Chapter ( 2 ) Indoor & outdoor lighting

1- Introduction:

Electrical power now a day plays a great part in life of towns and cities,
and progress of countries. Hence a good distribution of electrical power is
an important factor for development. In this report we present the basis of
indoor lighting design, which include the illumination calculations.

1.1-Lighting:
Light is the prime factor in the human life as all activities of human depend
upon the light. Where there is no natural light, a source of artificial light was
needed. Light may be produced by passing electric currents through
filaments as in the incandescent lamps, through arcs between carbon or
metal rods, or through suitable gases as in neon and other gas tubes. In some
forms of lamps the light is due to fluorescence excited by radiation arising
from the passage of electricity through mercury vapor.

1.2-Nature of Light:

Various forms of incandescent bodies are the sources of light and the light
emitted by such bodies depend upon its temperature. Energy is radiated into the
medium by a body which is hotter than the medium surrounding it, in the form
of electromagnetic waves of various wavelengths. The velocity of propagation
of radiant energy is approximately 3*108 m/sec. The properties and Behavior of
the radiant energy depends on the wavelength.

In this chapter

We will plan the distribution system in a big building (Hotel). And the various
types of loads in the Hotel like lighting, normal sockets (N.S), power sockets
(P.S) are estimated according to the standard forms.

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Our project is a big Commercial building consists of:

1- Big mole more than 400 shops.

2- Hotel of 22 floor
3- Cinema
4- Festival hole
5- Fun fair
6- Big market

2-Types of loads:

2.1- Lighting.
2.2- Emergency lighting.
2.3- Normal sockets.
2.4- Power sockets.
2.5- Emergency Power sockets.
2.6- HVAC load.

3- Definitions of terms used in illumination:

 Lamp:
Energy conversion device that converts electrical energy into light.

 light:
It is defined as the radiant energy from a hot body, which produces the
visual sensation upon the human eye.

 Luminous flux:(lumen):
It is the energy in the form of light wave radiated per second from a
luminous body. Its symbol is (F) and is measured in lumens.

 Lumen:
It is the luminous flux per unit solid angle from a source of candlepower

Lumen = candle power * solid angle

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 Illumination:
When the light falls on any surface, the phenomenon is called is
called the illumination. It is defined as the number of lumens, falling
on the surface per Unit area. It is represented by symbol E and its
unit in (lumens /m2) or (Lux)

 Lux:
It is defined as the illumination of the inside of a sphere of radius 1 m
at the center of which there is a source of (1) candlepower.

 Luminous intensity (candela):

It is the luminous flux emitted by the source of light per solid angle
measured in the direction, which the intensity is required.

 Luminous Efficacy(η):
It is defined as the ratio of the luminous flux to the power. It is
expressed in lumen per watt

 Inverse square law:

Formula stating that illumination at a point on a surface varies directly
with the intensity of a point source, and inversely as the square of the
distance between the source and the point; it illustrates how the same
quantity of light flux is distributed over a greater area as the distance
from the source to the surface is increased.

 Mounting height(h):
Distance from the bottom of the fixture to either the floor or work plane,
depending on usage.

h H

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 Space high ratio:

It is defined as the ratio of horizontal distance between adjacent
lamps and bright of their mountains.

4-Factors affecting the illumination and wattage of a certain lamp:

 Utilization factor. (U.F): (0.2  0.6)

It is the ratio of the lumen actually received to the total Lumens emitted
by the source, it depends on:
 Room dimensions.
 Color of the walls.
 Type of lighting scheme.

 Maintenance factor (M.F).

It is the ratio between illuminations under normal working
conditions to the illumination when every thing is clean. It depends
on the rate of cleaning.
M.F. = 0.8 for houses.
= 0.3 for streets.
= 0.6 0.7 for schools and shopping centers.

5-Types of lighting schemes:

The interior lighting schemes may be classified as :

5.1-Direct lighting
5.2-Semi-direct lighting.
5.3-Semi indirect lighting.
5.4-Indirect lighting.
5.5-General lighting.

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 Direct lighting:
More than 90 % of the total light flux is made to fall directly on the
working plane. It is mainly used for industrial and outdoor lighting.

 Semi direct:
60-90 % of the total light flux is made to full down words directly

 General diffusing:
The total light flux thrown upward =total light flux falls downwards

 Semi indirect:
60-90 % of total light flux is thrown upward to the ceiling and the rest
reaches the working plane directly .It is mainly used for indoor light
decoration purpose.

 Indirect lighting:
More than 90% of the total light flux is thrown upwards to the ceiling, it
is used for decoration purpose in cinemas, theaters and hotels and
workshops.

