2 Chapter 1 Functions and Their Graphs

1.1 Rectangular Coordinates

Plot points in the Cartesian plane.
Use the Distance Formula to find the distance between two points.
Use the Midpoint Formula to find the midpoint of a line segment.
Use a coordinate plane to model and solve real-life problems.

The Cartesian Plane

T
J
Just as you can represent real numbers by points on a real number line, you can
represent ordered pairs of real numbers by points in a plane called the rectangular
re
ccoordinate system, or the Cartesian plane, named after the French mathematician
René Descartes (1596–1650).
R
Two real number lines intersecting at right angles form the Cartesian plane, as
sshown in Figure 1.1. The horizontal real number line is usually called the x-axis, and
the vertical real number line is usually called the y-axis. The point of intersection of
th
these two axes is the origin, and the two axes divide the plane into four quadrants.
th
The Cartesian plane can help you
visualize relationships between
y-axis y-axis
two variables. For example, in
Exercise 37 on page 9, given 3
how far north and west one city Quadrant II Quadrant I
2
is from another, plotting points (Vertical Directed distance
to represent the cities can help 1 number line) x
Origin
you visualize these distances and
x-axis (x, y)
determine the flying distance − 3 −2 − 1 1 2 3
between the cities. −1 (Horizontal Directed
number line) y distance
−2 x-axis
Quadrant III Quadrant IV
−3

Figure 1.1 Figure 1.2

Each point in the plane corresponds to an ordered pair (x, y) of real numbers x and
y, called coordinates of the point. The x-coordinate represents the directed distance
from the y-axis to the point, and the y-coordinate represents the directed distance from
the x-axis to the point, as shown in Figure 1.2.

Directed distance Directed distance

from y-axis (x, y) from x-axis

The notation (x, y) denotes both a point in the plane and an open interval on the real
y number line. The context will tell you which meaning is intended.
4
(3, 4)
3 Plotting Points in the Cartesian Plane
(−1, 2)
1 Plot the points (−1, 2), (3, 4), (0, 0), (3, 0), and (−2, −3).
(0, 0) (3, 0)
x
−4 −3 −1 1 2 3 4
Solution To plot the point (−1, 2), imagine a vertical line through −1 on the
−1 x-axis and a horizontal line through 2 on the y-axis. The intersection of these two lines
−2 is the point (−1, 2). Plot the other four points in a similar way, as shown in Figure 1.3.
(−2, −3) Checkpoint Audio-video solution in English & Spanish at LarsonPrecalculus.com
−4

Figure 1.3 Plot the points (−3, 2), (4, −2), (3, 1), (0, −2), and (−1, −2).

Fernando Jose V. Soares/Shutterstock.com

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 1.1 Rectangular Coordinates 3

The beauty of a rectangular coordinate system is that it allows you to see

relationships between two variables. It would be difficult to overestimate the
importance of Descartes’s introduction of coordinates in the plane. Today, his ideas are
in common use in virtually every scientific and business-related field.

Sketching a Scatter Plot

Year, t Subscribers, N The table shows the numbers N (in millions) of subscribers to a cellular
telecommunication service in the United States from 2005 through 2014, where t
2005 207.9 represents the year. Sketch a scatter plot of the data. (Source: CTIA-The Wireless
Spreadsheet at LarsonPrecalculus.com

2006 233.0 Association)

2007 255.4
Solution To sketch a scatter plot of the data shown in the table, represent each
2008 270.3 pair of values by an ordered pair (t, N) and plot the resulting points. For example, let
2009 285.6 (2005, 207.9) represent the first pair of values. Note that in the scatter plot below, the
2010 296.3 break in the t-axis indicates omission of the years before 2005, and the break in the
2011 316.0 N-axis indicates omission of the numbers less than 150 million.
2012 326.5
2013 335.7 Subscribers to a Cellular
2014 355.4 Number of subscribers
N
Telecommunication Service

400
350
(in millions)

