In-Depth Summary of VR-01: Introduction

1. Mixed Reality (MR) and the Reality-Virtuality Continuum

 Definition:
o MR blends physical and virtual elements and spans the reality-virtuality
continuum. (RV Continuum)
o This continuum includes:
 Augmented Reality (AR): Virtual objects overlaid on the real world.
 Augmented Virtuality (AV): Real-world data integrated into virtual
environments.
 Virtual Reality (VR): Fully immersive virtual environments where
real-world stimuli are minimized.

2. Classification Dimensions

 Extent of World Knowledge (EWK):

o The level of knowledge or detail that a system has about the virtual world.
o Impacts interaction fidelity and simulation realism.
 Reproduction Fidelity (RF):
o Measures how closely the virtual representation mimics reality (e.g., visual,
haptic, auditory fidelity).
 Extent of Presence Metaphor (EPM):
o The strength of the illusion that the user is physically present in the virtual
space.

3. Immersion and Presence

 Immersion:
o A technical measure of how much sensory input is directed towards the VR
environment, such as visuals, audio, or haptics.
o Key factors:
 High-resolution displays.
 Wide field of view (FOV).
 Spatialized audio.
 Presence:
o The psychological state of "being there."
o Two main types:
 Place Illusion (PI): Feeling of being in the virtual environment.
 Plausibility Illusion (Psi): Belief that the environment reacts in a
realistic and predictable way.

4. Historical Milestones in VR

 Pre-Modern Era:
o 1838: Sir Charles Wheatstone introduces stereoscopic displays.
o 1929: Edwin Link designs the Link Trainer, a flight simulator.
 Modern Foundations:
o 1960s:
  Ivan Sutherland’s "Sword of Damocles" (first HMD).
 Morton Heilig’s "Sensorama" (early multimodal simulator).
o 1990s: Introduction of CAVE (Cave Automatic Virtual Environment).
o 2010s: Consumer-level VR with devices like Oculus Rift.

5. VR Technologies

 Display Systems:
o HMDs (Head-Mounted Displays):
 Provide stereoscopic visuals and are equipped with tracking
technologies.
 Examples: Oculus Rift, HTC Vive.
o Projection-Based VR:
 Large-scale immersive systems like CAVEs.
 Input and Tracking:
o 6DOF (Degrees of Freedom) tracking for position and orientation.
o Tools include optical tracking, inertial sensors, and hybrid systems.

6. Challenges in VR

1. Latency:
o Delays between user actions and system response break immersion.
o Threshold: Latency should be below 20ms for comfortable usage.
2. Tracking Accuracy:
o Imprecise tracking disrupts user experience, especially in tasks requiring fine
control.
3. Cybersickness:
o Symptoms include nausea and dizziness due to sensory conflicts or lag.
o Solutions:
 Lowering latency.
 Minimizing rapid motion or large FOV changes.
4. Accessibility:
o Cost and hardware requirements remain barriers for widespread adoption.

7. Applications of VR

 Entertainment: Gaming and cinematic VR experiences.

 Healthcare:
o Pain distraction during medical procedures.
o Rehabilitation for physical and cognitive therapy.
 Training:
o Simulated environments for flight, surgery, and military scenarios.
 Education: Interactive virtual field trips or historical reconstructions.

Comprehensive Summary of VR-02: Computer Graphics

1. Introduction to Computer Graphics
  Definition: Computer graphics refers to the creation, manipulation, and rendering of
images or visuals using computational techniques.
 Importance in VR:
o Provides the foundation for visualizing 3D environments.
o Supports real-time rendering crucial for immersive experiences.

2. Graphics Pipeline

 Steps in the Pipeline:

1. Application Stage:
 Prepares high-level commands like user interactions or physics
simulations.
2. Geometry Stage:
 Transformations applied to geometric data:
 World Transformation: Places objects in the 3D world.
 View Transformation: Aligns the scene with the camera's
perspective.
 Projection Transformation: Converts the 3D scene into a 2D
perspective.
3. Rasterization:
 Converts transformed objects into pixel data for rendering.

o Shader Programs:
 Vertex Shaders: Process each vertex (position, color, texture).
 Fragment Shaders: Handle pixel-level details like lighting and
shadows.

3. Geometric Primitives

 Triangles:
o Most commonly used due to simplicity and computational efficiency.
o Defined by:
 Vertices (points in 3D space).
 Edges (lines connecting vertices).
 Normals (perpendicular vectors for lighting calculations).
 Meshes:
o Collections of interconnected triangles forming complex 3D models.

