Metal Structures

Lecture X
Bolted joints
(part I)
 → #10 / 23 EN 1993-1-8 tab 3.3
Maximum
„Normal” steels
Dimensions Minimum Steel exposed to the Not exposed Stainless steels
weather / corrosion
influences
e1 1,2 d0 4 te, min + 40 mm max(8 te, min ; 125 mm)

e2 1,2 d0 4 te, min + 40 mm max(8 te, min ; 125 mm)

e3 1,5 d0

e4 1,5 d0

p1 2,2 d0 min(14 te, min ; 200 mm) min(14 te, min ; 200 mm) min(14 tmin ; 175 mm)

p1,0 min(14 te, min ; 200 mm)

p1,i min(14 te, min ; 200 mm)

p2 2,4 d0 min(14 te, min ; 200 mm) min(14 te, min ; 200 mm) min(14 tmin ; 175 mm)
(1,2 d0 and L ≥ 2,4 d0)

Minimum and maximum spacing, end and edge distances

Gap between two part of I-beam (10 - 20 mm) - compensation of
imperfection on support
→ proj 1 / 25

Distances for web and web plate

a = max (2 e + b ; p)
For bolted jointr, resistance of connection = resistance of shank of bolt.

Generally, we have two mechanisms of shank destruction for bolts:

Shear Tearing
(shear force) (tensile force)

For pins we must analyse resistance for bending moment, too.

 Number of shear planes
Shear force acts evenly on each shear planes. For each plane effect of loads can't be greatedr than
resistance.

Fv, Ed / n

Fv, Ed

Fv, Ed / n

Fv, Ed / n ≤ Fv, Rd → Fv, Ed ≤ n Fv, Rd

EN 1993-1-8 tab. 3.4

 Bearing Joints Slip-Resistant Joints

In a bearing joint, the connected elements In a slip-resistant joint, the bolts are
are assumed to slip into bearing against pretensioned to cause clamping forces
the bolts which develop frictional resistance
between the connected elements

When a bolt is pretensioned, the preload must equal 70% of the bolt tenslle strength
Shear resistance: FV,Rd = n αv fub A / γM2 EN 1993-1-8 tab 3.4
γM2 = 1,25
αv EN 1993-1-8 tab 3.4

A - area of unthreaded portion of bolt A, or threaded portion of bolt As - where

are edges of plates?
 Fv, Ed - shear force acts on bolt
Ft, Ed - tensile force acts on bolt

Fv, REd - shear resistance of bolt

Ft, REd - tension resistance of bolt

Fv, Ed / Fv, Rd ≤ 1,0

or
Ft, Ed / Ft, Rd ≤ 1,0

If both forces act on bolts simultaneously:

Fv, Ed / Fv, Rd + Ft, Ed / (1,4 Ft, Rd) ≤ 1,0

Example of shear connection – each loads
act perpendicular to axis of bolts

Example of tension connection – loads

acts mainly parallel to axis of bolts
 Shear connection – forces act evenly on each bolts;;
Force for one bolt = global force / number of bolts;
We can calculate resistance of node and bolts separately.

FV, bolt = FV / n
FH, bolt = FH / n
 Shear connection – bending moment acts unequally on each bolts; ;
Force for the bolt is proportionally to distance between the bolt and centre of gravity for bolts;
Centre of gravity for bolts ≠ centre of gravity for plate;
We can calculate resistance of node and bolts separately.

Fi = α ri ; Fi ┴ ri (from experiments and experience)

Mi = Fi ri = α (ri)2
MEd = Σ Mi = α Σ (ri)2 → α = MEd / Σ (ri)2

Fi = α ri = MEd ri / Σ (ri)2 → FV, M, bolt = Fi sin α ; FH, M, bolt = Fi cos α

Web plate - web:

Mwp* = e Vwp + Mwp

V1 = Vwp / n
H1 = Nwp / n
FM = Mwp* ri / Σ (ri2)
V2 = FM cos α
H2 = FM sin α
V = V1 + V2
H = H1 + H2
F = √ (V2 + H2)
n - number of bolts on one side of joint
ri - distance between bolt #i and centre of gravity for bolts on one side of joint
 Forces on one bolt

Flange plate - flange:

Ffp-f = Ffp / n
n - number of bolts on one side of joint
 a) Elastic b) Plastic

E E

E E

E E E E

E E E
E E

E E
E E

E
E EE E

Force distributions in bolts subjected to shear

 a) Elastic b) Plastic

Force distributions in bolts subjected to tension

Bearing resistance: Fb,Rd = k1 αb fu d tmin / γM2
αb = min (αd ; fub / fu ; 1,0)
tmin = min(Σti)
EN 1993-1-8 tab 3.4

k1
αd

Inner min(1,4 p2 / d0 - 1,7 ; 2,5)

