Credit by: Matthew Purdy/Flickr.
com
Memory (II)
Stroop Effect
Objectives:
At the end of this topic, you will be able to:
• Explain forgetting
• Examine common memory errors
• Describe the unreliability of eyewitness testimony
• Recognize and apply memory-enhancing strategies
Memory Alterations
1. Memory Distortion
2. Memory Construction or reconstruction
• False Memory is a recollection that seems real in your mind but is
fabricated in part or in whole.
• Reconstructive processes are the processes in which memories are
influenced by the meaning that we give to events through
Memory Alterations (contd.)
• Factors involve in memory reconstruction
Credit by: TED talks, How reliable is your memory?
1- Schemas
Credit by: TED talks, How reliable is your memory?
2- Source amnesia
3- Misinformation effect
Credit by: TED talks, How reliable is your memory?
4- Hindsight Bias
5- Overconfidence effect
Read article: Distortions in memory
[Link]
Eyewitness Testimony: Is it as Accurate as we Believe?
Thomas Sophonow spent four years in prison due to faulty eyewitness testimony identification.
• Wrongful convictions of David Milgaard and Thomas Sophonow
due to faulty eyewitness testimony identification.
Types of Forgetting
1) Ineffective Encoding (Encoding Failure)
2) Trace Decay Theory
• Ebbinghaus’s classic
curve of forgetting
3) Interference Theory
• Watch video:
Memory: Proactive & Retroactive Interference
Duration: (01:30)
URL: [Link]
4) Cue-Dependent Forgetting
5) Motivated Forgetting
6) Other Types of Forgetting
• Absentmindedness
• Amnesia
• Watch video:
Clive Wearing - The man with no short-term memory
Duration: (03:04)
URL: [Link]
• Transience
• Blocking
If somebody tells you something with
Confidence
Details
Emotion,
it does not mean it really happened . We cannot reliably
distinguish true memories from false memories; we need
independent corroboration.
Elizabeth Loftus
19
Levels of Processing
• Levels-of-processing theory is the theory of memory that emphasizes
the degree to which new material is mentally analyzed.
• Shallow level
In this level information is processed merely in terms of its physical and
sensory aspects.
• Deep level
When information is analyzed in terms of its meaning, it is processed
deeply.
11
Memory Techniques
1- Chunking
• Chunk: A chunk is a meaningful grouping of
stimuli that can be stored as a unit in short-
term memory.
Credit by: Lorena Biret/[Link]
Application
1) Consider the following list of twenty-one letters:
PBSFOXCNNABCCBSMTVNBC
2) Now suppose they were presented to you as follows:
PBS FOX CNN ABC CBS MTV NBC
BPS BCT MVC SOX MNB BNN ACF
2- Rehearsal
Rehearsal is the repetition of information that has entered short-
term memory.
● Maintenance Rehearsal (Retains the information in STM)
● Elaborative Rehearsal (Moves the information into LTM)
(Ex. Expanding the information to make it fit into a logical framework,
linking it to another memory, turning it into an image, or transforming it)
3- Mnemonics
4- Storylines & Self-referring narratives
5- Note Taking
1. The Cornell method 2. The Mapping method
Note Taking (contd.)
3. The Outlining method 4. The Charting method
6- Reading Strategies
• Survey
• Question
• Read
• SQ4R Reading Method
• Respond
• Record
• Review
• Preview
• PRR Reading Method • Read actively
• Recall Credit by: Hobbies on a Budget/[Link]