300
250
200
150
t
2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014
Year

Checkpoint Audio-video solution in English & Spanish at LarsonPrecalculus.com

The table shows the numbers N (in thousands) of cellular telecommunication service
employees in the United States from 2005 through 2014, where t represents the year.
Sketch a scatter plot of the data. (Source: CTIA-The Wireless Association)

t N
2005 233.1
Spreadsheet at LarsonPrecalculus.com

2006 253.8
2007 266.8
2008 268.5
2009 249.2
2010 250.4
TECHNOLOGY The 2011 238.1
scatter plot in Example 2 is 2012 230.1
only one way to represent the
2013 230.4
data graphically. You could
2014 232.2
also represent the data using a
bar graph or a line graph. Use
a graphing utility to represent In Example 2, you could let t = 1 represent the year 2005. In that case, there
the data given in Example 2 would not be a break in the horizontal axis, and the labels 1 through 10 (instead of 2005
graphically. through 2014) would be on the tick marks.

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4 Chapter 1 Functions and Their Graphs

The Pythagorean Theorem and The Distance Formula

a2 + b2 = c2 The Pythagorean Theorem is used extensively throughout this course.

c
a
Pythagorean Theorem
For a right triangle with hypotenuse length c and sides lengths a and b, you
have a2 + b2 = c2, as shown in Figure 1.4. (The converse is also true. That is,
if a2 + b2 = c2, then the triangle is a right triangle.)
b
Figure 1.4
Using the points (x1, y1) and (x2, y2), you can form a right triangle, as shown in
Figure 1.5. The length of the hypotenuse of the right triangle is the distance d between
y
∣
the two points. The length of the vertical side of the triangle is y2 − y1 and the length ∣
y
1
(x1, y1 ) ∣ ∣
of the horizontal side is x2 − x1 . By the Pythagorean Theorem,
d d = ∣x2 − x1∣ + ∣y2 − y1∣2
2 2
|y2 − y1|
d = √∣x2 − x1∣2 + ∣y2 − y1∣2
y
2 (x1, y2 ) (x2, y2 ) = √(x2 − x1)2 + ( y2 − y1)2.

x1 x2 x This result is the Distance Formula.

|x2 − x 1|
The Distance Formula
Figure 1.5
The distance d between the points (x1, y1) and (x2, y2) in the plane is
d = √(x2 − x1)2 + ( y2 − y1)2.

Finding a Distance
Find the distance between the points (−2, 1) and (3, 4).
Algebraic Solution Graphical Solution
Let (x1, y1) = (−2, 1) and (x2, y2) = (3, 4). Then apply the Use centimeter graph paper to plot the points A(−2, 1)
Distance Formula. and B(3, 4). Carefully sketch the line segment from A
to B. Then use a centimeter ruler to measure the length
d = √(x2 − x1)2 + ( y2 − y1)2 Distance Formula
of the segment.
= √[3 − (−2)]2 + (4 − 1)2 Substitute for x1, y1, x2, and y2.

= √(5) + (3) 2 2
Simplify.

= √34 Simplify. cm
1

≈ 5.83 Use a calculator. 3

2

So, the distance between the points is about 5.83 units.

4
5
6

Check
7

?
d 2 = 52 + 32 Pythagorean Theorem

(√34)2 =? 52 + 32 Substitute for d.

34 = 34 Distance checks.

The line segment measures about 5.8 centimeters. So,

the distance between the points is about 5.8 units.

Checkpoint Audio-video solution in English & Spanish at LarsonPrecalculus.com

Find the distance between the points (3, 1) and (−3, 0).

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 1.1 Rectangular Coordinates 5

Verifying a Right Triangle

y
Show that the points
7 (5, 7)
(2, 1), (4, 0), and (5, 7)
6
are vertices of a right triangle.
5
d1 = 45 Solution The three points are plotted in Figure 1.6. Using the Distance Formula, the
4 d3 = 50 lengths of the three sides are
3
d1 = √(5 − 2)2 + (7 − 1)2 = √9 + 36 = √45,
2 d2 = 5
1
(2, 1) d2 = √(4 − 2)2 + (0 − 1)2 = √4 + 1 = √5, and
(4, 0)
x d3 = √(5 − 4)2 + (7 − 0)2 = √1 + 49 = √50.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Figure 1.6
Because (d1)2 + (d2)2 = 45 + 5 = 50 = (d3)2, you can conclude by the converse of
the Pythagorean Theorem that the triangle is a right triangle.

