Name: _________________
No. : ________ Class: ___
Contrast
“Although Aisha and her family have lived in Germany for ages, they still face discrimination.”
Although is a linking word of contrast. It introduces a clause that contrasts with the main clause,
making the information in the main clause seem more significant or surprising.
Linking word / Form Use Examples
phrase
Although, , + clause To join together two clauses in one Though Aisha and her
Even though, sentence. Placed before the clause family have lived in
Though which contrasts with the main clause. Germany for ages, they still
face discrimination.
Placed at the beginning of the sentence
(with a comma after the contrast Aisha and her family still
clause) or between the clauses (no face discrimination even
comma necessary). though they have lived in
Germany for ages.
In spite of, + noun To join together two contrasting ideas. Despite being Turkish,
Despite phrase/ Murat understood the
+ verb -ing / Often used at the beginning of a Greek teen.
+ the fact that sentence.
(+ clause) In spite of his Turkish
origins, Murat understood
the Greek teen.
However, + clause To join together two contrasting ideas
Nevertheless, in separate sentences. The driver insulted me.
However / Nevertheless, I
Normally placed at the beginning of the decided to give him the
second sentence and followed by a cold shoulder.
comma.
, though clause +, Used in a similar way to “however /
nevertheless” but only at the end of The driver insulted me. I
the second sentence and after a decided to give him the
comma. cold shoulder, though.
Used in informal speech rather than in
writing.
Whereas, + clause To join together two contrasting While / Whereas some
While clauses in one sentence, where both people react to
points are equally valid. discrimination, others
Can be placed at the beginning of the prefer to ignore it.
sentence or between the two clauses.
but + clause To join two contrasting clauses but She wanted to react, but
always before the second clause. she didn’t know what to
do.
Purpose
“She studied hard to pass the exam.”
Purpose clauses are used to express the intention of a person or an action.
Linking words Form Examples
• Laura worked as an intern so as to gain
• (not) to some work experience.
• so as (not) to + bare infinitive + …
• in order (not) to • She moved to Paris in order to practise her
French.
• Laura worked as an intern so that she could
• so that + subject + modal verb (can / will; improve her CV.
• in order that could / would) + infinitive + …
• She moved to Paris in order that her French
language skills would improve.
Result
“She didn’t study for the test; therefore, she didn’t pass.”
Linking words of result show that something happened as a result or consequence of something
else.
Linking words Form Examples
• Therefore* + subject + verb + … • Joe was able to speak Spanish. As a result, he
• Thus (after a full stop or semi- chose to work in Spain.
• As a result colon, or after "and")
• Consequently • The world of work is changing and,
consequently, you have to adapt.
* followed by comma
• As a result of • As a consequence of the company’s new rules,
• As a consequence of + noun phrase we need to take an English course.
