cvV 8 gvZ…fvlvi cvV-cwiKíbv I cvVUxKv

f‚wgKv

Avcwb GKRb wk¶K Ges mgv‡Ri GKRb m`m¨| gvbyl wn‡m‡e cÖvZ¨wnK Rxe‡b Avcbv‡K
AmsL¨ KvR Ki‡Z nq| cÖwZwU Kv‡Ri Rb¨ wbðqB Avcwb c~e© †_‡K wKQy cÖ¯‘wZ MÖnY
K‡ib| wK fv‡e KvRwU m¤úbœ Ki‡eb Zvi GKUv QK g‡b g‡b Gu‡K †bb| ¸iæZ¡c~Y© KvR
n‡j‡Zv K_vB †bB| hw` mwZ¨ Zv-B K‡ib Z‡e †`L‡eb Avcbvi KvRwU my›`i I myôzfv‡e
m¤úbœ n‡q‡Q| Ges †h D‡Ïk¨‡K mvg‡b †i‡L Avcwb KvRwU K‡i‡Qb †mB D‡Ïk¨ mvwaZ
n‡q‡Q| KvR mym¤úbœ Kivi Rb¨ Avcwb GB †h c~e© cÖ¯‘wZ MÖnY K‡ib, GUvB c~e© cwiKíbv|

†h †Kvb ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Kv‡Ri Rb¨ c~e© cwiKíbv cÖ¯‘Z Ki‡Z nq| wk¶K wn‡m‡e Avcwb hLb
†kªwY‡Z cvV`vb Ki‡Z hvb, †mwU wbðqB Avcbvi Rb¨ Avi `kwU Kv‡Ri †P‡q †ewk
¸iæZ¡c~Y©| GUv †`‡ki KvR, `‡ki KvR, RvwZi KvR| G ai‡bi GKwU Kv‡Ri mv‡_ RwoZ
n‡Z †c‡i Avwg, Avcwb, Avgiv wk¶K-m¤úÖ`vq Me©‡eva Ki‡Z cvwi| Kv‡RB GB ¸iæZ¡c~Y©
KvRwU my›`i I myôzfv‡e Kivi Rb¨ Avgiv Aek¨B c~e© cwiKíbv MÖnY Kie|

wk¶K wn‡m‡e Avcwb hLb †kªwY‡Z cvV`vb Ki‡Qb ZLb Avcbvi cÖavb KvR †kLv‡bv,
†mLv‡b Ab¨ GKwU c¶ _v‡K hviv Avcbvi KvQ †_‡K wkL‡Q, Zviv wk¶v_x©| Kv‡RB wk¶v
cÖwµqvi `ywU w`K nj wkLb-†kLv‡bv| wk¶K-wk¶v_x©i g‡a¨ Ávb, `¶Zv, `„wófw½i
cvi¯úwiK Av`vb-cÖ`v‡bi ga¨w`‡q P‡j wk¶v cÖwµqv| GUvB AvbyôvwbK wk¶v Kvh©µg|

wkLb I †kLv‡bv Kv‡R wk¶‡Ki cÖ¯‘wZ, cÖ‡qvRbxq `¶Zv I evwÃZ `„wófw½ AR©‡bi j‡¶¨
ÔgvZ…fvlvi cvV cwiKíbv I cvVUxKvÕ kxl©K G BDwbUwU iwPZ| GB BDwb‡Ui PviwU cv‡V
we`¨vjqwfwËK Kvh©Ki wk¶‡Yi cÖ¯‘wZ wn‡m‡e evwl©K cvV-cwiKíbv I ˆ`wbK cvVUxKv
cÖYq‡bi cÖPwjZ bxwZgvjv e¨vL¨v Kiv n‡q‡Q| GB cvV¸‡jv n‡”Q:

cvV- 8.1: evwl©K cvV-cwiKíbv

cvV- 8.2: cvVUxKv cÖYqb
cvV- 8.3: cvVUxKvi wewfbœ cÖPwjZ KvVv‡gv I bgybv
cvV- 8.4: wk¶v DcKiY: aviYv, D‡Ïk¨, e¨envi, msMÖn I msi¶Y
 ¯‹zj Ae GWz‡Kkb wmGW †cÖvMÖvg

cvV 8.1 evwl©K cvV-cwiKíbv

D‡Ïk¨

GB cv‡Vi †k‡l Avcwb−

evwl©K cvV-cwiKíbv cÖYq‡bi ¸iæZ¡c~Y© w`K¸‡jv wPwýZ Ki‡Z cvi‡eb Ges

GKwU evwl©K cvV-cwiKíbv cÖYqb Ki‡Z m¶g n‡eb|

cvV¨m~wP I cvV¨cy¯Í‡K web¨¯Í cv‡Vi welq¸‡jv‡K GKwU wk¶ve‡l© wKfv‡e cvV`vb K‡i
m¤úbœ Kiv n‡e Zvi cwiKíbv‡K evwl©K cvV-cwiKíbv ejv nq| wk¶ve‡l©i cÖ_‡g Giƒc
cwiKíbv ˆZwi K‡i wb‡j wbw`©ó †kªwYi Rb¨ wba©vwiZ cvV¨m~wP Abyhvqx cv‡Vi welq¸‡jv
myk„•Ljfv‡e cvV`vb Kiv m¤¢e nq| G ai‡bi cwiKíbvi d‡j cv‡Vi welqe¯‘i m‡½
mg‡qi eÈb h_vh_ nq| Ges Ae¯’vi ¸iæZ¡ Abymv‡i cv‡Vi welqe¯‘ †kªwY‡Z Av‡jvwPZ
nIqvi my‡hvM _v‡K|