6-Designing the lighting system:

First, the engineer must fully understand the demands of the application
and conditions in the space that will affect the operation of the lighting
system:

 Tasks to be performed in the space.

 Desired light levels based on the tasks performed in the space.
 Room size and dimensions.
 Layout of furniture and obstructions such as partitions.
 Special concerns such as safety and security.
 Room and object surface colors and reflectance.
 Hours of operation.
 Cleanliness of the area during operation availability of daylight.

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7-Types of lamps:

 7.1- Arc lamps.

- Carbon arc lamps.
- Flame arc lamps.
- Magnetic lamps.

 7.2- Incandescent lamps.

-Vacuum lamps
-Gas filled lamps

 7.3- Discharge lamps.

- Sodium vapor lamp.
- High-pressure mercury vapor lamp.
-Low-pressure mercury vapor lamp.

 7.4- Fluorescent Lamps.

(Low pressure mercury lamps), it is called also fluorescent tubes.

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 Chapter ( 2 ) Indoor & outdoor lighting

Incandescent or filament lamps

Light when an electric current is passed through a fine metallic wire, heat is
produced and the temperature of wire increases due to heating, as well as light
energy. The higher the temperature of the wire is, the higher is the amount of
light energy radiated. The incandescent or filament type lamp consists of glass
globe completely evacuated and a fine wire known as filament within it. The
glass globe is evacuated to prevent oxidization of the filament and also to
prevent the temperature being lowered by radiation.

Fluorescent Lamps
These lamps rely on the gaseous discharge method.
 Low surface brightness compared to point sources.
 More efficacious compared to incandescent.
 Ambient temperatures and convection currents can affect light output and
life.

Fig (a) Fig (b) Fig (c) Fig (d)

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 Chapter ( 2 ) Indoor & outdoor lighting

 Surface mounted luminaries (4 fluorescent lamp) fig( a )

 Water proof (fluorescent lamp) fig ( b )
 Surface mounted luminaries (2 fluorescent lamp) covered opal fig (c)
 Surface mounted luminaries (2 fluorescent lamp) fig (d)

8-Comparison between Fluorescent and Incandescent filament Lamp

Fluorescent Lamp Incandescent filament

Lamp Lamp
 Initial cost per lamp is more  Initial cost per lamp is quite low
 Luminous efficiency per watt increases
 Luminous efficiency per watt increases with
with increase in tube length increase in voltage of lamp
 Less bright  More bright
 Normal life of the tube is about 4000
 Normal life time 1000 working hours
working hours  Principle utilization shops, Stairs, Terrace,
 Principle utilization :Office, Store, Reception
Toilet, Kitchen, hotel Room

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9-Comparison of major lamp types:

Efficacy
Lamp Type Life (hours) Wattage
(LPW)
Fluorescent 9,000-24,000+ 4-215 43-104
High-Pressure 10,000-24,000+ 35-1,000 60-140
Sodium
Metal Halide 3,000-30,000 32-1,500 70-125
Mercury Vapor 10,000-24,000+ 40-1,000 29-63
Low-Pressure 16,000-18,000 18-180 100-183
Sodium
Incandescent 750-3,500 3-1,500 15-22
Halogen 2,000-3,000 45-1,500 16-22

 The following table presents the different illumination levels required in

Various Parts in our Hotel:

Type of area luminance (Lux)

Management Rooms 300
Security Department 300
Main Entrance 300
Entrance Hall 250
Reception 250
Shop 300
Meeting Rooms 350
Celebration Hall 100
Corridors 100
Toilet For Men 100

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Chapter ( 2 ) Indoor & outdoor lighting

Toilet For Women 100

Machines Room 200
Under Swimming Pool 50
Room 100
Bathroom 100
Balcony 50
Living Room 100
Bed Room 100
Service Room 200

Cinema 100
Cafeteria 100

Ticket Room 100

Cafeteria 200
Shop 300
Gym for Men and Women 300
Electricity Room 200
Transformer Room 200
Kitchen 300
Cleaning Tools Room 150
Laundry 200
Mechanics Room 200
Main Restaurant 200

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10-Lighting Calculations Of any Compartment (Steps of design):

Step no (1) :
 Determine the room dimensions a & b & H
Where: a = length of room (m).
b = width of room (m).
H = height of room (m).
 Assume the Mounting Height (h) to be 3.7m for >> 4m Height
And 7.1m for >>7.5m Height
And 2.7m for >> 3m Height
 Calculate the Area (A) of any Compartment will be:
Area (A) = length (a) * width (b) (m2)
 Step no (2) :
 Specify the amount of luminance (E) Lux required, according to the space
purpose (from pervious table)
 Specify the lamp type according to purpose of the place from (3BROTHERS)
catalogues.
 Determine the Room Index (K) as follows:

