FACULTY OF APPLIED MEDICAL SCIENCES

ANATOMY
Dr. Gamal Hamed Elsayed Hassanein
Professor of Anatomy and Embryology
Faculty of Medicine / University OF Jeddah

Academic Year
1442/1443- 2021/2022

Prof. Dr.Gamal Hamed El-Sayed

١ 8 November 2021
Hassanien

Digestive system
• This system includes
:•The alimentary canal
: mouth, pharynx,
esophagus, stomach,
small intestine, large
intestine, and anus.
•Accessory organs :
teeth, tongue,
salivary glands, liver,
gallbladder, and
٢pancreas. Dr.Gamal Hamed El-Sayed Hassanien 8 November 2021
 Mouth (oral cavity)
• This entry point of digestive system; extends
from oral fissure ( between lips), anteriorly, to
oropharyngeal isthmus, posteriorly.

٣ Dr.Gamal Hamed El-Sayed Hassanien 8 November 2021

• It is divided into 2 parts; vestibule & mouth

cavity proper.

٤ Dr.Gamal Hamed El-Sayed Hassanien 8 November 2021

• The mouth cavity proper, is bordered by a roof,
a floor, and the cheeks. The tongue fills a large
proportion of the cavity of the mouth proper..

٥ Dr.Gamal Hamed El-Sayed Hassanien 8 November 2021

• The roof of the

mouth consists of 2
parts ; anterior hard
soft
palate & posterior palate
soft palate.
• The oropharyngeal Anterior
isthmus, is bounded arch

above by soft palate

Posterior
& uvula, below by arch
dorsum of tongue &
laterally by palatine
arches. Palatine tonsil

٦ Dr.Gamal Hamed El-Sayed Hassanien 8 November 2021

 Teeth
• it is divided into 2 sets; primary or deciduous &
permanent.

•The deciduous teeth

are 20 in number; 10
/jaw & begin to erupt
at about the 6th month
after birth and all are
erupted by the end of
the 2nd year.

٧ Dr.Gamal Hamed El-Sayed Hassanien 8 November 2021

•The permanent teeth

are 32 in number; 16
/jaw & begin to erupt
at about the 6th year
after birth.

•The 3rd molar (wisdom

tooth) is the last to
erupt ; usually at 17 -
25 year. They may
become impacted.
٨ Dr.Gamal Hamed El-Sayed Hassanien 8 November 2021
 Tongue
•A mass of striated muscle
covered by a mucous
membrane.
• Its anterior 2/3 lies in the
mouth, and its posterior
1/3 lies in the pharynx.
•It is divided into right &
left halves by a median
fibrous septum

٩ Dr.Gamal Hamed El-Sayed Hassanien 8 November 2021

•Upper surface shows a V-shaped sulcus

terminalis (between anterior 2/3 & posterior
1/3), its apex is foramen cecum.
•Anterior 2/3 shows 3
types of papillae (for taste
sensation), but posterior
1/3 has no papillae.
•The undersurface of
tongue is connected to
floor of mouth by a fold
called, the frenulum of
tongue.
١٠ Dr.Gamal Hamed El-Sayed Hassanien 8 November 2021
 Pharynx (Throat)
•A conical musculo-
membranous tube , that is
a common passage in
upper part of both
digestive & respiratory
systems.
• The length is 12 – 14 cm
, but its width is large at
its beginning (3.5 cm) &
Narrow at its termination
(1.5 cm).
١١ Dr.Gamal Hamed El-Sayed Hassanien 8 November 2021

Pharynx Parts
•Pharynx lies behind nasal cavity, oral cavity &
larynx & so consists of 3 parts: Naso-pharynx,
Oro-pharynx & laryngo(hypo-)pharynx.

١٢ Dr.Gamal Hamed El-Sayed Hassanien 8 November 2021

 Esophagus
•A fibro-muscular tube that
has of a course in 3 parts :
neck, thorax & abdomen.

•It is about 25 cm in length

& a diameter of 2 cm (at
rest), but can extend to 3
cm.

•It ends at the cardia of the

stomach.
١٣ Dr.Gamal Hamed El-Sayed Hassanien 8 November 2021

Stomach
•It is a muscular J-shaped
sac between esophagus
and small intestine. It is
the most dilated part of
the alimentary tract.

•It has 2 openings: 1)

Cardiac orifice: with
esophagus and 2) Pyloric
orifice : with small
intestine (true sphincter).
١٤ Dr.Gamal Hamed El-Sayed Hassanien 8 November 2021
The stomach is divided
into 4 regions:
•The cardia, receive
contents of esophagus .
•The fundus, curved
upper part.
•The body, central area.
•The pylorus, distal to
angular notch & is
divided into the pyloric
antrum and pyloric
canal.
١٥ Dr.Gamal Hamed El-Sayed Hassanien 8 November 2021

Small intestine
• The longest part that
begins from the pyloric
sphincter to the
ileocecal junction.
• It is about 3 meter in
length (in living) & a
diameter of 4.5 cm
(at gastro-dudenal
junction) & 2.5 cm ( at
ileocecal junction).
١٦ Dr.Gamal Hamed El-Sayed Hassanien 8 November 2021
• It is divided into 3
parts; duodenum (c-
shaped) , jejunum
(coiled ) & ileum
(final).
•The duodenum is fixed
(Retro peritoneal; has no
mesentery) , but the
jejunum & ileum are
mobile (have mesentery;
fold of peritoneum).
١٧ Dr.Gamal Hamed El-Sayed Hassanien 8 November 2021

