What is a URL?

This article discusses Uniform Resource Locators (URLs), explaining what they are and how
they're structured.

Prerequisites: You need to first know how the Internet works, what a Web server is and
the concepts behind links on the web.
Objective: You will learn what a URL is and how it works on the Web.

Summary
With Hypertext and HTTP, URL is one of the key concepts of the Web. It is the mechanism
used by browsers to retrieve any published resource on the web.
URL stands for Uniform Resource Locator. A URL is nothing more than the address of a given
unique resource on the Web. In theory, each valid URL points to a unique resource. Such
resources can be an HTML page, a CSS document, an image, etc. In practice, there are some
exceptions, the most common being a URL pointing to a resource that no longer exists or that
has moved. As the resource represented by the URL and the URL itself are handled by the
Web server, it is up to the owner of the web server to carefully manage that resource and its
associated URL.
Basics: anatomy of a URL
Here are some examples of URLs:
https://developer.mozilla.org
https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Learn/
https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/search?q=URL
Any of those URLs can be typed into your browser's address bar to tell it to load the
associated page (resource).
A URL is composed of different parts, some mandatory and others optional. The most
important parts are highlighted on the URL below (details are provided in the following
sections):

Note: You might think of a URL like a regular postal mail address: the scheme
represents the postal service you want to use, the domain name is the city or town,
and the port is like the zip code; the path represents the building where your mail
should be delivered; the parameters represent extra information such as the number
of the apartment in the building; and, finally, the anchor represents the actual
person to whom you've addressed your mail.

Note: There are some extra parts and some extra rules regarding URLs, but they
are not relevant for regular users or Web developers. Don't worry about this, you
don't need to know them to build and use fully functional URLs.

Scheme

The first part of the URL is the scheme, which indicates the protocol that the browser must
use to request the resource (a protocol is a set method for exchanging or transferring data
around a computer network). Usually for websites the protocol is HTTPS or HTTP (its
unsecured version). Addressing web pages requires one of these two, but browsers also
know how to handle other schemes such as mailto: (to open a mail client), so don't be
surprised if you see other protocols.
Authority

Next follows the authority, which is separated from the scheme by the character pattern :// .
If present the authority includes both the domain (e.g. www.example.com ) and the port ( 80 ),
separated by a colon:
The domain indicates which Web server is being requested. Usually this is a domain
name, but an IP address may also be used (but this is rare as it is much less convenient).
The port indicates the technical "gate" used to access the resources on the web server.
It is usually omitted if the web server uses the standard ports of the HTTP protocol (80
for HTTP and 443 for HTTPS) to grant access to its resources. Otherwise it is mandatory.

Note: The separator between the scheme and authority is :// . The colon separates
the scheme from the next part of the URL, while // indicates that the next part of
the URL is the authority.
One example of a URL that doesn't use an authority is the mail client
( mailto:foobar ). It contains a scheme but doesn't use an authority component.
Therefore, the colon is not followed by two slashes and only acts as a delimiter
between the scheme and mail address.

Path to resource
/path/to/myfile.html is the path to the resource on the Web server. In the early days of the
Web, a path like this represented a physical file location on the Web server. Nowadays, it is
mostly an abstraction handled by Web servers without any physical reality.
Parameters

?key1=value1&key2=value2 are extra parameters provided to the Web server. Those

parameters are a list of key/value pairs separated with the & symbol. The Web server can
use those parameters to do extra stuff before returning the resource. Each Web server has its
own rules regarding parameters, and the only reliable way to know if a specific Web server is
handling parameters is by asking the Web server owner.
Anchor

#SomewhereInTheDocument is an anchor to another part of the resource itself. An anchor

represents a sort of "bookmark" inside the resource, giving the browser the directions to
show the content located at that "bookmarked" spot. On an HTML document, for example,
the browser will scroll to the point where the anchor is defined; on a video or audio
document, the browser will try to go to the time the anchor represents. It is worth noting that
the part after the #, also known as the fragment identifier, is never sent to the server with
the request.
How to use URLs
Any URL can be typed right inside the browser's address bar to get to the resource behind it.
But this is only the tip of the iceberg!
The HTML language — which will be discussed later on — makes extensive use of URLs:
to create links to other documents with the <a> element;
to link a document with its related resources through various elements such as <link> or
<script> ;

to display media such as images (with the <img> element), videos (with the <video>
element), sounds and music (with the <audio> element), etc.;
to display other HTML documents with the <iframe> element.