Inner p1 / 3d0 - 0,25
d
Enge min(2,8 e2 / d0 - 1,7 ; 2,5)
End e1 / 3d0

Min and max e1 e2 p1 p2 - EN 1993-1-8 tab 3.3

Index 1 and 2 in symbols e1 e2 p1 p2 - there are no horizontal and vertical
directions, but always paralell (1) and perpendicular (2) to direction of force:
 For Fy :
e1 = ey ; p1 = py
e2 = ex ; p2 = px

For Fx :
e1 = ex ; p1 = px
e2 = ey ; p2 = py

If
ex ≠ ey or px ≠ py
then
FRd, x ≠ FRd, y
Different resistance for inner, end and edge bolts (different formulas);

Different resistances in horizontal and vertical direction (different values of e1 e2 p1 p2);

There is possible, that there are different resistances for each bolt; additionally each bolt
has different resistance in both direction.
Punching resistance: Bp,Rd = 0,6 π dm tp fu / γM2
dm = (D + s) / 2
EN 1993-1-8 tab 3.4
Block tearing: Veff, Rd = Anet fu / γM2
Anet - area without holes for bolts
EN 1993-1-1 p.6.2.3
 Block tearing

EN 1993-1-8 3.10.2

Veff, 1, Rd = fu Ant / γM2 + fy Anv / (√3 γM0) | 0,5 fu Ant / γM2 + fy Anv / (√3 γM0)
(concentric loading) γM0 = 1,00; γM2 = 1,25 (eccentric loading)
 j
Bearing of iniection bolts:

Fb,Rd, resin = kt ks d tb, resin β fb, resin / γM4

γM4 = 1,0 EN 1993-1-8 (3.4)

ULS SLS
kt 1,2 1,0
EN 1993-1-8 3.6.2.2.(5)
ks

Fit bolts No space for resin

Normal round holes 1,0
Oversized round holes 1,0 - 0,1 (d0 - d)
Slotted holes 1,0 - 0,05 (l - d0)

EN 1993-1-8 3.6.2.2.(5) l ; d0 ; d [mm]

 β tb, resin

t1 / t2 ≤ 1,0 1,33
min (t1 ; 1,5d)
1,0 ≤ t1 / t2 ≤ 2,0 1,66 - 0,33 (t1 / t2)

t1 / t2 ≥ 2,0 1,0 min (2t2 ; 1,5d)

EN 1993-1-8 tab 3.5

 Slip-resistant

Preloaded bolt – special types of bolts; preloading force causes friction; loads can’t be greater
than friction.
Torque spanner for preloaded bolts – we know value of preloaded force.
Slip-resistant: Fs,Rd = ks n µ Fp,C / γM3 EN 1993-1-8 p.3.9.1
γM3 = 1,25
ks EN 1993-1-8 tab 3.6
µ EN 1993-1-8 tab 3.7 (Class of surface ≠ category of connections)
Fp,C = 0,7 fub As
 EN 1993-1-8 (3.7, 3.8a, 3.8b)

Type Fs,Rd Condition

Ft,Ed = 0 Ft,Ed ≠ 0
B k s n µ Fp,C / γ ks n µ [Fp,C - 0,8 Ft,Ed, ser (qk)] / γM3,ser FEd (qk) / Fs,Rd ≤ 1,0
M3,ser
ks n µ Fp,C / γM3
C k s n µ Fp,C / γ M3 ks n µ [Fp,C - 0,8 Ft,Ed (q)] / γM3 FEd (q) / Fs,Rd ≤ 1,0

γM3 = 1,25 γM3,ser = 1,10

 EN 1993-1-8 tab. 3.7

Class of surface ≠ category of connections

 Torque moment for preloaded bolts

Mr = km d Fp,C

EN 1090-2 8.5.2

km = 0,15 ~ 0,18 according to EN 14 399

 Punching resistance
Too big preloading force can destruct plates
 In full analogy to welds: long joints for bolted EN 1993-1-8 3.8
connections:

βLf :

Lj ≤ 15 d 15 d ≤ Lj ≤ 65 d Lj ≥ 65 d
Uniform distribution of force transfer 1,00
over the length of the joint (flange-
web)
All other cases 1,00 1 - (Lj - 15 d) / (200 d) 0,75
Pins: EN 1993-1-8 tab 3.10:

MEd = FEd (b + 4c + 2a) / 8

(MEd / MRd)2 + (Fv, Ed / Fv, Rd)(shear)

2 ≤ 1,0

(bearing)

(bending)

