BIBLIOGRAPHY

TAYABAN, PETER B. JR. APRIL 2013. The Efficacy of Native Garlic as a

Dewormer to Native Chicken. Benguet State University La, Trinidad, Benguet.

Adviser: Marlene B. Atinyao, Ph.D.

ABSTRACT

This study was conducted to find out the efficacy of native garlic juice as a

dewormer to native chicken. Specifically, this study aimed to determine the species of

parasites infesting the native chicken. Fecal analysis using the flotation method was used

to determine the number of egg per gram of each species present in the experimental birds.

Result of the fecal analysis revealed that there were five species of parasites infesting the

experimental birds as follows: Ascaridia galli species, Capillaria species, Heterakis

gallinae species, Rillietina tetragona species, and Strongyloides avium species.

Native garlic juice was administered as a dewormer to the experimental birds

based on the following treatments: T0-commercial dewormer (control); T1-10ml garlic

dewormer/ liter of water T2-15ml garlic dewormer/ liter of water; and T3-20ml garlic

dewomer/ liter of water

Results of the study showed that 10 to 15ml garlic juice per liter of water could

effectively eradicate the Capillrai spp., Ascaridia spp. and Heterakis spp. After ten days

of administration. The commercial dewormer was not able to eradicate the number of egg

per gram of the Hetarkis spp. The egg count per gram of Heterakis spp. was reduced to

12.5% and then 16.67% at three and seven days after deworming, respectively.

The Efficacy of Native Garlic as a Dewormer to Native Chicken

TAYABAN, PETER B. JR. APRIL 2013
 INTRODUCTION

Native chickens are still very common in the backyards of most rural people in the

Philippines. The native chicken has evolved in a way that allows it to survive and reproduce

in a marginal environment and with minimal management. More important, the meat of

the native chicken has a unique flavor and texture which consumers prefer, the native

chicken remains an important source of high-quality protein food and additional income

for many rural dwellers. Concern over food safety and health issues has resulted in a shift

in consumer preferences towards meat products with good flavor, from chickens raised in

a more humane environment, with minimal antibiotics or chemical-based feed additives.

Increasingly, and especially in urban areas, these poultry products are derived from

intensive production, with control of parasitic infections through the use of veterinary

medication and good sanitation. Backyard chicken production is constrained by many

intrinsic Losses have also been attributed to limited housing and veterinary care services.

Furthermore, poor genetic potential due to lack of selection and predation are also potential

threats to productivity. Chickens are a common choice for backyard-scale food production.

Keeping a productive flock means taking care of your chickens' health. "Worms" can refer

to a wide range of internal parasites in chickens, many of which can cause serious harm,

loss of production and even death. Fortunately, farmers can use several natural methods to

worm their chickens and several technologies have been tested and shown to improve the

productivity of native chickens. How ever, most of these require financial and technical

inputs that are beyond the capacity of farmers. Garlic serves as a treatment for flocks that

have shown evidence of harboring internal parasites.Parasitism ranks high among factors

that threaten village chicken production factors among which malnutrition, poor

The Efficacy of Native Garlic as a Dewormer to Native Chicken

TAYABAN, PETER B. JR. APRIL 2013
management and the absence of biosecurity are outstanding and parasitism causes reduced

growth, egg production, emaciation, and anemia as well as mortality. In addition, the roles

of poultry worms such as Heterakis galliae has been associated with the transmission of

Histomonas melagridis in turkeys and chicks. Moreover, parasitic infection or their

concurrent infections result in immune suppression, especially in response to vaccines

against some poultry diseases. Garlic contains vitamin A, B, and C. Its calcium, potassium,

and iron, and the antioxidants, carotenes, germanium, and selenium plus the countless

biologically active compound agents. But most important are garlic’s 33 sumptuous

compounds, especially the volatile amino acid allicin. Allicin is released when the cell

walls of the garlic clove are crushed or pressed. Garlic helps reverse asthma and acne, treats

ear drum disorders, and relieves bronchial congestion, gallbladder disorders, dyspepsia,