Length (a) *width (b)

K=
([Link] (h))*(a + b)

 Determine the Utilization factor (U.F) of the room this number reveals
how much of the flux emitted by the lamp reach the working plane;
this is obtained from the tables, ceiling and wall reflectances are of the
factors affecting the (U.F).
 Choose the appropriate Maintenance factor (M.F).
Selected based on where the luminaries (fixture) are to be used;
 0.8 For the indoor regular luminaries cleaning applications.
 0.75 For the indoor irregular luminaries cleaning applications.

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 Chapter ( 2 ) Indoor & outdoor lighting

 Lamps ratings and their Efficacy:

Type of lamp Wattage Efficacy

100 14
Incandescent
150 14
20 56
Fluorescent
40 56

 Step no (3):
 Calculate Power (Wattage) for each compartment

Lux (E) * Area (A)

Power (Wattage) = (watt)
M.F * U.F * Efficacy

 Calculate the No. of the lamps (N) required to give the calculated
amount of lumen:
Wattage (watt)
No. of Lamps (N) =
Lamp Power (watt)

 Calculate Actual Power (watt) in the compartment:

Actual Power = Lamp Wattage * No. of Lamps (watt)

 Choose appropriate No. of lamps /Luminary.

 Calculate the No. of the Luminaries (n):

Total No. of Lamps (N)
No. of Luminaries (n) =
No. of Lamps/Luminary

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Chapter ( 2 ) Indoor & outdoor lighting

 Here is an example to clarify the steps of solution:

Example:
{Gym for Men} in the Ground Floor Left Part.
1-Lenght of Room (a) = 12.25m, Width of the Room (b) = 11.825m,
Height (H) = 4m, Mounting Height (h) = 3.7m
2-Area of the Room (A) = 144.856m2

a*b
3-Room Index (K) = =1.63
h * (a + b)

4-Brightness (E) = 300 Lux

5-We Choose (2*120 cm) Fluorescent Mounted Luminaires Lamps

Lamp Code: 15625-FL-01

6-Utilization Factor (U.F) From Table of (Philips) Catalogue at K =1.63:

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Chapter ( 2 ) Indoor & outdoor lighting

Here U.F will be equal 0.55

7- Assume M.F. = 0.8 for regular indoor cleaning luminaries.
8- Lamp Efficacy for Fluorescent lamps =56
9- Lamp Wattage =40 watt

E*A
10-Power (Wattage) = = 1763.6718 watt
M.F * U.F * Efficacy

Wattage
11-No. of Lamps = = 48 Lamps
Lamp Power

12- Actual Power = Lamp Wattage * No. of Lamps = 1920 watt

13-We Have (2) lamps/ Lum

Total No. of Lamps (N)

[Link] Luminaires = = 24 fixture
No. of Lamps/Luminary

►► When we used the software it’s result is 26 fixtures.

The difference comes from that I ignored some factors but the
program takes the standard value.
Using dialux program to calculate the lighting

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Comparison between lighting calculation using dialux

software & hand calculations:

1-Standard office

A-using dialux

Philips FBS361 C6 2xPL-L55W/830 luminaries =16 lamp*8

B-using hand calculations

)Number of lamps = (area * lux)/ (MF*lumen/lamp)

Where MF is: maintenance factor

#of lamps = (55*500)/ (0.8*1800) =19 lamp

Calculation difference =19 – 16 = 3 lamps

2-large office

A-using dialux
Philips FBS361 C6 2xPL-L55W/830 luminaries =32 lamp*16

B-using hand calculations

#Of lamps = (97*500)/ (0.8*1800) =34 lamps

Calculations difference =34 – 32 =2 lamps

3-manager office

A-using dialux

Philips FCH475 C1-A 4xPL-L55W/830 / Luminaries*7

B-using hand calculations

#Of lamps = (110*500)/ (0.8*1800) = 38 lamps

# of luminaries =38/4≈ 9

Calculations difference = 9– 7 =2 luminaries

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Chapter ( 2 ) Indoor & outdoor lighting

Calculation of indoor lighting and power sockets:

1- Reception lighting=9.6Kw
Reception socket=10.56Kw

2- Floors from 15 to 20 lighting=11.776Kw

Floors from 15 to 20 socket=65.2 Kw

3- Floors from 7 to 14 lighting=11.474Kw

Floors from 7 to 14 socket=67.13Kw

4- Floors from 3 to 6 lighting=11.73Kw

Floors from 3 to 6 socket=71.63Kw

5- 2nd Floor lighting=8.5Kw

2nd Floor socket=37.22Kw
2nd floor power socket=173.3Kw

6- Garage lighting=8.3Kw

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 Importance of street lighting:

 Streetlights are needed by everyone. They illuminate our roads and

pathways in order to make them safer for us to use, giving us a sense of
security.
 Street lighting should permit the road users to move about with the
greatest possible safety and comfort at night. Any object which may
be dangerous should be seen and recognized clearly in time.
 In order to achieve our aim we must have some aspects in our design

Streets Lighting:

 Main Street Lighting:

L3

L2 X
h

L1

12 m

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Chapter ( 2 ) Indoor & outdoor lighting

Philips Modena P SGP681GB 1xSON-TPP100W CON CR P7

We used about 250 units of this laminar

So the power used is =250*100=25000 w=25 KW

Sub Main Street Lighting

-Incandescent Lamps 100 watt each.

-Code of the Lamps from is (37970-IL)
-We Have 40 Luminaries each consists of 3 Lamps.
-Height of each Laminar =2.2m
Power at this type= 40*3*100=13.5 KW

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Chapter ( 2 ) Indoor & outdoor lighting

- High Pressure Sodium lamps (250 Watt) each.

-Code of the Lamps from is (42105-SD).
-We Have 50 Luminaries each consists of 1 Lamp.
Power =50*250=12.5 Kw
Distance Between 2 successive Luminaries depends on the Decorative
View of the place.
►► The Down Luminaries that surrounding the buildings is made
to reflect the Decorative shape of the whole building.

The total power consumed at the outdoor light

=25+13.5+ 12.5= 51 Kw

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Chapter ( 2 ) Indoor & outdoor lighting

Lighting calculation

Area no # of lamps NO OF Socket

SHOPS ( A )

1 190 20 60 A
2 89 6 18 A
3 89 6 18 A
4 190 20 60 A
5 184 20 60 A
6 184 20 60 A
7 159 20 60 A
8 159 20 60 A
9 128 25 60 A
10 128 20 60 A
10.1 214 25 72 A
11 (restaurant) 168 2*12+10
12(car market) 195 10
13(hyper market) 552 15
14(cafe) 399 15
15 1267 2*12+25
16 360 6*12
17 307 4*12+18
Space 80

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HVAC calculation

1- Compute Building Area.

2- Compute volume.

3-Compute BTU/hr. = (300 or 350) x Volume.

4-Comute cooling capacity in KW =BTU/hr x 3.5 / 12000

5-Choose the suitable chiller from catalogues

No 7 0 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 72 77 70 72 72
30HXC 080 090 100 110 120 130 140 155 175 190 200 230 260 285

Kw CC 286 312 348 374 412 449 509 541 598 651 699 812 897 985

Pin kw 53 62 67 76 80 89 102 112 121 129 140 164 192 195

Amp 101 115 127 143 149 168 190 207 226 234 255 294 337 354

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Cooling consumption calculation of each area

AREA NO AREA volume Cc in kw

m2
1 820 6560 574
2 332 2656 232
3 332 2656 232
4 820 6560 574
5 700 5600 490

6 700 5600 490

7 700 5600 490
8 700 5600 490
9 680 5440 476

10 680 5440 476

10.1 960 7680 672

11 1070 5350 468

12 1070 5350 468

13 1070 5350 468

14 1070 5350 468

15 fun fair 3120 15600 1365

16 cinema 3246 25968 2272

17 festival 4100 20500 1794

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Rating of used chiller

Area no Chiller type Rating of used

chillers
1&2&3&4 2*12 164
5&7 2*7 102
6&8 2*7 102
9&10&10.1 2*12 164
11&12&13&14 4*7 102
15 2*11 140
16 6*4 76
17 2*13 192
1042 kw

HVAC For the hotel

HOTEL AREA = 3200 m2

HOTEL VOLUME = 3200*100 = 320000 m3
BTU/hr = 320000 * 150 =48 * 106
CC/KW = 14000
USE 16 UNIT OF (30HXC260)
TOTAL POWER = 3072 kW

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HOTEL LOAD
PLACE LOAD (KW)

FLOORS 3-14 449.05

FLOORS 15-20 241.05

KITCHIN 219.3

OFFICES 80.2

GRAGE 8

RECEPTION 20.6

lift 6*80+3*60

pump 10*6

miscellaneous 220

TOTAL LOAD 1018.2

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