ENVIRONMENTAL COMMUNICATION
UNIT-1
TOPIC-1
Environment: Definition, Scope and Importance
1. Definition of Environment
The term environment refers to the surrounding conditions in which living organisms
exist and interact. It includes both natural and man-made components that influence life
on Earth.
Types of Environment:
1. Natural Environment: Includes air, water, land, flora, fauna, climate, and natural
resources.
2. Man-Made (Artificial) Environment: Includes buildings, roads, industries,
technology, and human activities.
2. Scope of Environment
The environment is a broad and interdisciplinary subject that covers various scientific,
social, and economic aspects.
A. Components of the Environment
1. Abiotic Components (Non-Living) – Air, water, soil, temperature, sunlight, and
minerals.
2. Biotic Components (Living) – Plants, animals, microorganisms, and humans.
B. Major Areas Covered in Environmental Studies
1. Ecology & Biodiversity – Study of ecosystems, food chains, and conservation of
species.
2. Climate Change & Global Warming – Impact of greenhouse gases and human
activities on climate.
3. Natural Resources Management – Sustainable use of forests, water, soil, and
minerals.
4. Pollution & Waste Management – Air, water, noise, and soil pollution control.
5. Environmental Laws & Policies – Regulations like The Environmental Protection
Act, 1986 (India) and global treaties like The Paris Agreement.
3. Importance of Environment
A. Supports Life
● Provides air, water, food, and shelter necessary for survival.
● Maintains biodiversity and natural ecosystems.
B. Regulates Climate & Natural Cycles
● The environment controls the carbon, nitrogen, and water cycles.
● Forests act as carbon sinks, helping to reduce global warming.
C. Provides Natural Resources
● Forests provide timber, oxygen, and medicinal plants.
● Rivers & Oceans support fisheries and provide drinking water.
D. Economic & Social Importance
● Agriculture, industries, and tourism depend on natural resources.
● A healthy environment improves quality of life and human well-being.
E. Need for Conservation
● Overpopulation and industrialization are leading to pollution, deforestation, and
climate change.
● Conservation practices like afforestation, recycling, and sustainable
development are essential.
4. Conclusion
The environment is essential for the existence and well-being of all living organisms.
Understanding its scope and importance helps in making sustainable choices to protect
nature for future generations.
TOPIC-2
Environment Communication: Definition, Concept and Need for Public
Awareness
1. Definition of Environmental Communication
Environmental communication refers to the exchange of information, ideas, and
messages about environmental issues between individuals, organizations, governments,
and the public. It includes news, media campaigns, educational programs, policies, and
community initiatives that aim to raise awareness and drive action towards sustainability
and environmental conservation.
2. Concept of Environmental Communication
Environmental communication is a multidisciplinary field that combines elements of
science, media, education, and activism to promote environmental awareness and action.
A. Key Aspects of Environmental Communication
1. Awareness & Education – Spreading knowledge about climate change, pollution,
biodiversity loss, and conservation.
2. Public Participation – Encouraging citizen involvement in environmental
decision-making and movements.
3. Policy Advocacy – Promoting eco-friendly policies through media, lobbying, and
campaigns.
4. Media & Journalism – Using TV, radio, newspapers, social media, and
documentaries to highlight environmental issues.
5. Corporate Responsibility – Encouraging industries to adopt sustainable and
eco-friendly practices.
B. Forms of Environmental Communication
1. Mass Media – TV, newspapers, radio, and social media campaigns (e.g., National
Geographic, Discovery Channel).
2. Government Initiatives – Awareness programs like Swachh Bharat Abhiyan and
National Green Tribunal (NGT).
3. Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) – Greenpeace, WWF, and local
environmental activists.
4. Community Engagement – Street plays, workshops, rallies, and eco-clubs in
schools.
3. Need for Public Awareness on Environmental Issues
Public awareness is crucial to protecting the environment and ensuring a sustainable
future.
A. Reasons Why Public Awareness is Important
1. Climate Change Mitigation – Understanding global warming, carbon footprint
reduction, and sustainable practices.