cÖ‡Z¨K †kªwYi Rb¨ wbw`©ó cvV¨m~wP Abyhvqx gvZ…fvlv evsjvi cvV¨cy¯ÍK i‡q‡Q| GB
evwl©K cvV cwiKíbv
cvV¨cy¯Í‡Ki cÖ‡Z¨KwU cvV cov‡bv †kl n‡j wbw`©ó †kªwYi wkïiv wba©vwiZ `¶Zv I †hvM¨Zv
†Kb? AR©b Ki‡Z cvi‡e| wk¶K‡K mZK© _vK‡Z n‡e †hb cÖwZwU †kªwYi Rb¨ wba©vwiZ cvV¨cy¯ÍK
eQ‡ii wbw`©ó mg‡qi g‡a¨ cVb I Abykxj‡bi gva¨‡g †kl Kiv hvq| Gi mv‡_
cyibv‡jvPbv, g~j¨vqb, wbivgqg~jK cvV`vb †Zv Av‡QB| myZivs myôz cvV`v‡bi Rb¨
wk¶K‡K eQ‡ii cÖ_‡g cwiKíbv cÖYqb Ki‡Z n‡e| Ges †mwU AbymiY K‡i Zuv‡K mviv
eQi cvV`v‡bi KvR Pvwj‡q †h‡Z n‡e| evwl©K cwiKíbv ˆZwi K‡i wb‡j cÖwZwU cv‡Vi cÖwZ
mgvb ¸iæZ¡ †`Iqv m¤¢e nq|

Avgiv Rvwb cÖvZ¨wnK Rxe‡b Avgv‡`i †Kvb Kv‡Ri D‡Ïk¨ hw` Rvbv _v‡K Zvn‡j KvRwU
wPwýZ wk¶vg~jK ev¯Íevqb Kivi Rb¨ GKwU cwiKíbv ˆZwi Kiv m¤¢e nq Ges cwiKíbv Abymv‡i GwM‡q
D‡Ïk¨ †M‡j KvRwU myPviæiƒ‡c †kl KivI m¤¢e nq| wk¶‡Yi †¶‡ÎI GKB Ae¯’v j¶ Kiv hvq|
†Kvb welq Ges Zuvi cÖwZwU welqe¯‘ covevi D‡Ïk¨ hw` wk¶‡Ki Rvbv _v‡K Z‡e Dchy³
c×wZ wbe©vPb I cvV Dc¯’vc‡bi cwiKíbv cÖYqb Ki‡Z Zvi we‡kl myweav nq Ges wZwb
mviv eQi mdjfv‡e †kªwYK‡¶ cvV Dc¯’vcb Ki‡Z cv‡ib| djcÖm~ wk¶v`v‡bi Rb¨
Avcbv‡K Aek¨B welqwfwËK wk¶vi DÏk¨¸‡jv Rvb‡Z n‡e| wewfbœ wel‡qi Rb¨ †h wbw`©ó
wk¶vµg i‡q‡Q Zv‡Z Avcwb GB D‡Ïk¨¸‡jv Luy‡R cv‡eb| GKRb `vwqZ¡evb wk¶K
wn‡m‡e g~jZ Gme D‡Ïk¨ Abyhvqx Avcbv‡K cvV`vb Ki‡Z n‡e|

Gb. G. ewm. e‡j‡Qb − Ò†kªwYK‡¶ wbw`©ó mg‡qi g‡a¨ wewfbœ Kv‡Ri gva¨‡g D‡Ïk¨
†cuŠQv‡bvi Rb¨ wewfbœKiYxq wel‡qi weeiYB nj cvV-
cwiKíbv|ÕÕ
D‡Ïk¨¸‡jv Rvbvi ci Avcwb Avcbvi Kvh©µ‡gi A_©vr welqwU wk¶v`v‡bi GKwU c~Y©v½
cwiKíbv ˆZwi Ki‡eb| Avcwb †gvUvgywU cuvPwU wfbœ ai‡bi Kvh©µ‡gi cwiKíbv Ki‡Z
cv‡ib−

BDwbU- 8 144
 evsjv‡`k D›gy³ wek¦we`¨vjq

evwl©K ˆÎgvwmK gvwmK mvßvwnK ˆ`wbK

AvMvgx wk¶v eQ‡ii cwiKíbv

5g ¯Íi (evwl©K)
4_© ¯Íi (ˆÎgvwm)
3q ¯Íi (gvwmK)
2q ¯Íi (mvßvwnK)
1g ¯Íi (ˆ`wbK)
Drm: Yinger (1980)
welq wk¶‡Ki cwiKíbvi wewfbœ ¯Íi|

wewfbœ cwiw¯’wZi Kvi‡Y Avcbvi c‡¶ Dc‡iv³ wewfbœ ch©v‡qi cwiKíbv MÖnY Kiv m¤¢e
bvI n‡Z cv‡i| †m †¶‡Î GKRb m‡PZb wk¶K wn‡m‡e Avcwb Kgc‡¶ `yai‡bi cwiKíbv
MÖnY Ki‡ebB−

