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Conduction is the way of heat transmission within solids.
Convection is the way of heat transmission within liquid and gasses.
Radiation is the way of heat transmission within liquid and gasses.
is the flow of heat through matter from
places of higher temperature to places of lower temperature
without movement of the matter.
• Atoms or molecules in solids normally vibrate about fixed position.
• When a solid is heated from one end, the atoms at that end will vibrate strongly with
greater amplitude than normal.
• Each atom transfers its vibration energy to the adjacent atom and so on till the
other end of the rod so average kinetic energy increases so temperature increases.
Note: Transferring vibration takes place in all solids whether they are good conductors
or bad conductors,
• However, metals are good conductors because in
addition to transferring vibration method they also
have another way that improves conduction,
Heat Transmission
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• They have very high mobility and can transfer energy faster than
atoms vibration,
are used whenever heat is
required to travel quickly through something. Saucepans,
boilers and radiators are made of metals such as aluminum,
iron and copper.
the handles of some
saucepans are made of wood or plastic. Cork is used for table
mats.
• Air is one of the worst conductors, i.e. best insulators.
• Materials that trap air, e.g. wool, felt, fur, feathers, polystyrene foam,
fiberglass, are also very bad conductors
• Some of these materials are used as 'lagging' to insulate water
pipes, hot water cylinders, ovens, refrigerators and the walls and
roofs of houses,
• Vacuum does not conduct heat at all; as no particles to transmit energy.
• On a very cold day, the metal handlebars of a
bicycle feels colder than the rubber handgrip,
although they are both at the same temperature.
This is because metals are good conductors of
heat so the metal bar can take heat energy from
hand faster than the rubber grip.
•
Metals have different conductivity
• A simple demonstration of the
different conducting powers of various
metals is shown in Figure.
• A match is fixed to one end of each
rod using a little melted wax.
• The other ends of the rods are heated
by a burner.
• When the temperatures of the far
ends reach the melting point of wax, the matches drop off.
Heat Transmission
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Liquids are bad conductor of heat
• The water at the top of the tube can boil before the ice at the
bottom melts.
Brass is good conductor of heat
• A copper bar and a wooden bar are joined. A piece of paper is wrapped tightly around
the join.
• The bar is heated strongly at the centre for a short time, and the paper goes brown on
one side only.
• Brass is good conductor of heat so it takes the heat away from the paper quickly and
prevents the paper from reaching the temperature at which it burns.
• Wood is bad conductor of heat, so it does not take heat from the paper so
temperature of paper increases from the side of wood.
is the flow of heat through a fluid from places of higher temperature
to places of lower temperature by movement of the fluid itself.
• Convection is the usual method by which heat travels through fluids, i.e. liquids and
gases.
• Stream of warm moving fluids are called
• It can be shown in water by dropping a few crystals of potassium permanganate to the
bottom of a beaker or flask of water.
• When the beaker is heated, just below the crystals by a small flame, purple streaks of
water rise upwards.
Heat Transmission
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• As the water above the flame heats up,
• it expands,
• becomes less dense,
• and is pushed upwards,
• while the cooler, more dense water around sinks to take its
place.
• The best place to put a heater is as shown in
figure so it can make convection current within the
room
• Room heaters, warm the air in a room by means
convection; warm air rises from the top of the heater
and cooler air flows in at the bottom to replace it
• The best place to put a cooler is as
shown,
• As upper air is cooled
• it contracts
• becomes more dense
• and sinks downwards
• while the hotter, the less dense air around
rises to take its place
Sea breeze: During the daytime the
temperature of the land increases more
quickly than that of the sea
• Hot air above the land rises and is
replaced by colder air from the sea
• A breeze from the sea results
Land breeze: At night the opposite
happens. The sea has more heat to lose and
cools more slowly
• The air above the sea is warmer
than that over the land and a breeze blows
from the land.
Heat Transmission
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• Normally smoke rises upwards but in this experiment, you
will see smoke going downwards.
• Smoke from the splint goes into the box then rises from
the other tube above the candle,
• Hot air around the candle heats up and rises so cold
denser air sinks from the other tube with the smoke of the splint
• radiation can occur in vacuum; particles of matter are not involved
• Radiation is the way heat reaches us from the Sun
• Radiation has all the properties of electromagnetic waves, e.g. it travels at the speed
of light waves
• Heat radiation is the infra-red radiation.
When an object is heated by an
external source of heat by radiation,
some of the heat radiation
(infrared) is absorbed and some is
reflected.
The amount of heat reflected and
absorbed heat radiation (infrared)
varies according to the color of the
surface of the objects.
Two cans are filled with water and
are placed at equal distance from a radiant heater.
Black color is good absorber and bad reflector of heat radiation (infrared).
White color is bad absorber and good reflector of heat
radiation so its temperature of water in the white can will
be lower than the temperature of water in the black can.
• A Silvery surface is good reflector, bad absorber and
bad emitter.
