REQUIREMENTS

ANALYSIS &
MODELING
Contents 1
Fundamentals of Requirements
Engineering

Gathering Functional and Non-

2 Functional Requirements

3 Overview of Modeling Techniques

(UML, ER Diagrams)

4 Use-Case Development and Analysis

5 Setting Usability and Accessibility

Goals (SDG 10 Alignment)
Learning Outcomes:

Explain the importance of

1 requirement analysis

Develop basic system models for

2 applications

3 Relate requirements to ethical and

sustainable development goals
Overview

• What is Requirements Analysis?

⚬ The process of identifying and documenting what a
system or application must do to meet stakeholder needs
⚬ process of identifying, analyzing, documenting, validating,
and managing the needs of stakeholders to develop a
system that meets user expectations
• Importance of Requirements Analysis
⚬ Ensures that software meets business and user needs
⚬ Reduces costly changes in later development phases
⚬ Improves project planning and risk management
⚬ Enhances software usability and accessibility
 Key Stages in Requirements Engineering
Elicitation
Management
• gathering requirements from
stakeholders (users, clients, engineers) • handling changes and updates to
requirements throughout the project
lifecycle

Analysis Validation

• Identifying conflicts, prioritizing needs, • ensuring correctness and feasibility

and ensuring feasibility through reviews and prototyping

Specification Validation
• documenting requirements clearly • ensuring correctness and feasibility
and formally through reviews and prototyping
 Business Process
1. Define Process
⚬ Identify the purpose and scope of the process
￭ What is the goal of this process?
￭ Who are the key stakeholders involved?
￭ What are the expected outcomes?

• Example: Customer Order Processing

⚬ Goal - Fulfill customer orders accurately and on time
⚬ Stakeholders - Customers, sales team, warehouse staff, delivery
team
⚬ Outcome - customer receives the correct order within the
promised timeframe
 Business Process
2. Identify Key Inputs and resources
⚬ Determine what is required to execute the process
￭ What information, materials, or approvals are needed?
￭ What tools or systems will be used?

• Example: Order Processing

⚬ Inputs - customer order details, product availability, payment
confirmation
⚬ Resources - e-commerce platform, inventory system, order
management software
 Business Process
3. Map out the Process Workflow
⚬ Outline the step-by-step execution of the process
￭ Use Business process modeling (BPM), flowcharts, or checklists to
visualize the workflow
￭ Identify the sequence of tasks, decision point, and responsible parties

• Example: Order Processing Workflow

⚬ Order placement - customer submits an order via website or store
⚬ Order verification - sales team verifies order details and payment status
⚬ Inventory check - system checks stock availability
￭ If in stock - proceed to fulfillment
￭ If out of stock - notify customer and offer alternatives
⚬ Order fulfillment - warehouse staff packs the order
⚬ Shipping & tracking - logistics team ships the package and provides
tracking details
⚬ Delivery & confirmation - customer receives the order, and feedback is
 Business Process
4. Assign Roles and Responsibilities
⚬ Define who is responsible for each step
￭ clearly assign tasks to individual or teams
￭ establish accountability
 Business Process
5. Establish Process Controls and Quality Checks
⚬ Ensure accuracy, compliance, and efficiency
￭ What quality control measures should be in place?
￭ How do you prevent errors or fraud?

• Example: Quality Checks in Order Processing

⚬ Verify payment confirmation before order approval
⚬ Double-check inventory before order fulfillment
⚬ Use barcode scanning to ensure correct items are packed
⚬ Confirm delivery with customer signature or digital
acknowledgment
 Business Process
6. Define Metrics and performance indicators
⚬ Measure the efficiency and effectiveness of the process
￭ How will success be evaluated?
￭ What Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) should be tracked?

• Example: Order Processing KPIs

⚬ Order accuracy rate - % of orders delivered without errors
⚬ Order Processing time - average time from order placement to
shipping
⚬ Customer satisfaction score - based on post-delivery feedback
⚬ Return rate - % of retuned items due to errors
 Business Process
7. Handle exceptions and contingencies
⚬ Plan for unexpected issues
￭ What happens if a problem arises?
￭ What alternative actions can be taken?
 Business Process
8. Train employees and standardize execution
⚬ Ensure all team members follow the procedure correctly
￭ Provide SOP documentation and training sessions
￭ Use checklists to ensure compliance
￭ Conduct periodic process reviews to update SOPs as needed