2. Pollution Control – Reducing air, water, and soil pollution through waste
management and eco-friendly lifestyles.
3. Conservation of Resources – Promoting responsible use of forests, water, and
energy.
4. Biodiversity Protection – Raising awareness about endangered species and
habitat preservation.
5. Health & Well-being – Encouraging eco-friendly habits to prevent diseases linked to
pollution and deforestation.
6. Sustainable Development – Balancing economic growth with environmental
protection.
4. Conclusion
Environmental communication is a powerful tool to educate, inspire, and mobilize people
toward protecting nature. Raising public awareness ensures that individuals, businesses,
and governments take responsibility for the environment, leading to a healthier and more
sustainable planet.
TOPIC-3
Natural Resources: Associated Problems and Law (Forest, Water,Mineral, Food,
Energy and Land Resources)
1. Introduction
Natural resources are the materials and components found in nature that are essential for
human survival and economic development. They include forests, water, minerals, food,
energy, and land resources. However, excessive exploitation of these resources leads to
environmental degradation, scarcity, and conflicts. Various laws and policies are
implemented to protect and manage natural resources sustainably.
2. Types of Natural Resources and Associated
Problems
A. Forest Resources
Problems:
● Deforestation due to agriculture, logging, and urbanization.
● Loss of biodiversity and wildlife habitats.
● Climate change due to reduced carbon absorption.
● Illegal logging and forest fires.
Laws for Forest Protection:
● Forest Conservation Act, 1980 (India) – Regulates the diversion of forest land for
non-forest purposes.
● Wildlife Protection Act, 1972 (India) – Protects endangered species and their
habitats.
● Indian Forest Act, 1927 – Regulates forest management and exploitation.
B. Water Resources
Problems:
● Water scarcity and pollution.
● Over-extraction of groundwater.
● Contamination from industrial waste and sewage.
● Conflicts over shared water bodies.
Laws for Water Protection:
● Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974 (India) – Regulates water
pollution and promotes clean water bodies.
● Environment Protection Act, 1986 – Protects water sources from pollution.
● Groundwater Management Act (State-specific) – Regulates groundwater usage in
various states.
C. Mineral Resources
Problems:
● Over-extraction and depletion of resources.
● Land degradation and deforestation due to mining.
● Pollution of soil, water, and air.
● Displacement of local communities.
Laws for Mineral Protection:
● Mines and Minerals (Development and Regulation) Act, 1957 (India) – Governs
mineral exploration and mining activities.
● Environmental Protection Act, 1986 – Regulates mining operations and their
impact on the environment.
● Forest Conservation Act, 1980 – Prevents mining in protected forest areas without
permission.
D. Food Resources
Problems:
● Soil erosion and loss of fertility.
● Overuse of fertilizers and pesticides.
● Food wastage and unequal distribution.
● Genetically modified crops affecting biodiversity.
Laws for Food Protection:
● Essential Commodities Act, 1955 (India) – Controls the production and supply of
essential food items.
● Food Safety and Standards Act, 2006 – Ensures food quality and safety.
● National Food Security Act, 2013 – Provides subsidized food grains to the poor.
E. Energy Resources
Problems:
● Over-dependence on fossil fuels.
● Air pollution and greenhouse gas emissions.
● Depletion of non-renewable energy sources.
● Energy crises in developing countries.
Laws for Energy Protection:
● Energy Conservation Act, 2001 – Promotes energy efficiency and conservation.
● Electricity Act, 2003 – Regulates the generation and distribution of electricity.
● Renewable Energy Development Policies – Encourages solar, wind, and other
renewable energy projects.
F. Land Resources
Problems:
● Soil erosion and desertification.
● Urbanization and loss of agricultural land.
● Land pollution due to industrial and household waste.
● Conflicts over land ownership.
Laws for Land Protection:
● Land Acquisition Act, 2013 (Right to Fair Compensation and Transparency) –
Regulates land acquisition for development projects.
● Environment Protection Act, 1986 – Prevents land degradation from industrial
pollution.