1. evwl©K cvV cwiKíbv (`jMZ)|

2. ˆ`bw›`b cvV cwiKíbv (cÖwZw`‡bi cÖwZwU cv‡Vi Rb¨ GKK cwiKíbv, hv‡K cvVUxKv
ejv nq)|

evwl©K cvV-cwiKíbv cÖYqb c×wZ

1. eQ‡ii cÖ_‡g wk¶KgÛjx mw¤§wjZfv‡e wnmv‡e K‡i eQ‡ii †gvU Kg©w`em, mvgwqKx I
cÖvwšÍK g~j¨vq‡bi Rb¨ mgq wVK K‡i †b‡eb| GLv‡b ejv cÖ‡qvRb †Kvb ¯‹z‡j `ywU,
†Kvb ¯‹z‡j wZbwU mvgwqKx‡Z eQi‡K wef³ Kiv nq| GLb Avcbv‡`i ¯‹z‡ji Rb¨
Avcbviv †KvbwU MÖnY Ki‡eb †mUvI wk¶Ke„‡›`i mfvq Av‡jvPbv K‡i wb‡Z n‡e|
2. †gvU Kg©w`em wKfv‡e wnmve Ki‡eb? PjwZ eQ‡ii K¨v‡jÛvi I QywUi ZvwjKv †`‡L
Avcwb wnmve Ki‡Z cvi‡eb H eQ‡i KZw`b Avcwb Avcbvi wbw`©ó welqwUi K¬vm
cv‡”Qb| †hgb, GKwU eQ‡i 52 mßv‡n 52 w`b mvßvwnK QywUi mv‡_ ZvwjKv Abyhvqx
Dcj¶wfwËK QywU _v‡K 75 w`b| d‡j †gvU QywU _v‡K 127 w`b| Zvn‡j ‡gvU Kg©w`em
cvIqv hvq =365-127=238 w`b| G †_‡K Rvbyqvwi gv‡mi 3 mßv‡ni 18 w`b I
wW‡m¤^‡ii †kl 2 mßv‡ni 12 w`b ev` w`‡Z n‡e| KviY Rvbyqvwi gv‡m wk¶v_x©‡`i
bZzb eB msMÖn Ki‡Z †`wi nq Ges eQ‡ii cÖ_‡g GB mg‡q ¯‹zj ¸‡jv‡Z mn-
cvV¨µwgK Kvh©µg Pj‡Z _v‡K| G mgq †`ke¨vcx wk¶vc¶ ev wk¶v mßvn cvjb Kiv
nq| GQvov †kªwY ewnf‚©Z Kvh©vewj− eb‡fvRb, evwl©K µxovbyôvb, Awfbq, †Ljva~jv
BZ¨vw`i Av‡qvRb Kiv nq| wW‡m¤^‡i evwl©K cix¶vi ci ¯‹z‡ji cov‡kvbvi AvbyôvwbK
KvR P‡j bv| myZivs mviv eQ‡i †kªwY‡Z KvR P‡j 238-(18+12) = 208 w`b|
3. Dc‡ii wnmve Abyhvqx cÖv_wgK ¯Í‡ii cÖwZ †kªwYi Rb¨ eQ‡i 208wU gvZ…fvlvi wcwiqW
cvIqv hvq| KviY gvZ…fvlv cÖwZw`‡bi iæwU‡bB _v‡K| Z‡e cvV`v‡bi Rb¨ me¸‡jv
Kg©w`em cvIqv hvq bv| wKQyw`b cybiv‡jvPbvi ev wbivgqg~jK cvV`v‡bi Rb¨ nv‡Z

evsjv 145
¯‹zj Ae GWz‡Kkb wmGW †cÖvMÖvg

ivL‡Z n‡e| GQvov Z…Zxq, PZz_© I cÂg †kªwY‡Z avivevwnK g~j¨vq‡bi cvkvcvwk eQ‡i
2/3wU cÖvwšÍK g~j¨vq‡bi Rb¨ 2/3 mßvn wVK K‡i ivL‡Z n‡e| cÖ_g I wØZxq †kªwY‡Z
†Kej avivevwnK g~j¨vqb Pj‡e| myZivs GB †kªwY `ywU‡Z cÖvwšÍK g~j¨vq‡bi Rb¨ †Kvb
w`b ev` w`‡Z n‡e bv|
Avevi Gi g‡a¨I G‡m †h‡Z cv‡i †Kvb Awbevh© QywU| wKsev †kªwYK‡¶i GK †N‡qgx
KvUvevi Rb¨ Avcwb wk¶v_x©‡`i wb‡q †h‡Z cv‡ib †Kvb wk¶vg~jK åg‡Y| GLb
K¨v‡jÛvi †`‡L Avcwb wVK wnmve Ki‡Z cvi‡Qb eQ‡i KZw`b Avcwb Avcbvi wbw`©ó
welqwUi K¬vm cv‡”Qb|
4. Gevi Avcwb GKwU wUwPs K¨v‡jÛvi ev wk¶Y el©cwÄ ˆZwi K‡i wbb| welqwfwËK
wk¶vi D‡Ïk¨¸‡jv Ges cvV¨m~wP‡Zv Avcbvi RvbvB Av‡Q| Gevi wnmve K‡i †ei K‡i
wb‡jb Avcbvi wbw`©ó welqwUi K¬v‡mi msL¨v| G¸‡jvi w`‡K j¶ †i‡L Ges me¸‡jvi
mgš^q NwU‡q eQ‡ii †Kvb mg‡q †Kvb welqe¯‘ cov‡eb Zvi GKUv cwiKíbv K‡i
wbb| GUvB Avcbvi wUwPs K¨v‡jÛvi|

cvV¨cy¯ÍK †evW© cÖKvwkZ Òwk¶K wb‡`©wkKvÕÕ G

e¨vcv‡i Avcbv‡K mnvqZv Ki‡Z cv‡i|

g‡b ivL‡eb, mviv eQ‡ii GB cwiKíbv Aek¨B mgq I †`kxq Ae¯’vi †cÖw¶‡Z cwiewZ©Z
n‡Z cv‡i|

Avcbvi wUwPs K¨v‡jÛviwU wbgœiƒc Q‡K web¨¯Í Ki‡Z cv‡ib:

- mvj -

gvm mvßvwnK Dcj¶ †gvU †gvU cÖvwšÍK Ab¨vb¨ cÖwZwU gšÍe¨

QywU wfwËK QywU Kg©w`em g~j¨vqb Kg©ZrciZv mvgwqKxi
QywU Rb¨ cÖvc¨
cvV`v‡bi
w`em
Rvbyqvwi
†deªæqvwi

Dc‡ii Q‡K (cÖ‡Z¨KwU Kjv‡gi wb‡P eviwU K‡i Ni †U‡b wb‡Z n‡e| cÖ_g Kjv‡g wb‡Pi
w`‡K cici evi gv‡mi bvg wj‡L wb‡Z n‡e|) Gevi gvm‡K wfwË K‡i Ab¨vb¨ Kjvg¸‡jv
c~Y© Ki‡Z n‡e| gšÍ‡e¨i KjvgwU h_vmg‡q cÖ‡qvRb mv‡c‡¶ c~iY Ki‡Z n‡e| Rvbyqvwi
gv‡mi cÖ_g wZb mßv‡ni Kg©w`em¸‡jv cÖ_g mvgwqKx‡Z bv †`Lv‡jI Pj‡e| KviYwU c~‡e©
ewY©Z n‡q‡Q| ˆZwi n‡q †Mj GKwU wk¶ve‡l©i Rb¨ wUwPs K¨v‡jÛvi| Gevi welqwfwËK
evwl©K cvV cwiKíbv Ki‡Z n‡e|

BDwbU- 8 146
 evsjv‡`k D›gy³ wek¦we`¨vjq

5. wbgœiƒc Q‡K evsjv mn Ab¨vb¨ wel‡qi welqwfwËK evwl©K cvV-cwiKíbv ˆZwi Kiv hvq:

mvgwqKx I welqe¯‘/cvV wcwiqW cvV mgvwßi gšÍe¨

Kg©w`em ZvwiL

evsjv wel‡qi wk¶K †kªwY iæwUb Abyhvqx wbR wel‡qi Rb¨ KqwU wcwiqW cv‡eb Zv wVK
K‡i wb‡q cwiKíbv ˆZwi Ki‡eb| cÖ‡Z¨K †kªwYi Rb¨ c„_K c„_K cwiKíbv n‡Z n‡e|
e¨w³MZ cwiKíbv wk¶Ke„‡›`i mfvq Av‡jvPbv K‡i P‚ovšÍ Ki‡Z n‡e| Q‡K cÖ`Ë †kl
Kjvg `ywU wk¶K h_vmg‡q c~iY Ki‡eb| cÖavb wk¶K gv‡S gv‡S GwU ch©v‡jvPbv Ki‡eb|
G¸‡jv cvKv LvZvq msi¶Y Ki‡Z n‡e|

evsjv 147
 ¯‹zj Ae GWz‡Kkb wmGW †cÖvMÖvg

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb- 8.1

A) eû wbe©vPbx cÖkœ

mwVK DËi wb‡`©kg~jK A¶iwU‡K e„ËvwqZ Kiæb| Avcbvi wbe©vwPZ DËiwU K n‡j K
e„ËvwqZ Kiæb:

1. evwl©K cvV cwiKíbv n‡”Q−

K. cvV`v‡bi avivevwnK cwiKíbv
L. we`¨vj‡qi mviv eQ‡ii Kg©cwiKíbv
M. cvV¨m~wP Abyhvqx cvV mgvß Kivi evwl©K cwiKíbv
N. cvVUxKv AbymiY K‡i cvV`v‡bi evwl©K cwiKíbv|

2. eQ‡ii †h Kg©w`em¸‡jv cvV`v‡bi Rb¨ cvIqv hv‡e †m¸‡jv Avgiv e¨envi Kie−
K. †Kej cvV`v‡bi Rb¨
L. cvV`vb I cybiv‡jvPbvi Rb¨
M. cvV`vb I g~j¨vq‡bi Rb¨
N. cvV`vb, cybiv‡jvPbv I g~j¨vq‡bi Rb¨|

3. wK‡mi wfwˇZ evwl©K c~Y© Kvh©w`em wn‡me Kiv nq?

K. K¨v‡jÛvi, QywUi ZvwjKv I K¬vm iæwUb
L. K¨v‡jÛvi, cvVUxKvi msL¨v, QywUi ZvwjKv
M. QywUi ZvwjKv, K¬vm iæwUb, cvVUxKv
N. cvVcwiKíbv, K¨v‡jÛvi, K¬vm iæwUb|

Av) msw¶ß DËig~jK cÖkœ

1. †h †Kvb GKwU wbw`©ó eQ‡ii wUwPs K¨v‡jÛvi ˆZwi Kiæb|

2. evsjvmn Ab¨vb¨ wel‡qi evwl©K cvV cwiKíbvi GKwU QK ˆZwi Kiæb|

BDwbU- 8 148
 evsjv‡`k D›gy³ wek¦we`¨vjq

cvV 8.2 cvVUxKv cÖYqb

f‚wgKv

wk¶K cÖwk¶Y m¤úwK©Z fvlvq ÔcvV-cwiKíbvÕ, ÔcvVUxKvÕ, ÔcvV`vb AbykxjbÕ, Ôe¨envwiK

cvV`vbÕ, Ôwk¶Yvf¨vmÕ BZ¨vw` kã eûj e¨eüZ I Av‡jvwPZ| Gme Av‡jvPbvq I e¨env‡i
G k㸇jv weKí ev mgv_©K kã wn‡m‡e M„nxZ n‡q _v‡K| Avgv‡`i AvR‡Ki cv‡V Avgiv
ÔcvVUxKvÕ kãwU cÖwZw`‡bi cÖwZwU cv‡Vi GKK cvV-cwiKíbv K_vwUi weKí wn‡m‡e MÖnY
K‡iwQ| g~jZ cvVUxKv n‡”Q wbw`©ó GKwU cv‡Vi †kªwYK¶ cvV`v‡bi cwiKíbv|