(bending + shear)
Column:
• Hinged joint;
• Shear joint;
• Connection between beam and foundations (concrete);
• Force acts on bolts = shear force in column;
• For bolts calculation according to #10/48;
• Interactions between bolts and base plate;
• Base plate shearing;
• Contact between base plate and concrete.
Column:
Fix joint;
• Hinged
• Shear joint; tension joint;
• Connection between beam and foundations (concrete);
• Shear force acts on bolts = shear force in column;
• Tension force acts on bolts = force caused by bending moment;
• For bolts calculation according to #10/54;
• Interactions between bolts and base plate;
• Base plate shearing;
• Contact between base plate and concrete.
 Column bases
General information → #t / 75
Hinge → #t / 79
Rigid → #t / 85
Ac0 = Ac0 (I-beam, c)
c = tp √ [ fy / (3 fjd γM0 ) ] EN 1993-1-8 p.6.2.5
fjd = βj FRdu / Ac0
βj = 2/3
Ac0 - area of efective contact between steel and concrete

1992-1-1 p.6.7:
FRdu = min [ Ac0 fcd √(Ac1 / Ac0) ; 3 Ac0 fcd ]

NEd / FRdu ≤ 1,0

Centres of gravity for Ac1 and Ac0 must be at one vertical line;
Ac1 and Ac0 have similar shape;
Ac1 - maximum possible area
For more than one force Fi, Aic1 and Aic0 should not overlap
EN 1993-1-8 fig. 6.18
 EN 1993-1-8 tab. 6.7

Design moment resistance of column bases

 Fv, Rd = Ff, Rd + n Fvb, Rd

Ff, Rd = Cf, d Nc, Ed ; Cf, d = 0,2 for compressive force in column

Ff, Rd = 0 for tensile force in column

Type Fvb, Rd
Fit bolts; min [shear resistance (lec #10); αb fub As / γM2]
Normal round holes αb = 0,44 - 0,0003 fyb [MPa]
γM2 = 1,25
Oversized round holes;
Slotted short / long holes 0

EN 1993-1-8 6.2.2
 Prying actions
Special phenomenon, occured in tension
part of fixed joint.
 Tensile force or bending moment, which acts
on tension part of joint, creates
occurs tensile forces in
bolts.
Generally:
force in bolt = tensile force / number of bolts
 But, if plate and flange begin to deform...

Σ MA = 0
Σ MA = P x – (F / 2) (y + x) → P = (F / 2) (y + x) / x
(y + x) / x > 12 → P > F / (!!!)
2
 Generally, we must analyse three different modesofof
destruction; 1st and 2nd with or without prying force and 3rd
witout prying force.
3 possible failure modes: Mode 1 and Mode 2 with prying force and Mode 3 without prying force

Mode 1 – plate / flange destruction

Mode 2 – plate / flange destruction and

bolts destruction

Mode 3 – bolts destruction

 Prying forces No prying
forces:
FT, 1-2, Rd

Mode 1: FT, 1, Rd Method 1.1 Method 1.2

= min (1.1 ; 1.2)

(8n - 2ew) 4 Mpl, 1, Rd

4 Mpl, 1, Rd / m /
2 Mpl, 1, Rd / m
[2mn - ew(m + n)]

[(8n - 2ew) 4 Mpl, 1, Rd + 4n Mbp, Rd ]

(4 Mpl, 1, Rd + 2Mbp, Rd) / m /
[2mn - ew(m + n)]
Mode 2: FT, 2, Rd (2 Mpl, 2, Rd + n ΣFt, Rd) / (m + n)
Mode 3: FT, 3, Rd ΣFt, Rd

EN 1993-1-8 tab 6.2

Design resistance Ft,Rd of a T-stub flange

 n = min (emin ; 1,25m)
e w = dw / 4
dw = D or D1
ΣFt, Rd = Σ min (Ft, Rd ; Bp,Rd )
leff, 1 = min (leff, cp ; leff, nc)
Σleff, 1 = min (Σleff, cp ; Σleff, nc)
leff, 2 = leff, nc
Σleff, 2 = Σleff, nc

Bolt-row considered individually As part of a group of bolt-rows

Mpl, 1, Rd 0,25 leff, 1 tf2 fy / γM0 0,25 Σleff, 1 tf2 fy / γM0

Mpl, 2, Rd 0,25 leff, 2 tf2 fy / γM0 0,25 Σleff, 2 tf2 fy / γM0

Mbp, Rd 0,25 leff, 1 tbp2 fy, bp / γM0 0,25 Σleff, 1 tbp2 fy, bp / γM0

EN 1993-1-8 tab 6.2

 Generally, breakage of plate / flange is possible by several ways:
two ways:

Circular patterns Non-circular patterns

There are different values of leff for each

both.pattern
We must considered.
calculate leff for both and take into following
consideration less of them.
Arm action :
Haunched - way to increase arms action → increase resistance Mj, Rd
 Requirement:
β ≤ 45o
EN 1993-1-8 p.6.2.6.7

There are transverse compression of beam web (F1) and compression of haunched flange (F2):

F = MEd. / h
F1 = F tg β
F2 = F / cos β

Calculations of resistance are the same as for transverse compression of web and compression
of flange.