● The Indian Soil Conservation Act – Promotes soil conservation practices.
3. Conclusion
Natural resources are the foundation of life and development, but their overuse and
mismanagement pose serious threats to the environment. Effective laws, policies, and
sustainable practices are essential to protect these resources for future generations. Public
awareness and global cooperation are equally important to ensure the conservation and
equitable distribution of natural resources.
TOPIC-4
Role of Individual and Media in Conservation of Natural Resources
1. Introduction
Natural resources such as forests, water, minerals, food, energy, and land are essential
for human survival and economic growth. However, deforestation, pollution,
overconsumption, and climate change are depleting these resources at an alarming rate.
Conservation efforts require active participation from individuals and media to spread
awareness and drive action toward sustainable resource management.
2. Role of Individuals in Conservation of Natural
Resources
Every individual plays a crucial role in protecting and conserving natural resources through
sustainable practices, responsible consumption, and environmental advocacy.
A. Water Conservation
Use water-efficient appliances (low-flow taps, rainwater harvesting).
Fix leaks and avoid unnecessary wastage.
Practice rainwater harvesting and groundwater recharge.
B. Forest & Biodiversity Conservation
Plant trees and support afforestation programs.
Avoid illegal logging and promote sustainable wood use.
Participate in wildlife conservation initiatives.
C. Energy Conservation
Use renewable energy sources like solar and wind.
Turn off electrical appliances when not in use.
Reduce fuel consumption by using public transport, carpooling, and cycling.
D. Waste Management & Pollution Control
Reduce, Reuse, Recycle (3Rs) to minimize waste.
Avoid plastic use and switch to eco-friendly products.
Properly dispose of hazardous waste (batteries, e-waste).
E. Sustainable Food & Land Use
Support organic farming and locally grown food.
Reduce food wastage.
Practice composting to maintain soil fertility.
F. Environmental Advocacy & Awareness
Participate in environmental movements (Earth Hour, Clean India Campaign).
Educate others on sustainable practices.
Volunteer for environmental NGOs and initiatives.
3. Role of Media in Conservation of Natural Resources
Media is a powerful tool in spreading awareness, influencing public opinion, and promoting
sustainable practices. It plays a key role in environmental journalism, campaigns, and
policy advocacy.
A. Environmental Journalism & News Coverage
Investigative reports on climate change, deforestation, and pollution.
Coverage of environmental disasters and policies to inform the public.
Exposing industries that violate environmental laws.
B. Social Media & Digital Campaigns
Viral campaigns like #SaveTheEarth, #BeatPlasticPollution spread awareness.
Influencers and activists promote sustainable living.
Online petitions and fundraising for conservation projects.
C. TV, Films, & Documentaries
National Geographic, Discovery Channel, and BBC produce educational programs.
Movies like The Day After Tomorrow and An Inconvenient Truth highlight environmental
issues.
D. Public Service Announcements & Advertisements
Government and NGOs use TV, radio, and print media for awareness campaigns.
Campaigns like “Swachh Bharat Abhiyan” (Clean India Mission) promote cleanliness and
sustainability.
E. Encouraging Policy Change & Activism
Media pressures governments and industries to implement eco-friendly policies.
Platforms like The Guardian’s “Keep it in the Ground” campaign push for climate action.
4. Conclusion
Both individuals and media play a vital role in the conservation of natural resources.
While individuals can take small but impactful steps, the media amplifies these efforts to
create mass awareness and drive policy change. Sustainable development is possible
only when citizens, media, governments, and industries work together to protect the
environment.
UNIT-2
TOPIC-1
Ecosystem: Concept, Structure and Functions
1. Concept of Ecosystem
An ecosystem is a self-sustaining unit of living organisms (biotic components)
interacting with non-living components (abiotic components) in a specific environment. It
includes plants, animals, microorganisms, soil, water, and climate, all functioning together in
a delicate balance.
Key Features of an Ecosystem:
Interdependence – Organisms depend on each other and their environment for survival.
Energy Flow – Energy flows through food chains and food webs.