Note: When specifying URLs to load resources as part of a page (such as when
using the <script> , <audio> , <img> , <video> , and the like), you should generally
only use HTTP and HTTPS URLs, with few exceptions (one notable one being
data: ; see Data URLs). Using FTP, for example, is not secure and is no longer

supported by modern browsers.

Other technologies, such as CSS or JavaScript, use URLs extensively, and these are really the
heart of the Web.
Absolute URLs vs relative URLs
What we saw above is called an absolute URL, but there is also something called a relative
URL. The URL standard defines both — though it uses the terms absolute URL string and
relative URL string , to distinguish them from URL objects (which are in-memory
representations of URLs).
Let's examine what the distinction between absolute and relative means in the context of
URLs.
The required parts of a URL depend to a great extent on the context in which the URL is
used. In your browser's address bar, a URL doesn't have any context, so you must provide a
full (or absolute) URL, like the ones we saw above. You don't need to include the protocol
(the browser uses HTTP by default) or the port (which is only required when the targeted
Web server is using some unusual port), but all the other parts of the URL are necessary.
When a URL is used within a document, such as in an HTML page, things are a bit different.
Because the browser already has the document's own URL, it can use this information to fill
in the missing parts of any URL available inside that document. We can differentiate between
an absolute URL and a relative URL by looking only at the path part of the URL. If the path
part of the URL starts with the " / " character, the browser will fetch that resource from the
top root of the server, without reference to the context given by the current document.
Let's look at some examples to make this clearer.
Examples of absolute URLs
Full URL
(the same
as the https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Learn
one we
used
before)
Implicit
protocol //developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Learn

In this case, the browser will call that URL with the same protocol as the one
used to load the document hosting that URL.
 /en-US/docs/Learn

Implicit This is the most common use case for an absolute URL within an HTML
domain document. The browser will use the same protocol and the same domain
name name as the one used to load the document hosting that URL. Note: it isn't
possible to omit the domain name without omitting the protocol as well.

Examples of relative URLs

To better understand the following examples, let's assume that the URLs are called from
within the document located at the following URL: https://developer.mozilla.org/en-
US/docs/Learn

Skills/Infrastructure/Understanding_URLs

Because that URL does not start with / , the browser will attempt to find the
Sub- document in a subdirectory of the one containing the current resource. So in
resources this example, we really want to reach this URL:
https://developer.mozilla.org/en-
US/docs/Learn/Skills/Infrastructure/Understanding_URLs.

Going
back in ../CSS/display

the
directory In this case, we use the ../ writing convention — inherited from the UNIX
tree file system world — to tell the browser we want to go up from one directory.
Here we want to reach this URL: https://developer.mozilla.org/en-
US/docs/Learn/../CSS/display, which can be simplified to:
https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/CSS/display.
Semantic URLs
Despite their very technical flavor, URLs represent a human-readable entry point for a
website. They can be memorized, and anyone can enter them into a browser's address bar.
People are at the core of the Web, and so it is considered best practice to build what is called
semantic URLs . Semantic URLs use words with inherent meaning that can be understood
by anyone, regardless of their technical know-how.
Linguistic semantics are of course irrelevant to computers. You've probably often seen URLs
that look like mashups of random characters. But there are many advantages to creating
human-readable URLs:
It is easier for you to manipulate them.
It clarifies things for users in terms of where they are, what they're doing, what they're
reading or interacting with on the Web.
Some search engines can use those semantics to improve the classification of the
associated pages.
See also
Data URLs: URLs prefixed with the data: scheme, allow content creators to embed small
files inline in documents.

Last modified: Oct 9, 2022, by MDN contributors