Checkpoint Audio-video solution in English & Spanish at LarsonPrecalculus.com

ALGEBRA HELP To review Show that the points (2, −1), (5, 5), and (6, −3) are vertices of a right triangle.
the techniques for evaluating a
radical, see Appendix A.2.
The Midpoint Formula
To find the midpoint of the line segment that joins two points in a coordinate plane,
find the average values of the respective coordinates of the two endpoints using the
Midpoint Formula.

The Midpoint Formula

The midpoint of the line segment joining the points (x1, y1) and (x2, y2) is
x1 + x2 y1 + y2
Midpoint = ( 2
,
2
.)

For a proof of the Midpoint Formula, see Proofs in Mathematics on page 110.

Finding the Midpoint of a Line Segment

y
Find the midpoint of the line segment joining the points
6 (−5, −3) and (9, 3).
(9, 3)
3 Solution Let (x1, y1) = (−5, −3) and (x2, y2) = (9, 3).
(2, 0) x1 + x2 y1 + y2
−6 −3 3 6 9
x Midpoint = ( 2
,
2 ) Midpoint Formula

−3
(−5, −3)
−6
Midpoint
= (−52+ 9, −32+ 3) Substitute for x1, y1, x2, and y2.

= (2, 0) Simplify.
Figure 1.7
The midpoint of the line segment is (2, 0), as shown in Figure 1.7.

Checkpoint Audio-video solution in English & Spanish at LarsonPrecalculus.com

Find the midpoint of the line segment joining the points

(−2, 8) and (4, −10).

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6 Chapter 1 Functions and Their Graphs

Applications

Finding the Length of a Pass

Football Pass A football quarterback throws a pass from the 28-yard line, 40 yards from the sideline.
A wide receiver catches the pass on the 5-yard line, 20 yards from the same sideline, as
35
shown in Figure 1.8. How long is the pass?
Distance (in yards)

30 (40, 28)
25 Solution The length of the pass is the distance between the points (40, 28) and (20, 5).
20
d = √(x2 − x1)2 + ( y2 − y1)2 Distance Formula
15
10 = √(40 − 20)2 + (28 − 5)2 Substitute for x1, y1, x2, and y2.
(20, 5)
5
= √202 + 232 Simplify.
5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 = √400 + 529 Simplify.
Distance (in yards)
= √929 Simplify.
Figure 1.8
≈ 30 Use a calculator.

So, the pass is about 30 yards long.

Checkpoint Audio-video solution in English & Spanish at LarsonPrecalculus.com

A football quarterback throws a pass from the 10-yard line, 10 yards from the sideline.
A wide receiver catches the pass on the 32-yard line, 25 yards from the same sideline.
How long is the pass?

In Example 6, the scale along the goal line does not normally appear on a football
field. However, when you use coordinate geometry to solve real-life problems, you are
free to place the coordinate system in any way that helps you solve the problem.

Estimating Annual Sales

Starbucks Corporation had annual sales of approximately $13.3 billion in 2012 and
$16.4 billion in 2014. Without knowing any additional information, what would you
Starbucks Corporation
estimate the 2013 sales to have been? (Source: Starbucks Corporation)
y Sales
Solution Assuming that sales followed a linear pattern, you can estimate the 2013
Sales (in billions of dollars)

17.0
(2014, 16.4) sales by finding the midpoint of the line segment connecting the points (2012, 13.3)
16.0 and (2014, 16.4).
(2013, 14.85) x1 + x2 y1 + y2
( )
15.0
Midpoint Midpoint = , Midpoint Formula
14.0 2 2
13.0 (2012, 13.3)
12.0
= (2012 +2 2014, 13.3 +2 16.4) Substitute for x1, x2, y1, and y2.

x
2012 2013 2014
= (2013, 14.85) Simplify.
Year So, you would estimate the 2013 sales to have been about $14.85 billion, as shown in
Figure 1.9 Figure 1.9. (The actual 2013 sales were about $14.89 billion.)

