumulation in river systems has no

significant effect in terms of formulating flood intervention strategies to

mitigate the flood in Hagonoy, Bulacan.

2. The study hypothesized that periodic rainfalls have no significant effect in

terms of formulating flood intervention strategies to mitigate the flood in

Hagonoy, Bulacan.
 CHAPTER III

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

Research Design

The study employs a quantitative research design using hydrodynamic modeling. The

primary research instruments for this study are the SWAT and TELEMAC software tools. These

hydrodynamic models will be used to simulate the water flow and sediment transport in the

rivers.

The models will be calibrated and validated using available data and information from

various sources, such as topographic maps, satellite images, river discharge data, rainfall data,

sediment data, land use data, and flood records. Calibration involves adjusting the model

parameters to match observed data, while validation involves testing the model’s performance

using independent datasets (Moriasi et al., 2007).

The study will conduct various scenarios using the SWAT and TELEMAC models to

understand how sediment accumulation impacts the river’s hydrodynamics and its implications

for flood events. These scenarios will consider different levels of sediment accumulation,

different magnitudes and frequencies of rainfall events, and different boundary conditions.

Finally, based on the insights gained from the hydrodynamic models, effective and

sustainable flood intervention strategies will be proposed. These strategies will be formulated

and evaluated through calibrating the existing simulation. Thus, this study not only aims to

understand the patterns of sediment accumulation but also to propose effective flood intervention

strategies based on these insights.

 Discussing the nature of the software of SWAT and TELEMAC as the primary research

instruments. SWAT is a small watershed-to-river basin-scale model used to simulate the quality

and quantity of surface and ground water and predict the environmental impact of land use, land

management practices, and climate change (Arnold et al., 2012). TELEMAC, on the other hand,

is a suite of finite element computer programs used for computational fluid dynamics (Hervouet,

2007). These tools will be used to simulate the hydrodynamics of Hagonoy, Bulacan rivers and

understand the impact of sediment accumulation on the river’s hydrodynamics and its

implications for flood events. The software tools come with a Graphical User Interface, which

researchers will utilize to meet the specific requirements of the project.

The study will adhere to the International System of Units (SI) for all measurements and

computations. The geometry of the rivers in Hagonoy, Bulacan will be developed within the

software environment. Beyond the initial setup, the researchers will use SWAT and TELEMAC

tools to incorporate relevant terrain data and define river attributes and geometry. Once these

parameters are established, simulations for various scenarios, including steady-state and transient

conditions, can be performed. These simulations will help in understanding the behavior of

floods under different conditions.

The output from these simulations will serve as a valuable resource in visualizing the

areas affected by floods based on the computed data. This information will then guide the

formulation of effective flood intervention strategies such as Structural Measures Flow

Regulation, Channelization, Floodplain Restoration, Stormwater Management, Land Use

Planning, Early Warning Systems, Community Preparedness, and Emergency Response.

Methods of Data Collection

The researchers crucially obtained time-sensitive data from specialized agencies,

including PAGASA and NAMRIA, as well as local organizations near the study area, exclusively

dedicated to managing and collecting water-related information. These agencies are the primary

sources of hydrometeorological and geospatial data essential for our flood prediction and

warning systems. PAGASA, through its significant divisions like the Hydrometeorological Data

Application Section (HMDAS) and Flood Forecasting and Warning Section (FFWS), actively

collaborates with key agencies to enhance the effectiveness of flood forecasting and warning

mechanisms. This is accomplished by employing a dual approach of emailing requests and

conducting in-person visits. Through direct communication via email, we secured essential data

sets, fostering collaborative partnerships with these agencies. Simultaneously, some researchers

visited these agencies in person, further enhancing the data acquisition process by establishing

personal connections, ensuring a comprehensive and accurate collection of hydrometeorological

and geospatial information. The following data that we obtained are the following:

Historical Weather Data

Precipitation data is a key factor in understanding and managing river water levels and

silt transport. The intent of gathering this information is to analyze historical weather patterns to

identify and evaluate how rainfall intensities directly influence river water levels and how silt

transport affects erosion and sediment deposition in rivers. The data will be requested from the

Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical, and Astronomical Services Administration (PAGASA)

and the municipal government authority of Hagonoy, Bulacan.

Climate Data

Climate data includes precipitation and temperature patterns, which influence river

dynamics by affecting water input, extreme weather events, and sediment transport. This data

will serve as a fundamental tool for predicting and understanding factors affecting river flooding

and silt accumulation, guiding the implementation of proactive measures to mitigate

climate-related risks and safeguard communities and ecosystems. The researchers intend to

request this dataset through official correspondence with the Philippine Atmospheric,

Geophysical, and Astronomical Services Administration (PAGASA).

Flow Data Time Series

Flow data time series records regular measurements, offering a chronological view of

substance flow or discharge in systems like rivers, aiding trend analysis. This data will help the

researcher understand the impact of changing flow rates on the surrounding environment,

including the potential for flood and erosion. The researchers intend to request to acquire this

dataset by initiating contact with National Power Corporation (NAPOCOR) and other

government units that obtain data in the bodies of water, specially the Labangan Channel, near

the area.

Soil Data and Soil Map

 This data will be used in situations in which it provides details about the local soil types'

textures and composition. The dataset will help to understand how precipitation interacts with the

ground by providing insights into the capacity of the soil to absorb water, the speed of water

movement through the ground, and the potential for silt accumulation, specifically in riverbeds.