and diarrhea and Garlic is a simple, nonprescription drug that helps detoxify the body and

prevent disease. Garlic can cleanse the entire circulatory system in less than an hour. Garlic

as an anthelmenthics which produce the desired effect and most significant of these

compounds is allicin which is found in the garlic until it is crushed. Upon crushing this

precursor of allicin, known as alliin, is enzymatically converted by allinaseallicin. The

ability of crushed garlic containing large amount of allicin as an anthelmenthics is effective

in reducing parasite egg. The uses of traditional medicinal plants in relieving symptoms of

disease and curing various infections date back many centuries. In recent years,

considerable interest has developed in Asian countries in the collection and extended use

of indigenous and introduced plants, as well as garlic for medicinal purposes and scientific

evaluation of plants which are traditionally used against digestive troubles and or

helminthes. This study was undertaken to find out the effect of native garlic cloves as a

The Efficacy of Native Garlic as a Dewormer to Native Chicken

TAYABAN, PETER B. JR. APRIL 2013
dewormer for native chickens. With this homemade dewormer, poultry raiser in the rural

communities was able to control parasite infection in native chickens and will help produce

healthy native chickens for family consumption and income. This

study aimed to determine the efficacy of garlic cloves as a dewormer to native chicken.

Specifically, it aimed to:

1. determine the best amount of extract garlic as dewormer ,

2. determine the percentage eggs of parasites eradicated after the first

administration of garlic dewormer; and

3. compare the efficacy of garlic with the commercial dewormer

The study was conducted at Kennon, Tuba Benguet. The experimental used a total

of 20 native chickens, which was subjected to seven days deworming.

The Efficacy of Native Garlic as a Dewormer to Native Chicken

TAYABAN, PETER B. JR. APRIL 2013
 REVIEW OF LITERATURE

In 2012,Dawton found that chopped horse chestnut could be a very effective

alternative to commercial dewormer for chicken. It is a safe and effective dewormer at 1ml

per kilogram live weight of chicken.

The use of plant parts for medicines has long being in existence are widely

documented in records kept in ancient China, India and Egypt. These ancient indigenous

practices were discovered by a series of “trial and error” which then could not be

substantiated by proven scientific theories. However, these practices have produced results

of proven efficacies compared to conventional modern medicine. In recent times, herbal

medicines have become indispensable and are forming an integral part of the primary

health care system of many nations (Chopra et al., 1956).

For centuries, medicinal plants have been used to combat parasitism, and in many

parts of the world are still used for this purpose. In ethnoveterinary medicine, which draws

inspiration from traditional practice, there seems to be a range of plant/s or plant extract

suitable for treating almost every parasitic disease of livestock (International Institute of

Rural Reconstruction (IIRR, 1994).

It has been found by Guarrera (1999), seeds of garlic, onion and mint have been

used to treat animals that suffer from gastro-intestinal parasitism, whereas extracts of the

tobaco plants have been used treat the skin of livestock afflicted with external parasites.

Leaves, dried flowers and oil from Chenopodium ambrosioides, a shrub that originated

from Central America and has been distributed around the world, have all been used as

anthelmintics since the early 1900s.

The Efficacy of Native Garlic as a Dewormer to Native Chicken

TAYABAN, PETER B. JR. APRIL 2013
 Garlic serves as a treatment for flocks that have show evidence of harboring internal

parasites. Parasitism ranks high among factor that threaten village chicken production

factors among which malnutrition, poor management and the absence of biosecurity are

outstanding and parasitism causes reduced growth, egg production, emaciation, and anemia

as well as mortality . In addition, the roles of poultry worms such as Heterakis galliae has

been associated with the transmission of histomonas melagridis in turkeys and chicks

(Obiora, 1992). Moreover, parasitic infection or their concurrent infections result in

immuno suppression, especially in response to vaccines against some poultry diseases.

Garlic contains vitamin A, B, and C. its calcium, potassium, iron, and the antioxidants,

carotenes, germanium, and selenium plus the countless biologically active compound

agents. But most important are garlic’33 sumptuous compounds, especially the volatile

amino acid allicin (Calisir and Demir, 2005).