4. Transformations

 Types:
o Translation: Moves objects in the 3D space.
o Rotation: Spins objects around an axis.
o Scaling: Changes object size along specific axes.
 Matrix Representation:
o Transformations use matrix multiplication for efficient computation.

5. Shading Models

 Flat Shading:
 o Applies a single color per polygon.
o Pros: Fast computation.
o Cons: Unrealistic for curved surfaces.
 Gouraud Shading:
o Interpolates colors across vertices.
o Pros: Smooth transitions.
o Cons: Inaccurate for highlights.
 Phong Shading:
o Interpolates normals for pixel-precise lighting.
o Pros: High realism, handles reflections well.

6. Lighting Models

 Ambient Lighting:
o Provides uniform light across the scene.
 Diffuse Lighting:
o Depends on surface orientation relative to the light source.
 Specular Lighting:
o Creates shiny reflections, adding realism.

7. Textures

 Purpose:
o Adds surface details like patterns or color variations.
 UV Mapping:
o A process for mapping 2D images (textures) onto 3D models.
 Bump Mapping:
o Simulates surface irregularities without modifying the geometry.

8. Culling and Optimization

 Frustum Culling:
o Ensures only objects within the camera’s view are rendered.
 Backface Culling:
o Ignores surfaces facing away from the camera.
 Level of Detail (LOD):
o Dynamically adjusts model complexity based on distance.

Comprehensive Summary of VR-03: Application Areas

1. Overview of Applications

 Virtual Reality’s Impact:

o VR applications span numerous domains due to its versatility and immersive
potential.
o Major fields include visualization, healthcare, education, entertainment, and
industrial design.
2. Visualization

 Scientific Visualization:
o Use Case: Visualizing complex physical or biological systems (e.g., molecular
structures, fluid dynamics).
o Benefits: Provides intuitive understanding of data, accelerates scientific
discovery.
 Information Visualization:
o Focuses on abstract data (e.g., financial trends, network connections).
o Tools like heat maps, scatter plots, and parallel coordinates help users extract
insights.

3. Medicine and Psychology

 Therapeutic Applications:
o Phobia Treatment:
 Virtual Reality Exposure Therapy (VRET) gradually exposes patients
to their fears.
o Pain Management:
 VR distracts patients during painful procedures, such as burn
treatments.
o PTSD Rehabilitation:
 Simulates scenarios for stress inoculation and coping mechanisms.
 Training:
o Surgeons and medical students use VR to practice procedures in a risk-free
environment.

4. Training and Simulation

 Military:
o Combat scenarios for training soldiers without physical danger.
o Examples include flight simulators and virtual shooting ranges.
 Aviation:
o VR flight simulators replicate aircraft controls and navigation.
 Safety Training:
o Realistic simulations of emergency scenarios (e.g., fire drills, earthquake
responses).

5. Education

 Interactive Learning:
o Immersive environments for subjects like STEM education or history.
 Virtual Field Trips:
o Provides students access to inaccessible locations like outer space or ancient
ruins.

6. Cultural Heritage

 Historical Reconstructions:
o VR recreates lost or damaged artifacts and environments.
 o Allows users to explore ancient civilizations interactively.

7. Entertainment and Art

 Gaming:
o AAA VR titles (e.g., Skyrim VR) push the boundaries of interactivity and
storytelling.
o Indie games (e.g., Beat Saber) focus on creativity and engagement.
 Interactive Art:
o VR installations enable users to experience art in dynamic ways, often
involving user input to modify the artwork.

8. Industrial Design

 Prototyping:
o Enables designers to visualize and refine products before manufacturing.
o Reduces costs and accelerates development cycles.
 Haptic Integration:
o Allows evaluation of ergonomics and usability of controls or interfaces.

9. Tourism

 Virtual Tourism:
o Explores remote locations through photorealistic reconstructions.
o Examples: Google Earth VR, museum tours.