D‡Ïk¨

GB cv‡Vi †k‡l Avcwb−

nve©v‡Ui c‡mvcvb m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvPbv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb Ges

cvVUxKv cÖYqb †KŠkj eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

cvVUxKv cÖYqb I cvV`vb Abykxjb wk¶K‡`i wk¶v`vb m¤úwK©Z Kv‡Ri GKwU Aek¨
KiYxq KvR| wk¶K‡`i †kªwYK¶ cvV`v‡bi †KŠkj¸‡jv AvqË Kievi cÖ‡qvR‡b µgvMZ
Abykxjb Ki‡Z nq| cvVUxKv GB Abykxjb‡KB A_©en K‡i †Zv‡j| eZ©gv‡b AvaywbK
wk¶vwe`MY †kLv I †kLv‡bv KvRwU‡K gb¯ÍË¡ I weÁv‡bi `„p wfwËf‚wgi Ici cÖwZwôZ
K‡i‡Qb| d‡j KvRwU AviI †ewk cwiKíbv I Abykxjb mv‡c¶ n‡q c‡o‡Q|

cvVUxKv cÖYq‡bi †KŠkj

cvVUxKv cÖYqb I D™¢ve‡bi m‡½ huvi bvg we‡klfv‡e RwoZ wZwb n‡”Qb nve©vU| wZwbB
cÖ_g †kªwYK¶ cvV`vb‡K GKwU †hŠw³K KvVv‡gvi Ici `uvo Kiv‡bvi K_v †f‡ewQ‡jb Ges
`uvo Kwi‡qwQ‡jb|

nve©vU: m¤ú~Y© bvg Rb †d«WvwiK nve©vU| wewkó Rvg©vb wk¶vwe` I `vk©wbK|

nve©vU
Zuvi g‡Z cÖK…wZ I mgv‡Ri ms¯ú‡k© wkï †h AwfÁZv AR©b K‡i, †mB
AwfÁZvi ga¨ w`‡qB wkïi gvbwmK weKvk N‡U|

A‡bK ch©‡e¶Y K‡i nve©vU †`L‡Z cvb †h, †kLv I †kLv‡bvi KvRwU wk¶‡Ki wbQK
†Lqvj-Lywki Ici wbf©i K‡i bv| Zuv‡K Aek¨B GKwU †hŠw³K avivµg AbymiY Ki‡Z
nq| G avivµgwU‡K wZwb cuvPwU ¯Í‡i ev av‡c web¨¯Í K‡i‡Qb| Avi, GUvB n‡”Q nve©v‡Ui
Ôc‡mvcvbÕ| e¯‘Z nve©vU‡K AbymiY K‡iB cieZx©Kv‡j cvVUxKv cÖYqb †KŠk‡ji †¶‡Î
bvbv c×wZi D™¢veb N‡U‡Q| cvV`v‡bi Rb¨ nve©v‡Ui cuvPwU †mvcvb n‡”Q:

cÖ¯‘wZ- Preparation
nve©v‡Ui c‡mvcvb

Dc¯’vcb- Presentation

evsjv 149
 ¯‹zj Ae GWz‡Kkb wmGW †cÖvMÖvg

Zzjbv- Comparison ev Abyl½ ¯’vcb Association

m~Î-MVb- Generalization

cÖ‡qvM I Awf‡hvRb- Application.

cvV`v‡bi GB †mvcvb¸‡jv wb‡q hy‡M hy‡M wewfbœ †`‡k cix¶v-wbix¶v n‡q‡Q Ges GLbI
n‡”Q| eZ©gv‡b nve©v‡Ui Av`k©‡K AbymiY K‡i DwjøwLZ cuvPwU †mvcvb‡K msw¶ß K‡i wZbwU
†mvcv‡b cvVUxKv cÖYqb Kiv nq| †mvcvb wZbwU nj:

cÖ¯‘wZ
eZ©gv‡bi w·mvcvb

Dc¯’vcb

cÖ‡qvM, g~j¨vqb I Awf‡hvRb|

Zzjbv I m~Î-MVb- G`ywU ch©vq‡K Dc¯’vcb ch©v‡qi AšÍfz©³ Kiv n‡q‡Q|

†kªwYK‡¶ cvV`v‡bi Rb¨ DwjøwLZ welq¸‡jv QvovI cvVUxKv cÖYqbKv‡j wk¶K‡K †h

welq¸‡jv we‡klfv‡e g‡b ivL‡Z n‡e †m¸‡jv n‡”Q:

cvVUxKv cÖYqb Kv‡j
†kªwY‡f‡` wk¶v_x©i eqm, gvbwmK mvg_© I wk¶v¯Íi|

wk¶K‡K g‡b ivL‡Z
wk¶v_x©i wk¶vi gvb I wk¶v cwi‡ek|
n‡e

cvV`v‡bi Rb¨ wbw`©ó mgqKvj|

wbw`©ó cv‡Vi D‡Ïk¨mg~n|

D‡Ï‡k¨i cwi‡cÖw¶‡Z Ávb, aviYv, `¶Zv, `„wófw½ I g~j¨‡eva welqK †hvM¨Zvmg~n|

cv‡Vi cÖvmw½K I mnvqK DcKiYvw`i D‡jøL I Zvi e¨envi m¤úwK©Z wb‡`©kbv|

cv‡Vi e¨vL¨v, eY©bv, D`vniY I we‡kølY|

cvV g~j¨vqb †KŠkj: cÖkœgvjv|

cvV mnvqK wba©vwiZ KvR (Assiganments/Projects)|

GKwU we‡kl †kªwYi Rb¨ GKwU wbw`©ó cvV‡K cvVUxKvi gva¨‡g RxebgyLx I ev¯ÍegyLx K‡i
†Zvjvi mve©v½xb cÖ‡Póv wk¶‡Ki Rb¨ GKvšÍfv‡e Kvg¨|