9. Automate and optimize the Process

⚬ Improve efficiency through technology
￭ identify manual steps that can be automated
￭ Use workflow automation tools for approvals, notifications, and
tracking
￭ Continuously refine the process based on performance data
⚬ Example: Order Processing automation tool
￭ CRM & Order management systems (Shopify, salesforce)
￭ Inventory management software (e.g. SAP, Zoho inventory)
￭ Automated email notifications for order status updates
 Business Process
10. Review and Improve the Process Continuously
⚬ Keep the process updated and aligned with business goals
￭ conduct periodic process audits and collect feedback
￭ Identify bottlenecks and areas for improvement
￭ Adjust SOPs based on new technologies, customer demands, or
regulatory changes
BPMN User Stories:
Identifying Types
of Value
• Business Value (BV)
activities - tasks that
directly contribute to
efficiency and outcomes
• Non-Value (NV)
Activities - tasks that
cause delays and
inefficiencies
• Partial Value (PV)
activities - necessary but
not directly value-adding
tasks
• Optimizing the process
by removing NV tasks
and automating PV
tasks
BPMN User Stories:
Identifying Types
of Value
• Business Value (BV)
activities - tasks that
directly contribute to
efficiency and outcomes
• Non-Value (NV)
Activities - tasks that
cause delays and
inefficiencies
• Partial Value (PV)
activities - necessary but
not directly value-adding
tasks
• Optimizing the process
by removing NV tasks
and automating PV
tasks
Other Types of Value
• Customer Value (CV)
⚬ the perceived benefit that a product or service provides to
the customer
⚬ Example - a user-friendly mobile banking app provides
convenience and security, directly benefiting the customer
⚬ Application in BPMN - prioritize processes that enhance the
customer experience, such as self-service options, faster
response times, and personalized services
• Operational Value (OV)
⚬ the contribution of a process to improving efficiency,
reducing waste, and optimizing workflow
⚬ Example - automating invoice generation reduces manual
errors and speeds up processing time
⚬ Application in BPMN - Identify and optimize processes that
reduces redundancies and improve productivity
Other Types of Value
• Strategic Value (SV)
⚬ the long-term contribution of a process to an organization’s
goals and competitive advantage
⚬ Example - investing in AI-driven customer support may not
yield immediate ROI but strengthens long-term customer
satisfaction and brand loyalty
⚬ Application in BPMN -focus on processes that align with the
company’s growth, market positioning, and innovation
strategies
• Compliance and Regulatory Value (CRV)
⚬ ensuring that processes meet legal, security, and industry
regulations
⚬ Example - implementing GDPR-compliant data processing
ensures legal adherence and avoids fines
⚬ Application in BPMN - include auditing steps, automated
security checks, and documentation processes to maintain
Other Types of Value
• Employee Value (EV)
⚬ the impact of a process on employee satisfaction, workload
reduction, and productivity
⚬ Example - providing an automated HR leave management
system simplifies work for employees and HR teams
⚬ Application in BPMN - identify processes that improve
employee experience, reduce frustration, and enhance
engagement
• Financial Value (FV)
⚬ the direct or indirect impact of a process on profitability, cost
savings, and revenue generation
⚬ Example - switching to cloud-based storage reduces IT
maintenance costs and improves scalability
⚬ Application in BPMN - prioritize processes that lead to
higher revenue, lower costs, and better financial
performance
Other Types of Value
• Innovation Value (IV)
⚬ the potential for a process to drive new ideas, technologies,
and market leadership
⚬ Example - using AI-driven analytics to predict customer
behavior and optimize product offerings
⚬ Application in BPMN - support digital transformation and
R&D efforts by integrating modern technologies
• Sustainability and Social Value (SSV)
⚬ the impact of a process on environmental sustainability and
corporate social responsibility
⚬ Example - implementing paperless workflows reduces
environmental impact and aligns with SDG 12
⚬ Application in BPMN - optimize processes for eco-friendly,
ethical, and socially responsible operations
 Summary of
Types of Value
& their
importance in
BPM
 Summary of
Types of Value
& their
importance in
BPM
• When analyzing business process management
workflows, identifying different types of value helps
businesses:
⚬ optimize processes for efficiency and productivity
⚬ improve customer satisfaction and employee
experience
⚬ reduce waste and unnecessary costs
⚬ ensure compliance and regulatory adherence
⚬ align with strategic and sustainability goals
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