• A Silvery surface is even better reflector than white,
Heat Transmission
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When an object is hotter than surround it radiates infrared (emits heat) to the surround.
the amount of radiated (emitted) heat radiation (infra-red) also varies according to the
color of the surface.
Equal amounts of hot tea are poured into different colored cups.
The temperature of the tea in the black colored cup will decrease more rapidly than the
white cup.
Black color is good emitter
(radiator) of heat radiation
(infrared).
White color is bad emitter
(radiator) heat radiation.
• If the surface area of the container increased, the amount of emitted heat radiation
will also increase.
• If objects have the same temperature and same color but different surface areas,
the greater surface area will emit larger amount of heat radiation and cools faster.
• Heat radiation detectors are used
in the physics laboratory to compare
the amount of heat radiation
produced by different objects.
• Two of them are:
1. Thermopile.
2. Blackened bulb thermometer.
• The inside surface of one plate is shiny
and of the other dull black.
• The coins are stuck on the outside of
each plate with candle wax
• If the heater is midway between the two
surfaces they each receive the same
amount of radiation.
• After a few minutes the wax on the black
plate melts and the coin falls off before
the coin on the white surface does.
• Black surface is good absorber and bad reflector of heat
Heat Transmission
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• Leslie Cube is a metal cube that is filled
with boiling water, which heats all the
surfaces of the cube to the same
temperature.
• Each side is painted with different
color as shown
• The thermopile is placed in turn at the
same distance from each surface and the
meter readings are compared
• Matt black gives the highest reading because it is good absorber and good emitter
• A vacuum or Thermos flask keeps hot liquids hot or cold liquids cold
• It is very difficult for heat to travel into or out of the flask
• The flask is made of a double-walled vessel with
vacuum between the walls
• Vacuum is a good insulator so there is no heat
conduction between the hot water inside and the
cold air outside,
• Radiation is reduced by plating the walls with
silvery color from inside
• so heat radiation that is emitted from the hot
liquid, will reflect back again
• The hot water vapour that rises up by convection is prevented from going out by the
stopper,
• Therefore, the liquid will be hot as long as
possible.
• Surfaces of petrol tanks are painted with
shiny aluminum
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• People wear dark clothes in winter and
white clothes in summer.
• Two cups of tea with different temperatures
• The higher temperature: will fall 10 degrees
faster,
• because: the difference between 90 oC and the surround is greater
than the difference between 50 oC and the surround,
• The rate of cooling: depends on the difference between
temperatures of object and the surround
Heat Transmission
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Unit 2 Topic 4
Heat Transmission
1. ...... Specimen 2016 Paper 2
https://youtu.be/_FCpMW52Knk
2. ...... March 2016 Paper 2
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Question Paper U2 Ch4 Heat Transmission
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3. ...... March 2016 Paper 2
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4. ...... Jun 2016 Paper 2 Variant 1
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5. ...... Jun 2016 Paper 2 Variant 1
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6. ...... Jun 2016 Paper 2 Variant 2
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7. ...... Jun 2016 Paper 2 Variant 2
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8. ...... Jun 2016 Paper 2 Variant 3
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9. ...... Jun 2016 Paper 2 Variant 3
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10. ...... Nov 2016 Paper 2 Variant 1
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11. ...... Nov 2016 Paper 2 Variant 1
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12. ...... Nov 2016 Paper 2 Variant 2
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13. ...... Nov 2016 Paper 2 Variant 3
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14. ...... March 2017 Paper 2
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15. ...... March 2017 Paper 2
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16. ...... June 2017 Paper 2 Variant 1
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17. ...... Nov 2017 Paper 2 Variant 1
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18. ...... Nov 2017 Paper 2 Variant 2
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19. ...... Nov 2017 Paper 4 Variant 3
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20. ...... March 18 Paper 2 Variant 2
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21. ...... March 18 Paper 2 Variant 2
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22. 2018 Jun P2 V1 Q18
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23. 2018 Jun P2 V2 Q18
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24. 2018 Jun P2 V3 Q18
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25. ….. 2018 Nov P2 V1 Q19
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26.……. 2018 Nov P2 V1 Q20
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27. …… 2019 Jun P2 V1 Q17