Checkpoint Audio-video solution in English & Spanish at LarsonPrecalculus.com

Yahoo! Inc. had annual revenues of approximately $5.0 billon in 2012 and $4.6 billion
in 2014. Without knowing any additional information, what would you estimate the
2013 revenue to have been? (Source: Yahoo! Inc.)

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 1.1 Rectangular Coordinates 7

Translating Points in the Plane

See LarsonPrecalculus.com for an interactive version of this type of example.
The triangle in Figure 1.10 has vertices at the points (−1, 2), (1, −2), and (2, 3). Shift
the triangle three units to the right and two units up and find the coordinates of the
vert
vertices of the shifted triangle shown in Figure 1.11.

y y

5 5
4 4
(2, 3) 3
(−1, 2)
2
1
Much of computer
x x
graphics, including this
graphics −2 −1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 −2 −1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
computer-generated tessellation,
consists of transformations of −2 (1, −2) −2
points in a coordinate plane.
Figure 1.10 Figure 1.11
Example 8 illustrates one type
of transformation called a
Solution To shift the vertices three units to the right, add 3 to each of the
translation. Other types include
reflections, rotations, and x-coordinates. To shift the vertices two units up, add 2 to each of the y-coordinates.
stretches. Original Point Translated Point
(−1, 2) (−1 + 3, 2 + 2) = (2, 4)
(1, −2) (1 + 3, −2 + 2) = (4, 0)
(2, 3) (2 + 3, 3 + 2) = (5, 5)

Checkpoint Audio-video solution in English & Spanish at LarsonPrecalculus.com

Find the coordinates of the vertices of the y

parallelogram shown after translating it two 7

units to the left and four units down. 6
(1, 4)
(3, 6)
5
4
3
2 (3, 2)
1
x
−1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
−2 (1, 0)

The figures in Example 8 were not really essential to the solution. Nevertheless,
you should develop the habit of including sketches with your solutions because they
serve as useful problem-solving tools.

Summarize (Section 1.1)

1. Describe the Cartesian plane (page 2). For examples of plotting points in the
Cartesian plane, see Examples 1 and 2.
2. State the Distance Formula (page 4). For examples of using the Distance
Formula to find the distance between two points, see Examples 3 and 4.
3. State the Midpoint Formula (page 5). For an example of using the Midpoint
Formula to find the midpoint of a line segment, see Example 5.
4. Describe examples of how to use a coordinate plane to model and solve
real-life problems (pages 6 and 7, Examples 6–8).

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8 Chapter 1 Functions and Their Graphs

1.1 Exercises See CalcChat.com for tutorial help and worked-out solutions to odd-numbered exercises.

Vocabulary: Fill in the blanks.

1. An ordered pair of real numbers can be represented in a plane called the rectangular coordinate system
or the ________ plane.
2. The x- and y-axes divide the coordinate plane into four ________.
3. The ________ ________ is derived from the Pythagorean Theorem.
4. Finding the average values of the respective coordinates of the two endpoints of a line segment in a
coordinate plane is also known as using the ________ ________.

Skills and Applications

Plotting Points in the Cartesian Plane 16. The table shows the lowest temperature on record y (in
In Exercises 5 and 6, plot the points. degrees Fahrenheit) in Duluth, Minnesota, for each month
x, where x = 1 represents January. (Source: NOAA)
5. (2, 4), (3, −1), (−6, 2), (−4, 0), (−1, −8), (1.5, −3.5)
Month, x Temperature, y
6. (1, −5), (−2, −7), (3, 3), (−2, 4), (0, 5), (23, 52 )
1 −39