Large intestine
•Extends from the ileocecal valve to the anus
•It is 90 -150 cm long & is 4 - 6 cm in diameter
•It is divided into :
–Cecum & appendix
–Ascending colon
–Transverse colon
–Descending colon
–Sigmoid colon
–Rectum & anal
canal
١٨ Dr.Gamal Hamed El-Sayed Hassanien 8 November 2021
• There 3 features of large intestine:
1.Taeniae coli (3 longitudinal muscle strips)
2.Haustra (puckering into sacs)
3.Epiploic appendages (omental or fat pouches)

١٩ Dr.Gamal Hamed El-Sayed Hassanien 8 November 2021

•Rectum (12 cm) , begins opposite 3rd piece of

sacrum & ends anteroinferior to coccyx by
continuing as anal canal (4cm): ends at anus.

٢٠ Dr.Gamal Hamed El-Sayed Hassanien 8 November 2021

 Salivary glands
1- Extrinsic salivary glands;
outside mouth & opens into
it (3 pairs) : parotid,
submandibular, and
sublingual.
•Secrete saliva only right
before or during eating.

2-Intrinsic salivary glands (buccal glands):

scattered throughout the oral mucosa, secrete
saliva all the time to keep mouth moist.
٢١ Dr.Gamal Hamed El-Sayed Hassanien 8 November 2021

The liver (hepar)

•It is the largest gland in

the body & weighs about
1500 gram.

•It lies in the right upper

part of abdominal cavity
, immediately below the
diaphragm.
٢٢ Dr.Gamal Hamed El-Sayed Hassanien 8 November 2021
 Shape of liver
• The liver a wedge-
shaped structure; has a
base, apex & 4 surfaces.
•The 4 surfaces :
anterior, posterior,
superior and inferior.
• The base (right surface)
is directed to the right
•The apex is directed to
the left.
٢٣ Dr.Gamal Hamed El-Sayed Hassanien 8 November 2021

Lobes of liver
• The liver is divided
into a large right lobe
and a small left lobe by
the falciform ligament
Falciform
(anteriorly). ligament

• The posterior aspect

of the right lobe shows
additional 2 lobes ;
caudate (above) &
quadrate (below) lobes.
٢٤ Dr.Gamal Hamed El-Sayed Hassanien 8 November 2021
 Hilum of liver (porta hepatis)
• It lies between caudate
& quadrate lobes, on the
postero-inferior surface
Porta
of liver. hepatis

•It transmits (from before 2 3

backwards ):
1.Common hepatic duct 1
2.Hepatic artery proper
3.Portal vein
٢٥ Dr.Gamal Hamed El-Sayed Hassanien 8 November 2021

The biliary system

• it includes the organs & ducts involved in the
production and transportation of bile. It includes
extrahepatic bile ducts, gallbladder & cystic duct.

٢٦ Dr.Gamal Hamed El-Sayed Hassanien 8 November 2021

 Extrahepatic bile ducts
•The intrahepatic bile ducts
join into larger ducts,
ending in the left and right
hepatic ducts.
• The 2 hepatic ducts, join
to form common hepatic
duct.
•The common hepatic duct
joins cystic duct to form
the common bile duct.
٢٧ Dr.Gamal Hamed El-Sayed Hassanien 8 November 2021

•The common bile duct & pancreatic duct form

a dilatation in the duodenal wall, called the
hepatopancreatic ampulla (ampulla of Vater).
common bile duct pancreatic duct

•The ampulla of Vater &

terminal parts of both duodenal
mucosa
ducts are surrounded by
circular & longitudinal ampulla
of Vater
smooth muscle fibers ,
major
called the sphincter of Duodenal
papilla
Oddi
Sphincter of Oddi
٢٨ Dr.Gamal Hamed El-Sayed Hassanien 8 November 2021
 Gallbladder
•The gall bladder is a pear-
shaped sac lying on the
undersurface of liver.

•In adults, it measures

approximately 8 cm in
length and 4 cm in
diameter when fully
distended.

•It is divided into 3 parts: fundus, body & a neck.

٢٩ Dr.Gamal Hamed El-Sayed Hassanien 8 November 2021

Pancreas
•A soft elongated & lobulated gland that lies on
posterior abdominal wall behind peritoneum..

•In extends obliquely &

transversely across
abdomen from right to
left.

•It is divided into 4 parts:

head, neck, body & a tail.
٣٠ Dr.Gamal Hamed El-Sayed Hassanien 8 November 2021
 Pancreas
•It has 2 ducts: main & accessory.
1-main duct: begins in
tail & runs the entire
length of pancreas.

2- accessory duct (if

present): drains upper
part of head. It frequently The main pancreatic
communicates with the duct joins common
main pancreatic duct. bile duct.
٣١ Dr.Gamal Hamed El-Sayed Hassanien 8 November 2021

Thank you

٣٢ Dr.Gamal Hamed El-Sayed Hassanien 8 November 2021