COMSATS University Islamabad

HUM 111 – Pakistan Studies

Spring 2024
Assignment # 2

Assignment Task
Discuss the significance of Pakistan's natural resources in shaping its economy and
development. Identify key resources such as fisheries, forests, and minerals, and analyse
their economic contributions and environmental implications. [10 Marks]

Pakistan is blessed with rich and diverse natural resources, ranging from
mineral reserves to agricultural land, water bodies, fisheries, and forests.
These resources have played a crucial role in shaping the country’s economy
and ensuring its development since its conception in 1947. From the vast coal
reserves in Thar to the fertile agricultural lands of Punjab and Sindh, from the
mighty rivers of the Indus Basin to the diverse forests of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
and Baluchistan, Pakistan's natural wealth is the cornerstone of its economic
prosperity and sustainable development. However, the conservation of these
natural resources has been quite challenging for the country, especially given
its renowned depleting political and administrative status. As such, their
future prospects remain uncertain, and the state of Pakistan remains in the
same jeopardy as the rest of this depleting planet. But, anyhow, let’s look at
some of these resources in detail, particularly focusing on minerals/energy
resources, agricultural resources, water and fisheries, and forests/wildlife.

1.0. Mineral Resources:

Pakistan is blessed with abundant mineral resources, which have played a
significant role in shaping its economy and development. From coal and oil to
precious metals and gemstones, Pakistan's diverse range of mineral reserves
offers immense potential for economic growth, industrial development, and
poverty alleviation.
Coal Reserves: Pakistan possesses large coal reserves, estimated at over 185
billion tons, primarily located in the Thar Desert. Thar coal reserves are one of
the largest untapped coal reserves globally and are expected to fuel power
generation and industrial development in the country. The development of
Thar coal reserves has the potential to transform Pakistan's energy landscape,
reduce dependence on imported fuels, and stimulate economic growth.
Natural Gas and Oil: Pakistan is also endowed with significant natural gas and
oil reserves, particularly in the provinces of Sindh and Baluchistan. The Sui gas
field in Baluchistan is one of the largest natural gas fields in Pakistan,
contributing significantly to domestic energy supply. In recent years, Pakistan
has made efforts to explore offshore oil and gas reserves in the Arabian Sea,
aiming to increase domestic production and reduce reliance on imports.
Mineral Deposits: Apart from coal, natural gas, and oil, Pakistan boasts a wide
range of mineral deposits, including copper, gold, iron, chromite, gypsum,
limestone, and salt. The Reko Diq copper-gold project in Baluchistan is one of
the largest undeveloped copper and gold deposits in the world, with estimated
reserves of over 5.9 billion tons. The development of Reko Diq and other
mineral deposits has the potential to attract significant foreign investment,
create employment opportunities, and stimulate economic growth.
Gemstones and Precious Metals: Pakistan is also renowned for its rich deposits
of gemstones and precious metals, including ruby, emerald, topaz,
aquamarine, and tourmaline. The northern regions of Pakistan, particularly
Gilgit-Baltistan and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, are known for their gemstone
deposits. The mining and export of gemstones and precious metals contribute
to foreign exchange earnings and support the livelihoods of thousands of
people involved in the gemstone industry.

1.1. Significance in Shaping Pakistan's Economy and

Development:
Contribution to GDP: The mining sector contributes approximately 2.8% to
Pakistan's GDP, providing employment to over 300,000 people directly and
indirectly. With the development of large-scale mining projects such as Thar
coal and Reko Diq, the contribution of the mining sector to Pakistan's GDP is
expected to increase significantly in the coming years.
Source of Foreign Exchange: The mining sector is a significant source of
foreign exchange earnings for Pakistan through the export of minerals,
gemstones, and precious metals. The development of large-scale mining
projects has the potential to attract significant foreign investment and
generate substantial export revenues for the country.
Industrial Development: The development of mineral resources is essential for
industrial development and value addition in Pakistan. The availability of coal,
natural gas, and other minerals provides raw materials for various industries,
including power generation, steel, cement, and fertilizer. The development of
mineral-based industries not only creates employment opportunities but also
stimulates economic growth and development.
Energy Security: The development of coal and other mineral resources is
essential for energy security in Pakistan. With the growing energy demand,
particularly in the industrial and residential sectors, the exploitation of coal
reserves in Thar and other regions is crucial for meeting domestic energy
needs, reducing dependence on imported fuels, and ensuring energy security.
Infrastructure Development: The development of mineral resources requires
significant investment in infrastructure, including roads, railways, ports, and
power plants. The construction of infrastructure not only supports mining
operations but also stimulates economic activity and creates employment
opportunities in the construction sector.