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28. …… 2019 Jun P2 V1 Q18
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29.…… 2019 Jun P2 V1 Q19
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30.…… 2019 Nov P2 V1 Q19
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31. …… 2019 Nov P2 V1 Q20
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32. 2020 May P2 V1 Q18
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33.2020 May P2 V1 Q19
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34. 2020 Nov P2 V1 Q19
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35.2020 Nov P2 V1 Q20
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Question Paper U2 Ch4 Heat Transmission
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Unit 2 Topic 4
Heat Transmission
1. ...... Specimen 2016 Paper 2 …………………………………………..C
2. ...... March 2016 Paper 2 …………………………………………..B
3. ...... March 2016 Paper 2…………………………………………..B
4. ...... Jun 2016 Paper 2 Variant 1 …………………………………………..A
5. ...... Jun 2016 Paper 2 Variant 1 …………………………………………..B
6. ...... Jun 2016 Paper 2 Variant 2 …………………………………………..C
7. ...... Jun 2016 Paper 2 Variant 2 …………………………………………..A
8. ...... Jun 2016 Paper 2 Variant 3 …………………………………………..A
9. ...... Jun 2016 Paper 2 Variant 3 …………………………………………..D
10. ...... Nov 2016 Paper 2 Variant 1 …………………………………………..B
11. ...... Nov 2016 Paper 2 Variant 1 …………………………………………..D
12. ...... Nov 2016 Paper 2 Variant 2 …………………………………………..C
13. ...... Nov 2016 Paper 2 Variant 3 …………………………………………..B
14. ...... March 2017 Paper 2 …………………………………………..C
15. ...... March 2017 Paper 2 …………………………………………..A
16. ...... June 2017 Paper 2 Variant 1 …………………………………………..D
17. ...... Nov 2017 Paper 2 Variant 1 …………………………………………..A
18. ...... Nov 2017 Paper 2 Variant 2 …………………………………………..B
19. ...... Nov 2017 Paper 4 Variant 3 …………………………………………..C
20. ...... March 18 Paper 2 Variant 2 …………………………………………..C
21. ...... March 18 Paper 2 Variant 2 …………………………………………..D
22. ...... 2018 Jun P2 V1 Q18…………………………………………..B
23. ...... 2018 Jun P2 V2 Q18 …………………………………………..D
24. ...... 2018 Jun P2 V3 Q18 …………………………………………..B
25. ...... 2018 Nov P2 V1 Q19 ……………………… B
26....... 2018 Nov P2 V1 Q20 ……………………… B
27. ...... 2019 Jun P2 V1 Q17 ……………………… D
28. ...... 2019 Jun P2 V1 Q18 ………………………B
29....... 2019 Jun P2 V1 Q19 ……………………… B
30....... 2019 Nov P2 V1 Q19 ……………………… C
31. ...... 2019 Nov P2 V1 Q20 ………………………B
32. ...... 2020 May P2 V1 Q18 ……………………… A
33....... 2020 May P2 V1 Q19 ……………………… C
Question Paper U2 Ch4 Heat Transmission
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34. ...... 2020 Nov P2 V1 Q19 ……………………… A
35....... 2020 Nov P2 V1 Q20 ……………………… C
Question Paper U2 Ch4 Heat Transmission
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U2 Ch4: Heat Transmission
1. ...... June 2014 Paper 3 Variant 2
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2. ...... June 2015 Paper 3 Variant 3
Question Paper U2 Ch4: Heat Transmission
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Question Paper U2 Ch4: Heat Transmission
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https://youtu.be/8tyKDPssdFc
3. ...... June 2015 Paper 3 Variant 3
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4. ...... Specimen 2016 Paper 4
Question Paper U2 Ch4: Heat Transmission
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https://youtu.be/FewE777kIjs
5. ...... March 2016 Paper 4
Question Paper U2 Ch4: Heat Transmission
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https://youtu.be/MKBKqJXQ1Gs
6. ...... March 2017 Paper 4
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7. ...... March 2017 Paper 4
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8. ...... Nov 2016 Paper 4 Variant 1
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9. ...... June 2017 Paper 4 Variant 1
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10. ...... June 2017 Paper 4 Variant 1
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11. ...... June 2017 Paper 4 Variant 1
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12. ...... June 2017 Paper 4 Variant 2
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13. ...... June 2017 Paper 4 Variant 3
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14. ...... Nov 2017 Paper 4 Variant 2
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15. ...... Nov 2017 Paper 4 Variant 3
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16. 2018 May P4 V2 q05
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17. 2018 May P4 V3 q04 b
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18. 2020 NovP4 V1 Q05
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Question Paper U2 Ch4: Heat Transmission
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U2 Ch4: Heat Transmission
1. ...... June 2014 Paper 3 Variant 2
2. ...... June 2015 Paper 3 Variant 3
3. ...... June 2015 Paper 3 Variant 3
4. ...... Specimen 2016 Paper 4
5. ...... March 2016 Paper 4
6. ...... March 2017 Paper 4
Classified Mark Scheme U2 Ch4: Heat Transmission
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7. ...... March 2017 Paper 4
8. ...... Nov 2016 Paper 4 Variant 1
9. ...... June 2017 Paper 4 Variant 1
10. ...... June 2017 Paper 4 Variant 1
11. ...... June 2017 Paper 4 Variant 1
12. ...... June 2017 Paper 4 Variant 2
13. ...... June 2017 Paper 4 Variant 3
14. ...... Nov 2017 Paper 4 Variant 2
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15. ...... Nov 2017 Paper 4 Variant 3
16. 2018 May P4 V2 q05
17. 2018 May P4 V3 q04 b
18. 2020 NovP4 V1 Q05
Classified Mark Scheme U2 Ch4: Heat Transmission