Comprehensive Summary of VR-04: Output Devices and

Displays
1. Types of Display Systems

 Projection Displays:
o Small Scale: Powerwalls and HoloBenches for detailed visualizations.
o Large Scale:
 CAVE (Cave Automatic Virtual Environment):
 Multi-screen immersive environments that surround the user.
 Use synchronized projectors and stereoscopic glasses.
 Domes: Provide a 360° field of view; common in planetariums.
o Challenges:
 Calibration across screens.
 Perspective distortion for multiple viewers.
 Head-Mounted Displays (HMDs):
o Wired HMDs:
 Connected to PCs or consoles for high-fidelity rendering.
 Examples: HTC Vive, Valve Index.
 Pros: High resolution, wide field of view.
 Cons: Mobility constraints due to cables.
o Mobile HMDs:
 Standalone devices like Oculus Quest.
  Provide 6DOF tracking and real-time processing.
o Mixed Reality HMDs:
 Optical See-Through: Combines digital overlays with the real world
using transparent screens (e.g., Microsoft HoloLens).
 Video See-Through: Captures the real world and overlays it with
virtual content.
 Autostereoscopic Displays:
o Deliver 3D visuals without the need for glasses.
o Technologies include lenticular lenses and light field displays.

2. Haptic Output Devices

 Purpose:
o Provide tactile feedback, simulating textures, resistance, or force.
 Types:
o Tactile Feedback: Simulates surface textures.
o Force Feedback:
 Used in gloves or exoskeletons for resistance simulation.
 Applications: Medical training, object manipulation.

3. Other Output Modalities

 Vestibular Displays:
o Simulate motion and balance changes to enhance immersion.
o Examples: Motion platforms for driving and flight simulators.
 Olfactory Displays:
o Deliver scents to enrich sensory experiences.
o Applications: Tourism, food marketing, therapeutic environments.
 Taste Displays:
o Simulate taste sensations using electrical stimulation.
o Example: Projects like "Project Nourished" for food experiences in VR.

Comprehensive Summary of VR-05: Tracking and Input

Devices
1. Tracking Technologies

 Key Characteristics:
o Static Accuracy: Precision for stationary measurements.
o Dynamic Accuracy: Accuracy during motion.
o Latency: Delay between user movement and system response.
 Types of Tracking:
 1. Mechanical:
 Uses rigid linkages for tracking.
 Pros: High precision.
 Cons: Limited range of motion.
2. Magnetic:
 Tracks positions using magnetic fields.
 Pros: No line-of-sight requirement.
 Cons: Interference from metal objects.
3. Optical:
 Cameras track markers or LEDs.
 Examples: Lighthouse tracking (HTC Vive), SLAM (Simultaneous
Localization and Mapping).
 Pros: High accuracy.
 Cons: Requires clear line of sight.
4. Inertial:
 Relies on accelerometers and gyroscopes.
 Pros: Standalone, works in any environment.
 Cons: Prone to drift and cumulative errors.
5. Acoustic:
 Tracks sound wave propagation.
 Cons: Susceptible to noise interference and latency.

2. Input Devices

 Standard Controllers:
o Include buttons, triggers, and joysticks.
o Examples: SteamVR controllers, Oculus Touch.
 Advanced Controllers:
o Include features like pressure sensitivity and capacitive touch (e.g., Valve
Index Knuckles).
 Data Gloves:
o Capture hand and finger movements.
o Types:
 Strain Gauge Gloves: Measure resistance changes as fingers bend.
 Optical Gloves: Use fiber optics for precise tracking.
o Applications: Object manipulation, sign language recognition.

3. Walking and Locomotion Devices

 Treadmills:
o Provide a continuous walking surface (e.g., Infinadeck).
 Slidemills:
o Users slide their feet on low-friction surfaces (e.g., Virtuix Omni).
 Spherical Devices:
o Users move inside a sphere to simulate walking (e.g., VirtuSphere).
Comprehensive Summary of VR-06: Stereoscopy and
Perception
1. Stereoscopic Vision

 Concept:
o Combines images from two perspectives (left and right eyes) to create a 3D
effect.
 Key Elements:
o Parallax:
 Positive Parallax: Objects appear behind the screen.
 Negative Parallax: Objects appear in front of the screen.
o Binocular Disparity:
 The difference in views between the two eyes, essential for depth
perception.

2. Depth Perception

 Monocular Cues:
o Texture gradients, shadowing, motion parallax.
 Binocular Cues:
o Disparity and convergence.
 Challenges:
o VR often distorts perceived distances, leading to underestimation of object
proximity.

3. Cybersickness

 Causes:
o Conflicts between visual and vestibular systems.
o Latency or inconsistent motion.
 Mitigation:
o Reduce field of view during motion.
o Use teleportation instead of continuous movement.