1.2. Challenges and Future Prospects:

Policy and Regulatory Framework: Pakistan needs to develop a conducive
policy and regulatory framework to attract investment in the mining sector.
The lack of clear policies, bureaucratic hurdles, and security concerns have
deterred investment in large-scale mining projects.
Infrastructure and Logistics: The lack of infrastructure, including roads,
railways, and ports, poses a significant challenge to mining operations in
remote and underdeveloped areas. Pakistan needs to invest in infrastructure
development to facilitate the transportation of minerals from mining sites to
industrial centres and export terminals.
Investment in Technology and Skills: Pakistan needs to invest in technology
and skills development to improve the efficiency and productivity of its mining
sector. The adoption of modern mining techniques, equipment, and practices is
essential for maximizing the extraction of mineral resources and minimizing
environmental impact.
Environmental and Social Impact: The mining sector can have significant
environmental and social impacts, including deforestation, land degradation,
water pollution, and displacement of local communities. Pakistan needs to
develop and enforce strict environmental and social regulations to mitigate the
adverse impacts of mining operations and ensure sustainable development.

2.0. Agricultural Resources:

Pakistan is known for having agrarian economy, as it is richly bestowed with a
variety of agricultural resources, which have played a major role in shaping the
country’s economy and fostering its development. These vast and diverse
resources have not only provided sustenance but also contributed to economic
growth, employment generation, and foreign exchange earnings.
Land Resources: One of Pakistan's most significant agricultural assets is its
diverse topography that facilitates a wide range of land resources. The country
has a variety of agro-climatic zones, providing suitable conditions for a wide
range of crops. Arable land constitutes approximately 25% of the total land
area, with Punjab and Sindh being the major contributors. The different types
of land, including arable land, permanent crops, and pastures, allow for the
cultivation of various crops, thus ensuring agricultural diversity.
Crops: Pakistan is renowned for its production of various crops, including
wheat, rice, sugarcane, cotton, maize, and fruits. Wheat and rice are staple
crops, forming the dietary backbone of the population. Additionally, cotton is a
major cash crop, serving as a significant raw material for the country's textile
industry. Sugarcane, another important cash crop, is used for sugar and
ethanol production, contributing to both domestic consumption and export.
Livestock: Livestock farming is also an integral part of Pakistan's agriculture
sector. The country has a substantial livestock population, including cattle,
buffaloes, sheep, and goats. Livestock not only provides a source of meat,
milk, and hides but also supports the rural economy by generating
employment and income for millions of people.

2.1. Significance in Shaping Pakistan's Economy and

Development:
 Agriculture contributes approximately 20% to Pakistan's GDP and
employs nearly half of the country's labour force directly or indirectly.
 The agriculture sector is a significant source of foreign exchange
earnings for Pakistan through the export of various agricultural
products. Cash crops such as cotton, rice, and fruits generate billions of
dollars in export revenue annually.
 It ensures food security for the country by producing staple crops such
as wheat and rice. The sector plays a vital role in ensuring food
availability for the growing population.
 The agriculture sector is the mainstay of rural livelihoods in Pakistan,
providing employment opportunities and income for the rural
population. It contributes to poverty alleviation and rural development.
 The agriculture sector serves as a raw material supplier to various
industries, especially the textile industry. Cotton, a major cash crop, is
used as a raw material in the textile sector, which is the backbone of
Pakistan's industrial base.
 The agriculture sector has attracted foreign investment in recent years,
particularly in areas such as agribusiness, livestock farming, and food
processing. Foreign investment has helped modernize the agriculture
sector and improve productivity.