Allicin is released when the cell walls of the garlic cloves are crushed or pressed,

garlic help reverse asthma and acne, treats ear drum disorders, and relieves bronchial

congestion, gallbladder disorders, dyspepsia, and diarrhea. Garlic is simple,

nonprescription drugs that helps detoxify the body and prevent disease. Garlic can cleanse

the entire circulatory system in less than an hour. Garlic as an anthelmenthics which is

produce the desired effect and the most significant of these compounds is allicin, known

as alliin. The ability of crushed garlic containing large amount of allicin as an

anthelmenthics is effective in reducing parasites egg. The uses of traditional medicinal

plants in relieving symptoms o disease and curing various infections date back many

The Efficacy of Native Garlic as a Dewormer to Native Chicken

TAYABAN, PETER B. JR. APRIL 2013
 The emergence of resistance to anthelmintic drugs, which is now a worldwide

phenomenon and the increased awareness of consumers about drug residues that potentially

enter the food chain have stimulated investigation into alternatives to commercially

available anthelmintics, such as medicinal plants. Their persistence in various

environments and the wealth of information available from ethno veterinary sources in

many parts of the world has resulted in medicinal plants attracting attention from the

scientific community. In an attempt to utilize as effectively as possible the information

available from ethno veterinary and medicinal reports on the anthelmintic activity of plants,

there is a current trend to validate such plants under controlled experimental conditions.

The variety of methodologies used for this purpose includes the provision of fresh,

conserved or dried plants or plant parts to parasitized animals (Schillhorn, 1997).

The Efficacy of Native Garlic as a Dewormer to Native Chicken

TAYABAN, PETER B. JR. APRIL 2013
 MATERIALS AND METHOD

Materials

The materials to be used in this study are as follows: garlic cloves, commercial

dewormer, cages, 8-9 mos. 20 native chickens (figure 1), Ziploc bags, ice box, weighing

scale, electric compound microscope, glass slide, cover slip, record book, vials and Mc

master counting chamber.

Figure 1. The experimental birds

Methodology

Experimental design and treatment. Following the Completely Randomized Design

(CRD), the 20 native chickens were divided into three treatments. Each treatment was

replicated five times with one bird per replication making a total of five birds per treatment.

The Efficacy of Native Garlic as a Dewormer to Native Chicken

TAYABAN, PETER B. JR. APRIL 2013
 The different treatments were as follows:

T0- commercial dewormer

T1- 10ml garlic extract dewormer / liter of water

T2- 15ml garlic extract dewormer / liter of water

T3- 20ml garlic extract dewormer / liter of water

Preparation and administration of the garlic. The garlic was bought from the

market, crushed and extracted by juicer and diluted per liter of water for deworming.

Procurement of experimental birds. The experimental birds were taken from

Kennon, Tuba, Benguet. Twenty native chickens regardless of sex were used in the study

for the administration of garlic as dewormer. The feces of the experimental birds was

collected and placed in vials and examined at the Benguet State UniversityCollege of

Veterinary medicine for analysis prior to the conduct of the study to make sure that the

birds have parasite. The experimental animal were given dewormer based from the

treatment.

Collection of the fecal samples. There were three fecal collection periods for fecal

analysis. The first fecal collection was done before the administration of the extract garlic

or deworming. The succeeding fecal collection was done 3 days and 7 days continuos

administration of dewormer. At least 10 grams of fresh fecal samples were collected.

Fecal analysis. Fecal analysis was performed at the BSU College of Veterinary

Medicine, LaTrinidad, Benguet.The procedures were as follows:

Four grams of feces of the experimental animals was suspended in 20cc. of water.

The suspension was mixed thoroughly with 36cc. of sugar solution and passed through a

sieve. The mixture was further mixed in vortex mixer for 3.5 minutes. While stirring, 3-

The Efficacy of Native Garlic as a Dewormer to Native Chicken

TAYABAN, PETER B. JR. APRIL 2013
5cc was pipetted off and allow to flow into the chambers of Mc Master Slide and let it

stand for 15-20 minutes. The sample was examined under the microscope (LPO) and eggs

were counted.