The data will be requested from the Bureau of Soil and Water Management (BSWM).

Digital Elevation Model

DEMS provide comprehensive elevation data about the river and its surrounding

topography, allowing for precise floodplain delineation and simulation of potential flood events.

The National Mapping and Resource Information Authority (NAMRIA) will provide this model

as requested by the researchers.

Land Use/ Land Cover Map

These maps classify land as urban, agricultural, forested, or wetlands, allowing for the

identification of areas with varying surface characteristics. They are essential in flood modeling

and risk assessment because they demonstrate how different land use practices affect surface

runoff and water absorption. The land cover map of Hagonoy, Bulacan will be obtained from

National Mapping and Resource Information Authority (NAMRIA).

Observed data actual data from the study area

This data is critical for assessing the environmental health and conditions of the study

area, as it provides critical insights into water quality, sediment transport, and the impact of

various factors on the aquatic ecosystem. The data will be gathered by the researchers from

government agencies in charge of environmental monitoring, research institutions, universities,

and non-governmental organizations (NGOs) conducting water quality and environmental

studies in the region.

Bathymetry Data

Bathymetry data plays a crucial role in characterizing the underwater topography of the

riverbed. Bathymetric information, which includes the depth and shape of the river channel,

provides essential input for numerical models. The function of collecting this data is allows for

the accurate representation of river geometry, enabling the simulation of flow patterns, sediment

transport, and sediment accumulation within the river channels. The researchers intend to request

to acquire this dataset by initiating contact with the authorities that conduct bathymetric surveys

like NAMRIA.

Methods of Data Processing and Analysis

Figure 3. Planned Flow Chart of development

Model Domain Definition

The model’s domain will be the locale of the study. For this specific study, It will be the

watershed of Hagonoy, Bulacan. While the main body of water to be analyzed will be the

Labangan Channel. This is what the researchers are going to map out through the software that

will be utilized.

TELEMAC Setup

Researchers will then install the TELEMAC-MASCARET suite on Windows systems.

This involves the crucial steps of configuring the necessary Python and GFortran compilers and

compiling the source code. By following the installation guidance, a solid foundation is laid for

the subsequent research processes.

The initial step in the research methodology involves extracting bathymetry data from a

Digital Elevation Model. This is achieved by either exporting the data as an ASCII text file

containing XYZ coordinates (point cloud data) which can be seamlessly imported into

BlueKenue and/or the TELEMAC. Incompatibility of the mentioned files with the prerequisite

softwares of TELEMAC is fixed using an external software for file conversion such as QGIS, a

popular open-source GIS application that works seamlessly with TELEMAC for spatial data

preprocessing and post-processing and other kind of softwares.

As the researchers already provided the XYZ file, BlueKenue assumes a central role in

generating the computational mesh and interpolating bathymetry data onto the mesh nodes. This

multifaceted task entails the creation of closed and open lines to delineate domain boundaries
and river channels. Subsequently, channel and domain meshes are constructed with the aid of

tools like the T3 Channel Mesher and T3 Mesh Generator.

BlueKenue continues to be an invaluable asset in crafting the TELEMAC-2D geometry

and boundary conditions input files. The geometry file encompasses the computational mesh as

the "BOTTOM" variable, while the boundary conditions file defines node types at the domain

boundaries.

With all preparations in place, the TELEMAC-2D simulation is initiated from the

command prompt. Subsequently, the results are subjected to post-processing and visualization

using BlueKenue and QGIS. This phase involves tasks such as assessing flood extents,

generating animations, calculating outflow hydrographs, and conducting comparative analyses

between TELEMAC-2D results and HEC-RAS models.

In summary of the software that the researchers need in order to successfully setup the

package, an operating system such as Linux or Windows will be utilized, a compilation tool or a

compiler for the code, libraries such as MPI and matplotlib, a mesh generation software,

pre-processing and post-processing tool

Model Setup for TELEMAC

 Once TELEMAC has undergone all necessary preparations and configurations, the

expectation is that the model setup will be generated.

Model Calibration for TELEMAC

Certain revisions and suggestions will be implemented through the meticulous editing of

the inputs, allowing the researchers to observe the outcomes and assess whether these actions or

recommendations have been effectively executed. This process involves a thorough examination

of the data, making necessary adjustments, and evaluating the resulting impact, providing

valuable insights into the overall success and implications of the proposed actions or

recommendations.

Model Output for TELEMAC

TELEMAC software yields a varied set of results based on the specific simulations and

modules employed. In hydrodynamic modeling, it generates outputs such as representations of

water surface elevation, velocity fields indicating flow speed and direction, and streamlines

illustrating flow patterns. For sediment transport, TELEMAC produces maps showing sediment

concentration and data on bedload transport. Coastal applications involve wave modeling results,

detailing wave characteristics like heights, periods, and directions. Water quality assessments

yield outputs depicting contaminant concentrations. Flood-related results include inundation

maps and information on flood duration and depth. TELEMAC also assesses structural stress and

strain, offering stress data for structures like bridges and dams. The software supports scenario

analysis and produces validation results by comparing model predictions with field

measurements. Temporal aspects are captured through time-series data showing variable changes
over time. TELEMAC's outputs include comprehensive reports and visualizations like graphs

and charts, enhancing its utility for diverse water-related studies.

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