Nutrient Cycling – Essential elements like carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus circulate
within the ecosystem.
Self-Sustainability – Most ecosystems maintain balance unless disturbed by external
forces.
2. Structure of an Ecosystem
The structure of an ecosystem consists of biotic (living) and abiotic (non-living)
components.
A. Biotic Components (Living Organisms)
1. Producers (Autotrophs) – Green plants, algae, and some bacteria that perform
photosynthesis.
2. Consumers (Heterotrophs) –
○ Primary Consumers (Herbivores) – Deer, cows, rabbits (eat plants).
○ Secondary Consumers (Carnivores) – Frogs, foxes (eat herbivores).
○ Tertiary Consumers (Top Predators) – Lions, eagles (eat other carnivores).
3. Decomposers (Detritivores) – Fungi, bacteria, earthworms that break down dead
organic matter and recycle nutrients.
B. Abiotic Components (Non-Living Elements)
● Climate Factors: Temperature, sunlight, rainfall, wind.
● Soil and Minerals: Nutrient content, pH, moisture.
● Water Bodies: Rivers, lakes, oceans.
● Atmosphere: Oxygen, carbon dioxide, nitrogen.
C. Trophic Levels and Food Chain
● Producers → Primary Consumers → Secondary Consumers → Tertiary
Consumers
● Energy flow follows the 10% rule (only 10% of energy transfers to the next level).
3. Functions of an Ecosystem
A. Energy Flow
● Sunlight is the primary source of energy.
● Energy is transferred through food chains and food webs.
B. Biogeochemical Cycles
● Carbon Cycle – Exchange of carbon between organisms and the atmosphere.
● Nitrogen Cycle – Conversion of nitrogen into usable forms for plants.
● Water Cycle – Movement of water through evaporation, condensation, and
precipitation.
C. Ecological Balance & Biodiversity
● Supports species diversity and population stability.
● Prevents overpopulation and resource depletion.
D. Waste Decomposition & Nutrient Recycling
● Decomposers break down organic matter, enriching the soil.
● Ensures the continuous availability of essential nutrients.
E. Regulation of Climate & Air Quality
● Forests absorb CO₂, reducing global warming.
● Wetlands act as natural filters for pollutants.
4. Conclusion
Ecosystems are complex yet balanced systems that sustain life on Earth. Understanding
their structure and functions is essential for conservation and sustainable development.
Protecting ecosystems ensures a healthy environment and future for all living beings.
TOPIC-2
Ecological Succession: Types and Stages
1. Introduction
Ecological succession is the gradual process of change in the structure and composition
of an ecosystem over time. It occurs when one group of species replaces another in
response to environmental changes, leading to the development of a stable ecosystem.
Key Features of Ecological Succession:
● Natural and continuous process.
● Results in biodiversity changes over time.
● Leads to a climax community (a stable and mature ecosystem).
2. Types of Ecological Succession
Ecological succession is classified into two main types:
A. Primary Succession (Starting from Scratch)
● Occurs in lifeless areas where no ecosystem previously existed.
● Starts on bare rocks, lava, sand dunes, or glaciers.
● Pioneer species like lichens and mosses initiate the process.
Examples:
● Formation of new land from volcanic eruptions.
● Recolonization of a glacier-covered area after melting.
B. Secondary Succession (Recovery After Disturbance)
● Occurs in areas where an ecosystem previously existed but was disturbed.
● Happens after fires, floods, human activities (deforestation, agriculture), or
storms.
● Soil is already present, making succession faster than primary succession.
Examples:
● Regrowth of a forest after a wildfire.
● Restoration of abandoned farmlands.
3. Stages of Ecological Succession
Ecological succession occurs in four major stages:
1️ Pioneer Stage (Bare Land Stage)
● Begins with pioneer species (lichens, mosses, and microbes) that can survive in
harsh conditions.
● They break down rocks into soil, making it suitable for other species.
2️ Colonization Stage (Early Succession)
● Small plants, grasses, and fungi begin to grow in the developing soil.
● These plants add organic matter, improving soil quality.