Fecal analysis was performed before deworming and at three and seven days of the

administration of the dewormer.

Data Gathered

The data gathered are as follows:

1. Species of parasites present in the feces of experimental animals based on egg

morphology This was obtained through fecal analysis of the animal prior to the

administration of the dewormer.

2. Egg per gram of feces This was taken by multiplying the reality of egg

frequency count from the microscope multiplying by 200.

3. Number of egg per gram of feces This was taken before deworming and in

three and seven days of the administration of the dewormer.

The Efficacy of Native Garlic as a Dewormer to Native Chicken

TAYABAN, PETER B. JR. APRIL 2013
 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

General Observations

During the process of garlic cloves the chicken did not exhibit any salivation, and

also did not vomit after swallowing the liquid mixture inspite of the severe bitter taste of

garlic However, the process was done in such as way that the solution was dilute with water

as their drinking water to minimize the bitterness of the garlic juice. No mortality was

observed during the test of animals.

Species of Parasites and Egg Count

from the Experimental Birds
before Treatment

Before the administration of the garlic cloves dewormer, the feces of the

experimental birds were subjected for fecal analysis for the identify the internal parasites

present using the flotation method. There were five species of parasites identified in the

experimental birds as follows: Ascaridia galli (Figure 2), Capillaria spp. (Figure 3),

Heterakis galliae (Figure 4), Rillietina tetragona, and Strongyloides avium (Figure 5).

Result of Fecal Analysis

for Ascaridia spp. after the
3rd and 10th of Deworming

All experimental birds were infested with Ascaridia galli before the administration

of the garlic dewormer.

Before deworming, the average number of eggs per gram of feces was 280 for the

birds assigned in the control treatment. On the third day after the administration of

commercial dewormer, the mean egg count was reduced to 80 and 10 days after the

The Efficacy of Native Garlic as a Dewormer to Native Chicken

TAYABAN, PETER B. JR. APRIL 2013
2.Acaridiagalli spp. egg Figure 3.Capllia spp. egg

Figure 4. Heterakis galliae spp. egg Figure 5. Strongyloides avium spp. egg

The Efficacy of Native Garlic as a Dewormer to Native Chicken

TAYABAN, PETER B. JR. APRIL 2013
administration, there were no more eggs found in the feces of birds indicating that the

parasite was totally eradicated.

On the other hand, the birds given 10, 15 and 20 ml of garlic dewormer in drinking

had initial egg counts of 0, 240, and 440, respectively for Ascaridia galli. On the third day

of the administration of 10 ml garlic dewormer per l of water (T1), the egg count was

reduced to 80. The same egg count was obtained in feces of birds on the 10th day of

administering the garlic dewormer. On the other hand, in birds given 20ml garlic dewormer

per l of water (T3), there was a drastic drop of egg count of Ascaridia galli from 440 to 80

on the third day of administration and on the 10th day, there were no more eggs of the

parasite found in the feces of bird. This result showed that the 20 ml garlic dewormer per

liter of water was very effective in eradicating Ascaridia galli as reflected by the

remarkable reduction of eggs 10 days after continuous application.

Result of Fecal Analysis for

Capillaria spp. on the 3rd and
10th day of Dewormer Administration

Table 1 shows the mean number of eggs of Capillaria spp. per gram of feces during

the administration of garlic dewormer. The experimental birds in all treatments were

infested with the Capillaria spp. except for the birds given 15 ml garlic dewormer in of

drinking water. The numbers of eggs per g of feces before the application of the dewormer

in birds given the commercial dewormer, and those given 10, 15 and 20 ml garlic dewormer

per liter of water were 240, 360, 0 and 240, respectively. After three days of continuous

administration of 10ml garlic dewormer per liter of water, the egg count for Capillaria spp.

was reduced to 80 eggs per g feces (22.22%) and after ten days of continuous

administration, the egg count was further reduced to 40 egg per g feces (11.11%) of birds.