4. Accommodation-Vergence Conflict

 Problem:
o In VR, the focal distance (accommodation) and convergence (eye alignment)
are mismatched.
 Effects:
 o Causes visual fatigue or discomfort.
 Solutions:
o Use varifocal displays or light field displays.

Comprehensive Summary of VR-07: Interaction and

Navigation
1. Types of Interaction

 Abstract Interaction:
o Indirect manipulation techniques, such as using controllers or menus.
 Natural Interaction:
o Direct interaction mimicking real-world actions (e.g., hand gestures, voice
commands).

2. Interaction Techniques

 Selection:
o Ray-Casting:
 Projects a virtual ray from the user’s controller or gaze to select
objects.
 Pros: Effective for distant objects.
 Cons: Difficult to select small or crowded objects.
o Virtual Hand:
 Simulates a hand interacting with objects.
 Pros: Intuitive for close objects.
 Cons: Ineffective for distant selections.
o Gaze-Based Selection:
 Uses eye or head tracking to select objects by looking at them.
 Challenges: "Midas Touch" problem (unintentional selections).
 Manipulation:
o Techniques like HOMER combine ray-casting for selection and virtual hand
for manipulation.
o Scaling and rotation allow users to adjust object dimensions and orientation.
 Gestures:
o Recognized through devices like Leap Motion.
o Types:
 Static Gestures: Pose-based interactions.
 Dynamic Gestures: Movement-based commands.
o Challenges: User fatigue during prolonged use.

3. Navigation

 Wayfinding Aids:
o Breadcrumbs, minimaps, landmarks to guide users.
  Techniques:
o Fly-Through:
 Continuous movement in 3D space.
 Cons: High potential for motion sickness.
o Teleportation:
 Instantly move to a target location.
 Reduces cybersickness, but may break immersion.
o Redirected Walking:
 Adjusts the virtual path subtly to fit the real-world space.
o Scaling Navigation:
 Resizes the user or environment to traverse large spaces.

4. Comfort Modes

 Techniques to reduce discomfort:

o Restricting the field of view during fast movement.
o Limiting rotational movements to discrete steps.

Comprehensive Summary of VR-08: Visualization Basics

and Immersive Analytics
1. Basics of Visualization

 Purpose:
o Translates data into visual representations to enhance comprehension and
decision-making.
 Types of Visualization:
o Scientific Visualization:
 Focuses on physical phenomena like weather patterns or biological
processes.
 Emphasizes accuracy and detail.
o Information Visualization:
 Abstract data such as financial trends or social networks.
 Tools: Heat maps, scatter plots.

2. Visualization Challenges

 High-dimensional data is difficult to represent meaningfully.

 Balancing detail with simplicity to avoid overwhelming the user.

3. Immersive Analytics
  Definition:
o Combines virtual or augmented environments with analytics tools.
o Example: A 3D heat map visualized in a VR environment.
 Techniques:
o Linked Views:
 Synchronizes multiple visualizations to provide context.
 Example: A 2D chart linked with a 3D representation.
o Globe Visualization:
 Projects geospatial data onto a 3D sphere for intuitive exploration.
 Applications:
o Logistics optimization, disaster response planning, collaborative data analysis.

4. Tools and Platforms

 VTK (Visualization Toolkit):

o Supports complex data visualization in real-time.
 ParaView:
o Handles large datasets, often used in scientific research.

Comprehensive Summary of VR-09: Networked Virtual

Environments
1. Definition and Components

 Networked Virtual Environments (NVEs):

o Real-time shared virtual spaces where multiple users interact.
 Key Aspects:
o Communication: Gestures, text, audio.
o Presence: Shared feeling of being "together."
o Interaction: Collaborative manipulation of objects.

2. Challenges

 Latency:
o Delays between input and output disrupt synchronization and immersion.
 Bandwidth:
o High data transmission for audio, video, and tracking.
 Scalability:
o Managing large numbers of users without performance degradation.

3. Design Approaches
  Database Topologies:
o Centralized: A single server manages data.
o Distributed: Data is shared across multiple servers.
 Connection Topologies:
o Peer-to-peer: Direct connections among users.
o Hybrid: Combines centralized and peer-to-peer approaches.

4. Example Systems

 SIMNET:
o Early military simulator using distributed architecture.
 MASSIVE:
o Introduced the concept of auras for efficient interaction zones.