eZ©gv‡b cÖPwjZ wÎ-†mvcv‡bi †mvcvb¸‡jv m¤ú‡K© msw¶ß Av‡jvPbv Kiv hvK|

1. cÖ¯‘wZ: cÖ¯‘wZ `yiKg| (K) †kªwY‡Z hvIqvi c~‡e©i cÖ¯‘wZ Ges (L) †kªwY‡Z hvIqvi ci
cvV Avi¤¢ Kivi cÖ¯‘wZ|

BDwbU- 8 150
 evsjv‡`k D›gy³ wek¦we`¨vjq

K. †kªwY‡Z hvIqvi c~‡e©i cÖ¯‘wZ‡K cvVUxKvi c~e©kZ© wn‡m‡e we‡ePbv Kiv nq| kZ©¸‡jv
n‡”Q:

wbw`©ó cvV I cv‡Vi †h we‡kl AskwU cov‡eb Zv wbe©vPb Ki‡eb|

cvVUxKvi c~e©kZ©

cv‡Vi wbw`©ó welqe¯‘ m¤^‡Ü my¯úó aviYv AR©‡bi Rb¨ wba©vwiZ AskwU K‡qKevi
cov‡eb|

wba©vwiZ welqwU †kLv‡bvi D‡Ïk¨¸‡jv wPwýZ Ki‡eb Ges AwR©Ze¨ †hvM¨Zv¸‡jv
m¤ú‡K© ¯úó aviYv jvf Ki‡eb|

cv‡Vi we‡kl we‡kl As‡ki e¨vL¨v we‡køl‡Yi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq cÖ¯‘wZ MÖnY Ki‡eb|
cÖ‡qvR‡b †idv‡iÝ eB, Awfavb, wek¦‡Kvl BZ¨vw` ch©v‡jvPbv Ki‡eb|

cÖvmw½K mnvqK DcKiY wbe©vPb Ki‡eb|

wk¶v_x©i eqm I gvbwmK mvg_©¨ we‡ePbv K‡i me©v‡c¶v Dc‡hvMx c×wZ AbymiY
Ki‡eb|

cvV cwi‡ekbv, Abykxjb I g~j¨vq‡bi †KŠkj¸‡jv m¤^‡Ü m‡PZb _vK‡eb|

(L) †kªwY‡Z cÖ‡ek Kivi ci cvV Avi¤¢ Kivi cÖ¯‘wZ wn‡m‡e Avcbv‡K Ki‡Z n‡e t

wkï‡`i mv‡_ ï‡f”Qv wewbgq Kiæb| Zv‡`i Kzkjvw` ‡R‡b wbb|

cvV Dc¯’vc‡bi cÖ¯‘wZ

†kªwYweb¨vm Kiæb| cÖ‡qvR‡b Avcbvi gZ K‡i †kªwY‡K Ges †kªwYi wkï‡`i‡K web¨¯Í
K‡i wbb|

†kªwYi Ges wkï‡`i cwi”QbœZv ch©‡e¶Y Kiæb| mvaviYZ w`‡bi cÖ_g wcwiq‡W G
KvR¸‡jv Kiv nq|

cv‡Vi cÖwZ wkï‡`i AvMÖn m„wó Kiæb| cvVwU bZzb n‡j cÖvmw½K Mí, NUbv ev K_v
D‡jøL Kiæb| cvVwU c~e© cv‡Vi m‡½ m¤úwK©Z n‡j cy‡iv‡bv cvV †_‡K cÖkœ K‡iI
wkï‡`i g‡bv‡hvM AvKl©Y Ki‡Z cv‡ib| wk¶v_x©‡`i g‡bv‡hvM bZzb cv‡Vi KvQvKvwQ
G‡jB cvV †NvlYv Kiæb Ges bZzb cv‡Vi cvVkxl© ev wk‡ivbvg †ev‡W© wj‡L w`b|

2. Dc¯’vcb: cv‡Vi cÖm½ awi‡q †`Iqvi ci ciB wk¶K †h KvRwU K‡ib Zv nj

Dc¯’vcbv| GUvB cv‡Vi me‡P‡q ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Ask| gvZ…fvlv evsjvi Dc¯’vcb cÖwµqv Ab¨vb¨
wel‡qi Dc¯’vcb cÖwµqv †_‡K GKUz wfbœZi| gvZ…fvlvi †¶‡Î Avcwb wb‡Pi aviv¸‡jv
AbymiY Ki‡Z cv‡ib:

K. evsjv M`¨ I c`¨ cv‡Vi mgq mswkøó DcKiY cÖ`k©‡bi gva¨‡g Dc¯’vcb ïiæ Ki‡Z
wk¶‡Ki Av`k© cvV
cv‡ib| Gici DcKiY mwi‡q †i‡L Avcwb (wk¶K) wb‡R ï× I ¯úó D”Pvi‡Y, mwVK
¯^ifw½ eRvq †i‡L cvVwU co~b| cÖ‡qvR‡b GKvwaK eviI co‡Z cv‡ib| GUv‡K wk¶‡Ki
Av`k© cvV ejv nq| cÖ_g I wØZxq †kªwY‡Z wk¶v_x©‡`i covi †hvM¨Zv AwR©Z bv nIqv ch©šÍ
Avcbv‡K co‡Z n‡e| wkïiv wk¶K A_©vr Avcbvi m‡½ cÖ_g w`‡K KÉ wgwj‡q, eB †`‡L

evsjv 151
 ¯‹zj Ae GWz‡Kkb wmGW †cÖvMÖvg

†`‡L co‡e c‡i Zviv GKK fv‡e co‡e| Z…Zxq, PZz_©, cÂg †kªwY‡Z wk¶‡Ki Av`k©
cv‡Vi ci †kªwYi fvj co~qv‡K w`‡q covi m~Pbv Kiv‡Z cv‡ib|