Spreadsheet at LarsonPrecalculus.com
Finding the Coordinates of a Point In Exercises 7 2 −39
and 8, find the coordinates of the point. 3 −29
7. The point is three units to the left of the y-axis and four 4 −5
units above the x-axis. 5 17
8. The point is on the x-axis and 12 units to the left of the 6 27
y-axis. 7 35
8 32
Determining Quadrant(s) for a Point
9 22
In Exercises 9–14, determine the quadrant(s)
10 8
in which (x, y) could be located.
11 −23
9. x > 0 and y < 0 10. x < 0 and y < 0 12 −34
11. x = −4 and y > 0 12. x < 0 and y = 7
13. x + y = 0, x ≠ 0, y ≠ 0 14. xy > 0 Finding a Distance In Exercises 17–22,
find the distance between the points.
Sketching a Scatter Plot In Exercises
15 and 16, sketch a scatter plot of the data
17. (−2, 6), (3, −6) 18. (8, 5), (0, 20)
shown in the table.
19. (1, 4), (−5, −1) 20. (1, 3), (3, −2)
15. The table shows the number y of Wal-Mart stores
21. (12, 43 ), (2, −1) 22. (9.5, −2.6), (−3.9, 8.2)
for each year x from 2008 through 2014. (Source:
Wal-Mart Stores, Inc.) Verifying a Right Triangle In Exercises
23 and 24, (a) find the length of each side of
Year, x Number of Stores, y the right triangle, and (b) show that these
lengths satisfy the Pythagorean Theorem.
2008 7720
LarsonPrecalculus.com

2009 8416 23. y 24. y

2010 8970
Spreadsheet at

6
2011 10,130 (9, 4)
8 4
(13, 5)
2012 10,773
4 (1, 0) 2 (9, 1)
2013 10,942 x
x
2014 11,453 4 8 (13, 0) (−1, 1) 6 8

The symbol and a red exercise number indicates that a video solution can be seen at CalcView.com.

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 1.1 Rectangular Coordinates 9

Verifying a Polygon In Exercises 25–28, Translating Points in the Plane In Exercises 41–44,
show that the points form the vertices of the find the coordinates of the vertices of the polygon after
polygon. the given translation to a new position in the plane.
41. y 42. y
25. Right triangle: (4, 0), (2, 1), (−1, −5)
(− 3, 6) 7 (−1, 3)
26. Right triangle: (−1, 3), (3, 5), (5, 1)

3 units
5 units
4
5 6 units
27. Isosceles triangle: (1, −3), (3, 2), (−2, 4) (− 1, − 1)
x
28. Isosceles triangle: (2, 3), (4, 9), (−2, 7) −4 −2 2
x
2 units (−3, 0) 1 3
Plotting, Distance, and Midpoint In (− 2, −4) (2, −3) (− 5, 3)
Exercises 29–36, (a) plot the points, (b) find the
distance between the points, and (c) find the 43. Original coordinates of vertices: (−7, −2), (−2, 2),
midpoint of the line segment joining the points. (−2, −4), (−7, −4)
29. (6, −3), (6, 5) 30. (1, 4), (8, 4) Shift: eight units up, four units to the right
31. (1, 1), (9, 7) 32. (1, 12), (6, 0) 44. Original coordinates of vertices: (5, 8), (3, 6), (7, 6)
33. (−1, 2), (5, 4) 34. (2, 10), (10, 2) Shift: 6 units down, 10 units to the left
35. (−16.8, 12.3), (5.6, 4.9) 36. (12, 1), (− 52, 43 ) 45. Minimum Wage Use the graph below, which
37. Flying Distance shows the minimum wages in the United States (in
An airplane flies from dollars) from 1950 through 2015. (Source: U.S.
Naples, Italy, in a Department of Labor)
straight line to Rome,

Minimum wage (in dollars)

Italy, which is 8
120 kilometers north 7
6
and 150 kilometers
5
west of Naples. How 4
far does the plane fly? 3
2
1
38. Sports A soccer player passes the ball from a point
that is 18 yards from the endline and 12 yards from the 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010
sideline. A teammate who is 42 yards from the same Year
endline and 50 yards from the same sideline receives (a) Which decade shows the greatest increase in the
the pass. (See figure.) How long is the pass? minimum wage?
(b) Approximate the percent increases in the minimum
50 wage from 1985 to 2000 and from 2000 to 2015.
Distance (in yards)