Comprehensive Summary of VR-10: Evaluation Basics

and Development Guidelines
1. Importance of Evaluation

 Evaluates usability, effectiveness, and presence in VR applications.

 Combines expert reviews, user studies, and statistical analysis.

2. Measuring Presence

 Presence Questionnaires (PQ):

o Subjective measure of user immersion and control.
 Physiological Measures:
o Metrics like heart rate, skin conductance for stress and immersion levels.

3. Evaluation Guidelines

 Support diverse user groups (age, experience, technical aptitude).

 Design intuitive navigation and interaction systems.

Detailed Explanation of the HOMER Interaction Technique

What is HOMER?
HOMER stands for Hand-centered Object Manipulation Extending Ray-casting. It is a
hybrid interaction technique designed to enable intuitive selection and manipulation of
objects in a virtual environment, especially when objects are beyond the user’s immediate
reach.

Core Principles

1. Ray-Casting for Selection:

o A virtual "ray" extends from the user’s hand or controller, acting like a laser
pointer.
o The ray is used to select distant objects by intersecting with them.
o This approach is ideal for environments where direct interaction is not
possible due to distance.
2. Virtual Hand for Manipulation:
o Once an object is selected, it is "attached" to a virtual hand that allows the user
to manipulate it.
o The virtual hand is scaled and positioned relative to the selected object, giving
the impression that the user is directly interacting with it.
3. Dynamic Adjustment of Object Distance:
o The technique automatically adjusts the scale and position of the virtual hand
to provide a natural manipulation experience.
o Users can move, rotate, or scale the object by interacting with the virtual hand.

Workflow

1. Object Selection:
o A ray is emitted from the user’s input device (e.g., controller or hand).
o The ray intersects with an object, and the system highlights it to confirm
selection.
2. Object Attachment:
o The selected object is virtually "grabbed" by a virtual hand that appears at the
ray’s endpoint.
3. Object Manipulation:
o Users can move the object by repositioning the controller or hand.
o Rotations are achieved by orienting the input device.
o Scaling may involve gestures or specific controller inputs.
4. Object Release:
o The object is "dropped" by terminating the interaction, typically via a button
press or gesture.

Advantages of HOMER

1. Natural Interaction:
 o Combines the familiarity of ray-casting (for selection) and direct manipulation
(via virtual hand).
o Supports a wide range of object sizes and distances.
2. Scalable:
o Works seamlessly in small or large virtual environments.
o No physical reach constraints due to the extension capability.
3. Precision:
o Offers high precision for both distant and nearby objects.
o The dynamic scaling ensures the user can fine-tune object placement.

Challenges

1. Occlusion:
o Objects can be obscured if multiple items are along the ray path.
o Requires efficient selection mechanisms like filtering or prioritization.
2. Complexity:
o Initial learning curve for users unfamiliar with ray-casting or virtual hand
manipulation.
3. Physical Fatigue:
o Extended use of ray-casting or virtual hand gestures can tire users, especially
in prolonged VR sessions.

Applications

 Gaming:
o Picking up and manipulating objects in adventure or puzzle games.
 Industrial Design:
o Assembling virtual prototypes or adjusting components in a 3D workspace.
 Education and Training:
o Teaching physics concepts or performing tasks like surgical training with
distant elements.
 Architecture and Interior Design:
o Placing and resizing furniture or modifying structural elements.

HOMER vs. Other Interaction Techniques

Feature HOMER Ray-Casting Alone Virtual Hand Alone

Combines ray-casting Effective for distant
Object Limited to nearby
and manipulation for objects but limited for
Selection objects.
flexibility. manipulation.
Allows precise control Intuitive but limited to
Not designed for
Manipulation with dynamic the user’s physical
manipulation tasks.
adjustments. range.
 Feature HOMER Ray-Casting Alone Virtual Hand Alone
Requires learning but Easy to learn but less Intuitive but physically
Usability
offers high versatility. flexible. constrained.

Why is HOMER Important?

HOMER exemplifies the balance between natural and abstract interaction techniques,
making it a versatile tool in virtual environments. It enables users to interact intuitively with
both near and far objects, enhancing usability and immersion in VR applications.

1. What is meant by EWK? What does it describe?

 EWK (Extent of World Knowledge):
o Refers to how much the system or user knows about the virtual
environment's structure and content.
o High EWK implies detailed information and modeling, such as an
accurate simulation of real-world physics or complete
environmental details.
o Low EWK often relies on abstract representations and may not fully
simulate real-world behaviors.

