CHAPTER EIGHTEEN

Work, Kinetic Energy, Power

Kinematic of Particles

Introduction
 General Terms and Definition:

o Mechanic Static – Equilibrium of a body that is at rest, or the body moves with
constant velocity.

o Mechanic Dynamic - Deals with acceleration motion of a body

 Kinematics – analysis of geometric aspects of a motion

 Kinetics – analysis of the forces that causes the motion

 Dynamic: Kinematic of Particles

o Rectilinear Motion: A particle moves in a straight line and does not rotate about
its Centre of mass.

o Circular Motion (Curvilinear Motion): A particle moves along a path of a perfect

circle.

o General Plane Motion (Curvilinear Motion): A particle moves in a plane, which

may follow a path that is neither straight nor circular.

Rectilinear Motion
 Rectilinear Kinematics:

specifying the particle’s position, velocity, and acceleration at any instant (time factor)

Factor Symbol Unit Remarks

Time t seconds (s) Data may be given in minutes or hours (h)
Position s meter (m) Data may be given in millimeter (mm), kilometer (km)
Velocity v m/s Another common unit is kilometer per hour (km/h)
2
Acceleration a m/s

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 Position:

 Single coordinate axis, s

 Magnitude of s = distance from origin (O) to current position (P)

 Direction: +ve = right of origin; -ve = left of origin

 Displacement:

 Change in the particle’s position, vector quantity

 If particle moves from S1 to S2:

S = S2 – S1

 When S is +ve / -ve, particle’s position is right / left of its initial position

 Velocity:

 The speed of the changes of position.

 Average velocity:

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  Instantaneous velocity:

 Acceleration:

 The speed of the changes of velocities.

 Average acceleration:

 Instantaneous acceleration:

 Magnitude and directions

Factor +ve value -ve value Zero Value

Position, s Direction to right Direction to left -
Velocity, v Direction to right Direction to left Particle stop moving
Acceleration, a Velocity increased Velocity decreased Constant velocity
 Position, velocity and acceleration as a function of time (t):

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 Function of position, velocity and acceleration without time (t) factor:

 Constant acceleration, ac:

 Summary of Equations:

 When acceleration is constant

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Problem 1:

A vehicle moves in a straight line such that for a short time its velocity is defined by v = (0.9t2 +
0.6t) m/s, where t is in second and when t = 0, s = 0. Determine it position (s) and acceleration
(a) when t = 3s.

Solution:

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Problem 2:

A ball is thrown upward at 75 m/s from the top of aa 40 m tall building. Determine:

(a) Maximum height SB reached by the ball.

(b) The speed of the ball just before it hits the ground.

Solution:

Information gathering:

Take origin “O” and upward direction is positive.

Acceleration is constant and due to gravity: ac = - 9.81 m/s2

The ball will reach maximum height at B:

S = SB → vB = 0 (ball stops moving at maximum height)

From the equation we have:

t = 0 → vA = + 75 m/s, SA = + 40 m

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 Work, Kinetic Energy, Power

Where s is the distance moved by point of application in the direction of the constant force. For
rectilinear motion, the displacement is equal to the distance moved.

If the force F does not act in the line of motion, as in Fig. 617, we must use the component in the
direction of the displacement. This component is Fcosθ, where θ is the angle between the force F
and line of motion. If this component force is constant, we find

The work of a force acting on a particle which moves in a straight line or which moves through
an infinitesimal displacement ds on a curved path may also be defined as the magnitude of the
force times the component of the displacement of its point of application in the direction of the
force. Thus, in the Fig. 617, the component of the displacement in the direction of the force is ab
= s cosθ which gives

U = F (s cosθ),

Which agrees with the previous result. This component s cosθ of the displacement s is called the
effective displacement. Observe that the fundamental condition for a force to do work is that its
point of application must have a displacement in the direction of some component of the force.
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In Fig. 617, the component F sinθ, which acts perpendicular to the line of motion, does no work
because there is no effective displacement of its point of application in the sense of this
component.

Fig. 617. Component F cosθ does work. Component F sinθ does no work

UQ = + (Q cosθ)s;

The work of the frictional force F is

UF = - Fs

The work of the force of gravity W is

UW = - (W sinθ)s;

And the work of the normal plane reaction N is zero,

UN = 0,

Since its sense is normal to the direction of motion. Thus, the resultant or net work U on the rigid
body A is the algebraic sum of the above work quantities, or

(c) U = (Q cosθ)s – Fs – (W sinθ)s,

Where s is the straight-line displacement of A for which the work is desired. This equation may
be written in the form

(d) U = (Q cosθ – F – W sinθ)s,

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Example 272

A freight train consisting of 60 cars, each weighing 70 tons, starts up a 1.5 % grade with an
initial speed of 15 mph. The constant drawbar pull is 97 tons and the train resistance is 15 lb. per
ton of weight. At the top of the constant 1.5 % grade, the speed is 30 mph. (a) How long is the
grade? Neglect the kinetic energy of the rotation of the wheels. (b) Express the work of the
drawbar pull in terms of hp-hr. (c) What is the work done against gravity?

Solution:

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