L. cÖ_g I wØZxq †kªwY‡Z Av`k© cv‡Vi ci wkï‡K K‡qKevi wbR wbR eB †`‡L co‡Z
D”PviY µwU ms‡kvab w`‡Z n‡e| wkïiv co‡Z _vK‡e| Avcwb j¶ ivL‡eb †K co‡Z cvi‡Q Avi †K cvi‡Q bv|
cv‡Vi †k‡l Zv‡`iB mn‡hvwMZvq Zv‡`i D”PviY µwU ïa‡i w`‡Z n‡e| hviv wcwQ‡q Av‡Q
Zv‡`i‡K e¨w³MZ mvnvh¨ w`b| hw` †`Lv hvq AwaKvsk wkï co‡Z cvi‡Q bv, Z‡e
Avcbv‡K cybivq Av`k© cvV w`‡Z n‡e| g‡b ivL‡Z n‡e, cv‡Vi †hvM¨Zv AwR©Z bv nIqv
ch©šÍ Ab¨ Kv‡R hvIqv wVK n‡e bv|

M. kãv_© Av‡jvPbv− cÖ_g †kªwYi cvV¨cy¯Í‡K wkïi Rvbvkã _v‡K e‡j †mLv‡b kãv_©
kãv_© Av‡jvPbv
Av‡jvPbvi cÖ‡qvRb nq bv| Ab¨vb¨ †kªwY‡Z KwVb kã evQvB K‡i wk¶v_x©‡`i mn‡hvwMZvq
Zvi A_© PK‡ev‡W© wjL w`‡eb| Ges wk¶v_x©‡`i‡K kãv_©¸‡jv Zv‡`i LvZvq wj‡L wb‡Z
ej‡eb| Zviv wj‡L‡Q wKbv Zv hvPvB K‡i †`L‡eb|

N. Gici cvV¨vsk Av‡jvPbv Ki‡Z n‡e| Av‡jvPbv n‡e cÖ‡kœvˇii gva¨‡g| wk¶K wn‡m‡e
cvV¨vsk Av‡jvPbv
Avcwb †Kej e³…Zv w`‡eb bv| cÖ‡qvR‡b msw¶ß e¨vL¨v I D`vniY w`‡Z cv‡ib| G ch©v‡q
fvlvi we‡kl e¨envi wn‡m‡e− evK¨ iPbv, wecixZ kã, KwVb k‡ãi evbvb BZ¨vw` †kLv‡Z
n‡e| KweZvi †¶‡Î Q›` I Zvj eRvq †i‡L Ave„wË Kivi Abykxjb Kiv‡eb|

†hvM¨ZvwfwËK cvV`v‡bi †¶‡Î †hwU me‡P‡q ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Zv nj, cvV †_‡K †h †h †hvM¨Zv
AwR©Z n‡e e‡j wba©viY Kiv n‡q‡Q, †mB †mB †hvM¨Zv AR©b Kivi Rb¨ ch©vß Abykxj‡bi
my‡hvM †`‡eb| cÖ‡kœvˇii gva¨‡g †K †K †hvM¨Zv AR©b Ki‡Z cv‡iwb Zv wPwýZ Ki‡eb
Ges wbivgqg~jK e¨e¯’v Aej¤^‡bi gva¨‡g `ye©j wkïwU‡K wkLb dj AR©‡b mvnvh¨ Ki‡eb|

O. bxie cvV: cÖ_g I wØZxq †kªwY‡Z bxie cv‡Vi AeKvk †bB| Z…Zxq †kªwYi †k‡li w`K
†_‡K ax‡i ax‡i wkï‡`i bxie covi Af¨vm MV‡bi Abykxjb Kiv‡Z n‡e| bxie cv‡Vi
bxie cvV D‡Ïk¨ n‡e gg© MÖnY| bxie cv‡Vi ci cÖkœ K‡i †R‡b wbb †m cv‡Vi gg© MÖnY Ki‡Z
‡c‡i‡Q wK bv|

Dc¯’vcbKv‡j me wk¶v_x©i mwµq AskMÖnY wbwðZ Ki‡eb| †Kvb wkï †hb Ae‡nwjZ bv
nq †mw`‡K `„wó ivL‡eb|

3. g~j¨vqb: cÖwZw`‡bi cÖwZ cvV g~j¨vqb Ki‡eb| g~j¨vqb n‡e †hvM¨Zv wfwËK| ejv I
covi †hvM¨Zv †gŠwLK cÖ‡kœi gva¨‡g g~j¨vqb Ki‡Z n‡e| †jLvi †hvM¨Zv g~j¨vq‡b wkï‡K
†jLvi my‡hvM w`‡Z n‡e| gvZ…fvlv evsjvi Ávb ïay ˆbe©¨w³K cÖ‡kœi gva¨‡g g~j¨vqb Kiv
hvq bv| ZvB g~j¨vq‡b wewfbœ ai‡bi cÖ‡kœi− iPbvg~jK, msw¶ß DËi cÖ‡kœi− AeZviYv
Ki‡Z n‡e|