2.2. Challenges and Future Prospects:

Despite its significance, the agriculture sector in Pakistan faces several
challenges that need to be addressed to ensure sustainable growth and
development.
Land Degradation: Land degradation due to soil erosion, salinity, and
waterlogging is a significant challenge. Soil conservation measures and
reclamation of degraded land are essential for maintaining agricultural
productivity.
Technology Adoption: The adoption of modern agricultural practices, including
the use of high-yielding varieties, efficient irrigation techniques, and
mechanization, is necessary to improve productivity. Investing in agricultural
research and extension services is crucial for technology transfer to farmers.
Market Access: Improving market access for farmers, particularly smallholders,
is essential for increasing their income. Developing infrastructure for storage,
transportation, and market linkages will help farmers access markets more
efficiently.
Climate Change Resilience: Climate change poses a significant threat to
agriculture in Pakistan, with increased temperatures, changing rainfall
patterns, and extreme weather events. Developing climate-resilient agriculture
practices and promoting drought and heat-tolerant crop varieties is essential.

3.0. Water Resources:

Pakistan is blessed with a network of rivers, including the Indus River and its
tributaries, which form one of the largest river systems in the world. The Indus
Basin Irrigation System, comprising canals, barrages, and dams, facilitates
irrigation and supports agricultural production in the country. The major rivers
in Pakistan include the Indus, Jhelum, Chenab, Ravi, and Sutlej, which originate
from the Himalayas and provide water for agriculture, industry, and domestic
use.

3.1. Importance of Water Resources:

3.1.1. Agricultural Production:
 Water from the Indus River system is the lifeline of Pakistan's
agriculture sector, providing irrigation water for crops such as wheat,
rice, cotton, sugarcane, and fruits.
 Agriculture is the largest consumer of water in Pakistan, accounting
for over 90% of total water withdrawals.
3.1.2. Hydropower Generation:
 Pakistan has significant hydropower potential, with several large
dams and hydroelectric power stations along its rivers.
 Hydropower contributes to the country's energy mix and helps meet
its electricity demand, particularly during peak hours.
3.1.3. Domestic and Industrial Use:
 Water from rivers, reservoirs, and groundwater sources is used for
domestic, industrial, and municipal purposes.
 Urban centres such as Karachi, Lahore, and Islamabad rely on water
from rivers and reservoirs for drinking water supply.
3.1.4. Ecosystem Services:
 Water resources support diverse ecosystems, including wetlands,
rivers, lakes, and mangroves, which provide habitat for wildlife and
support biodiversity.
 Wetlands such as the Indus Delta and Hingol National Park are
important for migratory birds and marine life.

3.2. Challenges Facing Water Resources:

3.2.1. Water Scarcity:
 Pakistan faces water scarcity due to factors such as population
growth, urbanization, industrialization, and climate change.
 Inefficient water management practices, water wastage, and
pollution exacerbate water scarcity in the country.
3.2.2. Water Pollution:
 Water pollution from industrial effluents, agricultural runoff, and
municipal waste threatens water quality and aquatic ecosystems.
 Contaminated water poses health risks to humans and aquatic life
and affects water availability for agriculture and domestic use.

4.0. Fisheries in Pakistan:

4.1. Types of Fisheries:
4.1.1. Marine Fisheries:
 Pakistan's marine fisheries sector is one of the most important in the
country, with a variety of commercially important fish species.
 Major marine fish species include pomfret, tuna, shrimp, prawns,
mackerel, and sardines.
 4.1.2. Inland Fisheries:
 In addition to marine fisheries, Pakistan has inland fisheries in rivers,
lakes, reservoirs, and canals.
 Inland fish species include carp, catfish, trout, mahseer, and tilapia,
which support both subsistence and commercial fisheries.

4.2. Importance of Fisheries:

4.2.1. Food Security:
 Fisheries contribute to food security and nutrition by providing a
source of protein, vitamins, and minerals to millions of people.
 Fish is an important part of the diet in coastal communities and
inland areas, particularly for low-income households.
4.2.2. Employment Generation:
 The fisheries sector provides employment and livelihoods to millions
of people, including fishermen, fish farmers, processors, traders, and
exporters.
 Coastal communities rely on fisheries for income, employment, and
socio-economic development.
4.2.3. Export Earnings:
 Pakistan exports a variety of fish and seafood products to
international markets, earning foreign exchange for the country.
 Major export products include shrimp, prawns, fish fillets, and canned
fish, which are exported to countries in Asia, Europe, and the Middle
East.