2. Factors Influencing Immersion

1. Place Illusion (PI):
o The user’s feeling of "being there" in the virtual environment.

o Achieved by eliminating distractions, precise tracking, and

responsive interactions.
2. Plausibility Illusion (Psi):
o The believability of events happening within the virtual world.

o For instance, objects responding realistically to user actions.

3. Sensory Fidelity:
o Realistic replication of sensory inputs (e.g., high-resolution visuals,
spatial audio).
4. Latency:
o Lower latency enhances the sense of presence by reducing the
disconnect between user actions and system response.

3. Use of VR in Psychology
 Therapeutic Applications:
 o Phobia Treatment: Virtual Reality Exposure Therapy (VRET) for
desensitization (e.g., heights, flying).
o Rehabilitation: Stroke patients use VR to improve motor skills.

o PTSD Treatment: Virtual environments simulate stress triggers in

controlled settings.
 Research:
o Allows controlled experiments in social interactions and cognitive
behavior.
o Safe simulation of environments for studying stress or fear.

4. How Does a Strain Gauge Data Glove Work?

 Principle:
o Uses strain gauges (sensors that measure resistance changes when
deformed).
o As fingers bend, the strain gauges detect these movements and
translate them into input data for the VR system.
 Applications:
o Captures detailed hand gestures for tasks like object manipulation
or sign language interpretation in VR.
 Limitations:
o Requires calibration for accuracy and may wear out over time.

5. Issues with Ultrasonic Tracking Systems

 Principle:
o Ultrasonic emitters and receivers calculate positions based on
sound wave propagation time.
 Challenges:
o Interference: External noise sources can distort measurements.

o Line-of-Sight Dependency: Obstacles block sound waves.

o Latency: Processing the signals may introduce delays.

o Accuracy: Precision diminishes over larger distances.

6. Optical Marker Tracking

 Mechanism:
 o Uses cameras to track markers (reflective or LED) placed on objects
or the body.
o Based on triangulation of marker positions from multiple cameras.

 Applications:
o Used for precise tracking in VR for headsets, controllers, and full-
body motion capture.
 Limitations:
o Requires well-lit environments and clear line of sight.

o Marker occlusion or reflection can disrupt tracking.

7. HOMER Interaction Technique

 Definition:
o Hand-centered Object Manipulation Extending Ray-casting.

 How It Works:
o Combines ray-casting for selection and virtual hand techniques for
manipulation.
o Once the object is selected, a virtual hand is used to manipulate it,
even at a distance.
 Advantages:
o Intuitive for both close and distant object interactions.

 Challenges:
o Struggles with small or very distant objects due to limited precision.

8. Issue of Latency in NVEs

 Definition:
o Time delay between an action being initiated and the system's
response.
 Impact:
o Affects user responsiveness, causing motion sickness and breaking
immersion.
 Sources:
o Input device lag, network delays, rendering times, and processing
overhead.
 Mitigation:
 o Techniques like predictive tracking and delta updates (transmitting
only changes) reduce perceived latency.

9. Spatial Interaction in MASSIVE

 Concepts:
o Uses auras, focus, and nimbus to define interaction zones:

 Aura: Defines the potential interaction area of an object.

 Focus: Indicates what the user is observing.
 Nimbus: Represents what an object allows others to
perceive.
 Mechanism:
o Interaction occurs when the aura of one object overlaps with the
focus or nimbus of another.
 Applications:
o Improves efficiency by limiting unnecessary data transmission and
rendering.

Additional In-Depth Topics

Interaction and Navigation Techniques
 Ray-Casting:
o A beam projects from the user’s controller to select objects.

o Uses collision detection to determine which object is hit.

 Teleporting:
o Moves users instantly to a location; reduces motion sickness
compared to continuous movement.
 Redirected Walking:
o Subtly alters the virtual path to make users believe they are walking
straight in a constrained space.
Evaluation Tools
 NASA-TLX:
o Measures workload through six subscales (e.g., mental demand,
physical demand).
 System Usability Scale (SUS):
o Rates usability based on user feedback across ten questions.
  Presence Questionnaires (PQ):
o Evaluates the user’s sense of presence during the VR experience.

Visualization and Analytics

 Heat Maps:
o Represent dense data using color gradients.

 Linked Views:
o Synchronize multiple visualizations for real-time comparative
analysis.