3️ Establishment Stage (Mid Succession)
● Larger plants like shrubs, bushes, and small trees appear.
● More animals and insects start inhabiting the area.
● Competition increases for sunlight, water, and nutrients.
4️ Climax Community Stage (Final Stage)
● A stable and mature ecosystem is established.
● Large trees, diverse plant life, and a balanced ecosystem form.
● The community remains stable unless disturbed by external factors.
Example of Climax Community:
A dense tropical rainforest or a mature grassland that remains unchanged for centuries.
4. Importance of Ecological Succession
🔹 Restores damaged ecosystems (e.g., forests regrowing after wildfires).
🔹 Maintains biodiversity by allowing new species to establish.
🔹 Regulates nutrient cycling and improves soil fertility.
🔹 Balances ecosystems after natural or human disturbances.
5. Conclusion
Ecological succession is a natural process of ecosystem development and recovery. It
ensures stability, biodiversity, and sustainability over time. Understanding succession
helps in environmental conservation and restoration efforts.
TOPIC-3
Biodiversity: Definition and Concept a. Threats to Biodiversity (Global, National
& Local): Habitat Loss, Poaching of Wildlife, Man-wildlife conflicts b.
Endangered and Endemic Species of India
1. Definition of Biodiversity
Biodiversity (Biological Diversity) refers to the variety of life found on Earth, including
different species of plants, animals, microorganisms, and their ecosystems. It is the
foundation of ecosystem stability, food security, and environmental sustainability.
Levels of Biodiversity:
1. Genetic Diversity – Variation of genes within a species (e.g., different varieties of
rice).
2. Species Diversity – Variety of species in an ecosystem (e.g., tigers, elephants, and
birds in a forest).
3. Ecosystem Diversity – Different types of ecosystems (e.g., forests, grasslands,
wetlands, marine ecosystems).
Importance of Biodiversity:
● Supports ecosystem services (pollination, oxygen production, water purification).
● Provides food, medicine, and raw materials.
● Maintains climate balance and ecological stability.
2. Threats to Biodiversity
Biodiversity is under severe threat due to human activities and natural factors.
A. Global Threats to Biodiversity
1. Deforestation and Habitat Loss – Urbanization, agriculture, and industrialization
destroy natural habitats.
2. Climate Change – Rising temperatures and extreme weather affect species survival.
3. Pollution – Air, water, and soil pollution harm ecosystems.
4. Overexploitation of Resources – Overfishing, excessive hunting, and logging lead
to species decline.
5. Introduction of Invasive Species – Non-native species outcompete local species
(e.g., water hyacinth in Indian lakes).
B. National Threats to Biodiversity (India) 🇮🇳
1. Illegal Wildlife Trade & Poaching – Hunting of tigers, elephants, rhinos for
commercial purposes.
2. Forest Degradation – Clearing of forests for infrastructure projects, mining, and
agriculture.
3. Human-Wildlife Conflicts – Increased encounters between humans and animals
due to habitat loss.
4. Pollution of Rivers & Wetlands – Industrial waste and plastic pollution affecting
aquatic biodiversity.
C. Local Threats to Biodiversity
1. Destruction of Local Ecosystems – Overgrazing, unplanned tourism, and
encroachments.
2. Use of Pesticides & Chemical Fertilizers – Reducing soil biodiversity and killing
pollinators.
3. Encroachment on Forest Land – Expanding human settlements into wildlife areas.
3. Endangered and Endemic Species of
India
A. Endangered Species of India (Critically at Risk)
These species are on the verge of extinction due to habitat loss and human activities.
Species Habitat Threats
Royal Bengal Tiger Sundarbans, Bengal, MP Poaching, habitat loss
Asiatic Lion Gir Forest, Gujarat Habitat fragmentation
One-Horned Rhino Assam (Kaziranga) Poaching, habitat destruction
Snow Leopard Himalayas Climate change, poaching
Indian Elephant North & South India Poaching, habitat
encroachment
Ganges River Dolphin Ganga-Brahmaputra Water pollution, fishing nets
Rivers
B. Endemic Species of India (Found Nowhere Else) 🇮🇳
Endemic species are native and restricted to a specific region.