The Efficacy of Native Garlic as a Dewormer to Native Chicken

TAYABAN, PETER B. JR. APRIL 2013
For birds given 20 ml garlic dewormer per liter of water, the egg count was reduced to 80

eggs per g of feces on the third day of administration and on the 10th day of administration,

there were no more eggs of Capillaria spp. found in the feces of birds. This means that

giving 20ml garlic dewormer per liter of water continuously for 10 days is effective in

eradicating Capillaria spp. It is as effective as the commercial dewormer used as control.

The only difference was that the commercial dewormer was given only once while the 20

ml garlic dewormer had to be included in drinking water for a period of 10 days to have

the same effect as that of the commercial feed.

Result of Fecal Analysis For

Heterakis galliae on the 3rd and
10th Day of Dewormer Administration

Table 2 shows the mean number of eggs per gram feces of Heterakis galliae on the

third and tenth day of dewormer administration. As reflected in the Table, all treatments

were infested with the Heterakis galliae. In birds assigned to be given the commercial

dewormer, the initial egg count for Heterakis galliae was 480 per g of feces. Three days

after the dewormer was given to the birds, the egg count was reduced to 60 per g of feces

but 10 days after the application, the egg count increased to 80 per g of feces. For birds

given 10 ml garlic dewormer, the initial egg count prior to the administration of the

dewormer was 440 eggs per g of feces. On the third day of administration, the egg count.

The Efficacy of Native Garlic as a Dewormer to Native Chicken

TAYABAN, PETER B. JR. APRIL 2013
Table 1. Egg count of Capillaria spp. On the 3rd and 10th day of treatment

TREATMENT BEFORE DAYS OF ADMINISTRATION

DEWORMING 3 DAYS 10 DAYS

Commercial dewormer 240 53 0

10ml garlic dewormer 360 80 40

15ml garlic dewormer 0 0 0

20ml garlic dewormer 240 80 0

was reduced to 80 per g of feces but on the 10th day of administration, the egg count was

maintained at 80 per g of feces.

As to the birds given 15 ml garlic dewormer per liter of water, the initial egg count

prior to administration was 400 per g of feces. This decreased to 200 on the 3 rd day of 15

ml garlic dewormer administration and on the 10th day of administration, no more eggs

were found in the feces of these birds. For birds given 20 ml garlic dewormer per liter of

water, the initial egg count was 280. On the 3rd day of administration, the egg count was

reduced to 120 and then later on the 10th day of administration, nor more eggs were found

in the feces of birds.

From these results, it appears that continuous administration of 15 and 20 ml of

garlic dewormer for 10 days is effective in eradicating Heterakis galliae.

The Efficacy of Native Garlic as a Dewormer to Native Chicken

TAYABAN, PETER B. JR. APRIL 2013
Table 2. Egg count of Heterakis galliae ssp. On the 3rd and 10th of treatment

TREATMENT BEFORE DAYS OF ADMINISTRATION

DEWORMING 3 DAYS 10 DAYS

To- commercial dewormer 480 60 80

T1- 10ml garlic 440 80 80

T2- 15ml garlic 440 200 0

T3- 20ml garlic 280 120 0

Result of Fecal Analysis for Strongyloides avium ssp. on the 3rd and 10th Day of Dewormer
administration

In the experimental birds used in this study, only the birds assigned to the treatment

of 10ml garlic per liter of water were infested with Strongyloide savium. The mean initial

egg count was 200 per g of feces. On the third day of administering 10ml garlic dewormer

to birds, egg count was reduced the egg count to 29 eggs per g of feces and on the 10th day

of administration, no more eggs were found in the feces of birds. This means that

continuous administration of 10ml garlic dewormer for 10 days can be effective eradicating

strongyloides avuim birds.