(50, 42)
40
(c) Use the percent increase from 2000 to 2015 to
30 predict the minimum wage in 2030.
20 (d) Do you believe that your prediction in part (c) is
(12, 18)
10 reasonable? Explain.
46. Exam Scores The table shows the mathematics
10 20 30 40 50 60
entrance test scores x and the final examination scores
Distance (in yards)
y in an algebra course for a sample of 10 students.
39. Sales The Coca-Cola Company had sales of $35,123
million in 2010 and $45,998 million in 2014. Use the x 22 29 35 40 44 48 53 58 65 76
Midpoint Formula to estimate the sales in 2012. Assume y 53 74 57 66 79 90 76 93 83 99
that the sales followed a linear pattern. (Source: The
Coca-Cola Company)
(a) Sketch a scatter plot of the data.
40. Revenue per Share The revenue per share for
(b) Find the entrance test score of any student with a
Twitter, Inc. was $1.17 in 2013 and $3.25 in 2015. Use
final exam score in the 80s.
the Midpoint Formula to estimate the revenue per share
in 2014. Assume that the revenue per share followed a (c) Does a higher entrance test score imply a higher
linear pattern. (Source: Twitter, Inc.) final exam score? Explain.

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10 Chapter 1 Functions and Their Graphs

Exploration
58. HOW DO YOU SEE IT? Use the plot of
True or False? In Exercises 47–50, determine whether the point (x0, y0) in the figure. Match the
the statement is true or false. Justify your answer. transformation of the point with the correct
47. If the point (x, y) is in Quadrant II, then the point plot. Explain. [The plots are labeled (i), (ii),
(2x, −3y) is in Quadrant III. (iii), and (iv).]
48. To divide a line segment into 16 equal parts, you have y
to use the Midpoint Formula 16 times.
49. The points (−8, 4), (2, 11), and (−5, 1) represent the (x0 , y0 )
vertices of an isosceles triangle. x
50. If four points represent the vertices of a polygon, and
the four side lengths are equal, then the polygon must
be a square. y y
(i) (ii)
51. Think About It When plotting points on the
rectangular coordinate system, when should you use
different scales for the x- and y-axes? Explain. x x
52. Think About It What is the y-coordinate of any
point on the x-axis? What is the x-coordinate of any
point on the y-axis? y y
(iii) (iv)
53. Using the Midpoint Formula A line segment
has (x1, y1) as one endpoint and (xm, ym ) as its midpoint.
Find the other endpoint (x2, y2) of the line segment in
x x
terms of x1, y1, xm, and ym.
54. Using the Midpoint Formula Use the result of
Exercise 53 to find the endpoint (x2, y2) of each line
segment with the given endpoint (x1, y1) and midpoint (a) (x0, −y0) (b) (−2x0, y0)
(xm, ym). (c) ( x0, 12 y0 ) (d) (−x0, −y0)
(a) (x1, y1) = (1, −2)
(xm, ym) = (4, −1) 59. Collinear Points Three or more points are collinear
(b) (x1, y1) = (−5, 11) when they all lie on the same line. Use the steps below
(xm, ym) = (2, 4) to determine whether the set of points { A(2, 3), B(2, 6),
55. Using the Midpoint Formula Use the Midpoint C(6, 3)} and the set of points { A(8, 3), B(5, 2), C(2, 1)}
Formula three times to find the three points that divide are collinear.
the line segment joining (x1, y1) and (x2, y2) into four (a) For each set of points, use the Distance Formula
equal parts. to find the distances from A to B, from B to C, and
56. Using the Midpoint Formula Use the result from A to C. What relationship exists among these
of Exercise 55 to find the points that divide each line distances for each set of points?
segment joining the given points into four equal parts. (b) Plot each set of points in the Cartesian plane. Do
(a) (x1, y1) = (1, −2) all the points of either set appear to lie on the same
line?
(x2, y2) = (4, −1)
(c) Compare your conclusions from part (a) with the
(b) (x1, y1) = (−2, −3) conclusions you made from the graphs in part (b).
(x2, y2) = (0, 0) Make a general statement about how to use the
57. Proof Prove that the diagonals of the parallelogram Distance Formula to determine collinearity.
in the figure intersect at their midpoints. 60. Make a Conjecture
y (a) Use the result of Exercise 58(a) to make a conjecture
about the new location of a point when the sign of
(b, c) (a + b, c) the y-coordinate is changed.
(b) Use the result of Exercise 58(d) to make a conjecture
about the new location of a point when the signs of
x
(0, 0) (a, 0) both x- and y-coordinates are changed.

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