Species Habitat
Lion-tailed Macaque Western Ghats
Nilgiri Tahr Western Ghats
Malabar Civet Western Ghats
Purple Frog Kerala, Tamil Nadu
Nicobar Pigeon Nicobar Islands
Andaman Wild Pig Andaman & Nicobar Islands
4. Conservation Efforts in India 🇮🇳
Protected Areas: National Parks, Wildlife Sanctuaries, Biosphere Reserves (e.g., Jim
Corbett, Kaziranga).
Project Tiger (1973), Project Elephant (1992), Crocodile Conservation Project (1975).
Wildlife Protection Act (1972) – Provides legal protection to endangered species.
Eco-sensitive Zones – Areas around wildlife sanctuaries regulated for conservation.
5. Conclusion
Biodiversity is essential for ecological balance and human well-being. However, it is
threatened by habitat destruction, climate change, and poaching. Conservation efforts
like protected areas, wildlife laws, and community participation are necessary to
preserve India’s rich biodiversity for future generations.
TOPIC-4
Role of Multi- Media in Sensitising Masses towards Ecosystem
1. Introduction
Multimedia plays a vital role in creating awareness, educating the public, and influencing
behavior towards ecosystem conservation. Through digital platforms, television, films,
social media, and interactive content, multimedia can engage, inform, and inspire
people to take action for environmental protection.
Why Multimedia?
● Reaches a vast audience (TV, social media, mobile apps).
● Simplifies complex ecological concepts using visuals.
● Creates emotional connections through storytelling.
● Encourages activism and policy changes.
2. Types of Multimedia Used for Ecosystem Awareness
A. Television & Documentaries
● Channels like National Geographic, Discovery, BBC Earth showcase
environmental issues.
● Documentaries such as Our Planet, The Inconvenient Truth, and Before the Flood
educate viewers on climate change and ecosystem degradation.
Impact:
Raises awareness about endangered species and habitat destruction.
Motivates global action on climate change and conservation.
B. Social Media & Digital Campaigns
● Platforms like Instagram, Facebook, Twitter, YouTube spread viral messages.
● Hashtags like #SaveTheEarth, #BeatPlasticPollution, #GoGreen mobilize
communities.
● Influencers and eco-bloggers promote sustainable living.
Impact:
Rapid information sharing & youth engagement.
Encourages participation in clean-up drives & tree plantations.
C. Films, Animation & Virtual Reality
● Movies like Avatar, Wall-E, Okja, and The Lorax depict environmental destruction.
● Animated videos & VR experiences create immersive learning about climate
change.
Impact:
Emotional storytelling connects people with environmental issues.
Creates long-lasting behavioral changes.
D. Print Media & Advertisements
● Newspapers, magazines (e.g., Down to Earth, The Hindu’s environmental section).
● Billboards, posters, and eco-friendly packaging promote green messages.
Impact:
Informs about environmental policies and sustainability practices.
Encourages eco-conscious consumer choices.
E. Interactive Websites & Educational Apps
● Websites like WWF, UNEP, and NASA Climate Change provide real-time
environmental data.
● Apps like iNaturalist, Earth Hero, and Ecosia help users track their carbon footprint
and support green initiatives.
Impact:
Encourages citizen science & active participation.
Provides real-time environmental data for informed decision-making.
3. Success Stories of Multimedia in Ecosystem
Conservation
🔹 UNEP’s #CleanSeas Campaign – Led to 60+ countries banning plastic.
🔹 BBC’s Blue Planet II – Influenced policies against ocean plastic waste.
🔹 India’s Swachh Bharat Abhiyan Ads – Promoted cleanliness and waste management.
4. Conclusion
Multimedia is a powerful tool for educating, influencing, and mobilizing people toward
ecosystem conservation. By leveraging TV, social media, films, and digital campaigns,
we can create a more environmentally responsible society and ensure a sustainable
future.