4.3. Challenges Facing Fisheries:

 Overfishing and Illegal Fishing:
 Overfishing, illegal fishing practices, and destructive fishing
methods threaten the sustainability of fish stocks and marine
ecosystems.
 Measures such as fisheries management, regulation, and
enforcement are needed to prevent overfishing and protect
marine biodiversity.
 Pollution and Habitat Degradation:
 Pollution from industrial waste, agricultural runoff, and coastal
development threatens marine habitats and ecosystems.
 Habitat degradation, including coral reef destruction, mangrove
deforestation, and wetland conversion, affects fish breeding
grounds and marine biodiversity.
 Climate Change Impacts:
 Climate change affects marine ecosystems, fish migration
patterns, and ocean temperatures, impacting fish stocks and
fisheries.
 Rising sea levels, ocean acidification, and changes in ocean
currents affect fish habitats and productivity, posing challenges to
fisheries management and sustainability.

5.0. Forests in Pakistan:

Pakistan happens to have diverse forest resources, ranging from coniferous
forests in the north to mangrove forests along the coast. These forests play a
crucial role in supporting biodiversity, regulating climate, conserving water
resources, and providing livelihoods to millions of people. The forests in
Pakistan are not only valuable from an ecological perspective but also hold
significant economic importance, contributing to the country's economy and
development.

5.1. Types of Forests:

5.1.1. Coniferous Forests: Located in the northern regions of
Pakistan, particularly in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and Gilgit-
 Baltistan, these forests are dominated by coniferous trees
such as pine, cedar, and spruce. The coniferous forests are
vital for biodiversity conservation and watershed
management in the mountainous regions.
5.1.2. Deciduous Forests: Found in the foothills of northern
Pakistan and parts of Punjab and Sindh, deciduous forests
are characterized by trees that shed their leaves seasonally.
Species such as oak, maple, and walnut are common in
these forests, which support a diverse range of wildlife and
provide valuable timber and non-timber forest products.
5.1.3. Mangrove Forests: Along the coast of Sindh and
Baluchistan, mangrove forests play a crucial role in
protecting coastal areas from erosion, mitigating the impact
of storms and tsunamis, and providing habitat for marine
life. The Sundarbans, located in the delta region of the
Indus River, is one of the largest mangrove forests in the
world.

5.2. Significance in Pakistan's Economy and Development:

 Wood and Timber Production: Forests in Pakistan provide valuable
timber for construction, furniture making, and paper production. Timber
from coniferous and deciduous forests is used in various industries,
contributing to economic growth and development.
 Non-Timber Forest Products: In addition to timber, forests in Pakistan
provide a wide range of non-timber forest products, including medicinal
plants, herbs, fruits, nuts, and honey. These products are an important
source of income for forest-dependent communities and contribute to
rural livelihoods and poverty alleviation.
 Biodiversity Conservation: Forests in Pakistan are rich in biodiversity,
supporting a diverse range of plant and animal species. The forests
provide habitat for endangered species such as the snow leopard,
markhor, and Indus river dolphin, contributing to biodiversity
conservation and ecosystem stability.
 Climate Change: Forests are important carbon sinks, absorbing carbon
dioxide from the atmosphere and helping mitigate climate change. By
sequestering carbon, forests play a vital role in reducing greenhouse gas
emissions and mitigating the impacts of climate change.
 Tourism and Recreation: Forests in Pakistan attract tourists and nature
enthusiasts from around the world, contributing to the country's tourism
industry. Eco-tourism activities such as hiking, camping, and wildlife
watching generate revenue and create employment opportunities for
local communities.
 Rural Livelihoods: Forests provide valuable resources and ecosystem
services to millions of people living in and around forested areas. Forest-
dependent communities rely on forests for fuelwood, fodder, food, and
other forest products, which constitute a significant portion of their
livelihoods.

5.3. Challenges:
Deforestation and Degradation: Despite their importance, forests in Pakistan
are facing threats from deforestation, illegal logging, land encroachment, and
forest fires. Deforestation and degradation of forests have led to loss of
biodiversity, soil erosion, loss of habitat, and decline in ecosystem services.
Weak Enforcement: Weak enforcement of forest laws and regulations,
inadequate monitoring and surveillance, and corruption have contributed to
illegal logging and forest degradation. Strengthening forest governance and
law enforcement is essential for sustainable forest management and
conservation.