Result of Fecal Analysis For Rillietina Tetragona ssp. on the 3rd and 10th Day of Dewormer
administration

All experimental birds was not infested with Rillietina Tetragona only the birds

treated with 10 ml per liter of water were infested. Before the administration of the garlic

dewormer the total egg count was 800 and in three days of administering 10ml garlic

dewormer a total count of 20 egg were seen and on the tenth day of administering garlic

dewormer it was totally eradicated.

The Efficacy of Native Garlic as a Dewormer to Native Chicken

TAYABAN, PETER B. JR. APRIL 2013
 SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

Summary

The study was conducted to determine the efficacy of garlic cloves as dewormer to

native chicken. Specifically, it aimed to determine the efficacy of garlic in eradicating the

species of parasites infesting native chickens.

Garlic cloves juice was administered as dewormer to the experimental birds based

on the treatment where they were assigned. The treatments were:

T0 - commercial dewormer (control)

T1 - 10 ml garlic extract dewormer/ liter of water

T2 - 15 ml garlic extract dewormer/ liter of water

T3 - 20 ml garlic extract dewormer/ liter of water

Fecal analysis using the floatation method was used to determine the number of

eggs per gram feces of each species present in the experimental birds.

Results of the fecal analysis reveal that there are five species of parasites infested

to the experimental birds as follows: Ascaridia galli, Capillaria spp, Heterakis gallinae,

Rillietina tetragona, and Strongyloides avuim.

Results of the study showed that the 15 to 20 ml garlic dewormer per liter of water

could effectively eradicate the Capillaria spp., ascaridia galli spp., and Heterakis gallinea

spp.when given to birds continuously for 10 days.

The Efficacy of Native Garlic as a Dewormer to Native Chicken

TAYABAN, PETER B. JR. APRIL 2013
Conclusion

From the findings of the study, it is concluded that garlic cloves at the dosage of

20ml per bird very is effective in expelling intestinal parasites particularly Capillaria

species, Ascaridia specie spp. and Heterakis galliae spp.

Recommendation

Based on the results of the study native garlic dewormer could be a very effective

alternative to commercial dewormer for chicken.

The Efficacy of Native Garlic as a Dewormer to Native Chicken

TAYABAN, PETER B. JR. APRIL 2013
 LITERATURE CITED

ANKI, S. and D. MIRELMAN. 1999. Antimicrobial properties of allicin from Garlic.

Microbes Infect. Department of Farm animal Health Faculty of Veterinary
Medicine, Utrecht University, Netherlands. Vol. 1, Pp. 125–129.

CHOPRA, R.N., S.L. NAYGAR., and I.C. CHOPRA.1956.Glossary of Indian Medicinal

Plants.Council of Sci. Industrial Res. New Delhi, Pp. 160.

CALISIR, S. and F. DEMIR. 2005. Some nutritional and technological properties of

Garlic (Allium sativum L.). J. Food Eng. Vol. 68, Pp. 463–469.

DAWATON, J.D. 2012. Efficacy of Pulvurized Horse Chestnut (Aesculus

hippocastanum) Seed as a Dewormers for Native Chicken. BS Thesis. Benguet
State University La Trinidad Benguet.Pp. 21.

GUARRERA, P.M. 1999. Traditional antihelmintic, antiparasitic and repellent uses of

Plants in Central Italy.Journal of Ethnopharmacology. Vol. 68, Pp. 183–192.

INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTE of RURAL RECONTRACTION.1994.

Ethnoveterinary medicine in Asia: an information kit on traditional animal health
care practices. International Institute of Rural Reconstruction (IIRR), second
edition. Silang, Cavite, Philippines. Vol. 62, Pp. 854.

OBIORA, F.C. 1992.a Guide to Poultry Production in the Tropics. 1st edition. Enugu,
Nigeria: Acena Vol.1 Pp.355.

SCHILLHORN, V. and VEEN T.W. 1997.Sense or nonsense? Traditional methods of

Animal parasitic disease control. Vet. Parasitol.Vol. 71, Pp.177–194.

The Efficacy of Native Garlic as a Dewormer to Native Chicken

TAYABAN, PETER B. JR. APRIL 2013