BDwbU- 8 152
 evsjv‡`k D›gy³ wek¦we`¨vjq

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb- 8.2

A) eû wbe©vPbx cÖkœ

mwVK DËi wb‡`©kg~jK A¶iwU‡K e„ËvwqZ Kiæb| Avcbvi wbe©vwPZ DËiwU K n‡j K
e„ËvwqZ Kiæb:

1. nve©vU wQ‡jb−
K. Rvcvwb wkï gb¯ÍË¡we`
L. Rvg©vb wk¶vwe` I `vk©wbK
M. Av‡gwiKvb `vk©wbK I gb¯ÍË¡we`
N. BD‡ivwcqvb b„ZË¡we` I wk¶vwe`|

2. nve©v‡Ui c‡mvcvb‡K eZ©gv‡b KqwU †mvcv‡b iƒcvšÍwiZ Kiv n‡q‡Q?

K. wZbwU
L. PviwU
M. QqwU
N. mvZwU|

3. bxie cv‡Vi D‡Ïk¨ n‡”Q−

K. cv‡Vi cÖwZ AwaK g‡bv‡hvMx Kiv
L. wkïi PÂj gb‡K w¯’i Kiv
M. wk¶K‡K wei³ bv K‡i cvV¨f¨vm Kiv
N. cv‡Vi gg© MÖnY Kiv|

Av) msw¶ß DËig~jK cÖkœ

1. cvVUxKvi c~e© kZ©¸‡jv D‡jøL Kiæb|

2. nve©vU I Zvi c‡mvcvb m¤ú‡K© msw¶ß Av‡jvPbv Kiæb|

evsjv 153
 ¯‹zj Ae GWz‡Kkb wmGW †cÖvMÖvg

cvV 8.3 cvVUxKvi wewfbœ cÖPwjZ KvVv‡gv I bgybv

D‡Ïk¨

GB cv‡Vi †k‡l Avcwb−

cvVUxKvi wewfbœ cÖPwjZ KvVv‡gv ev Format ˆZwi Ki‡Z cvi‡eb;

bgybv cvVUxKvi Av‡jv‡K cÖ‡qvRbxq cvVUxKv cÖYqb Ki‡Z m¶g n‡eb Ges

cvVUxKvi cÖPwjZ †h †Kvb KvVv‡gv AbymiY K‡i cvVUxKv cÖYqb Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

cvVUxKvi wewfbœ cÖPwjZ KvVv‡gv

G cv‡V Avgiv cvVUxKvi wewfbœ KvVv‡gv wb‡q Av‡jvPbv Kie| cvV`v‡bi wewfbœ wewfbœ chv©q
ev ¯Íi¸‡jvi‡K myweb¨¯Ífv‡e cvVUxKvq AšÍf~©³ Kivi Rb GKwU mymsnZ Format ev
cvVv‡gvi cÖ‡qvRb| G D‡Ï‡k¨ cvVUxKv cÖYq‡bi †ÿ‡Î K‡qKwU KvVv‡gv Abym„Z n‡q _v‡K|
wb‡gœ PviwU bgybv KvVv‡gv Zz‡j aiv nj:

cÖ_g KvVv‡gv
we`¨vjq: welq:
wkÿ‡Ki bvg: mvaviY cvV:
†kªwY: eq‡mi Mo: we‡kl cvV:
QvÎ msL¨v: mgq: ZvwiL:

mvaviY -
D‡Ïk¨:
we‡kl -

DcKiY:
†mvcvb welq c×wZ gšÍe¨
cÖ¯ÍywZ
Dc¯’vcb
g~j¨vqY
Awf‡hvM/wbivgqg~jK e¨e¯’v

BDwbU- 8 154
 evsjv‡`k D›gy³ wek¦we`¨vjq

wØZxq KvVv‡gv
welq (mvaviY)
cvV¨ welq
†kªwY
D‡Ïk¨ mvaviY:
we‡kl:
aviYv
DcKiY mvaviY:
we‡kl:
†mvcvb/¯Íi wkÿ‡Ki KvR wkÿv_x©i KvR
1. cÖ¯‘wZ
2. Dc¯’vcb
3. g~j¨vqb
4. Awf‡hvRb/wbivgqg~jK e¨e¯’v

Z…Zxq KvVv‡gv
welq:
cvV¨ welq:
†kªwY:
D‡Ïk¨ (K) mvaviY:
(L) we‡kl:
(M) AvPiwYK
aviYv
cÖ¯‘ywZ
g~j¨vqb
Awf‡hvRb/ wbivgqg~jK e¨e¯’v

PZz_© KvVv‡gv
welq: (mvaviY):
†kªwY:
mgq:
we‡kl D‡Ïk¨ aviYv DcKiY welqe¯‘i cvV`v‡bi c×wZ g~j¨vqb I
cvV mvims‡ÿc ¯Íi ev Awf‡hvM/
†mvcvb wbivgqg~jK
e¨e¯’v
mvaviY 1.
2.
we‡kl 3.

AvZ¥ we‡kølY

evsjv 155
¯‹zj Ae GWz‡Kkb wmGW †cÖvMÖvg

Gev‡i Avgiv GKwU mswÿß KvVv‡gv Zz‡j aiwQ

mswÿß cvVUxKvi KvVv‡gv (bgybv)

we`¨vjq: welq:
†kªwY: cvV:
wkÿv_x©i msL¨v we‡kl cvV:
D‡Ïk¨ aviYv DcKiY wkÿL/ g~j¨vqb/
wkÿv_x©i KvR wbivgqg~jK e¨e¯’v

evwoi KvR
cÖwkÿYv_x© wkÿ‡Ki wbR¯^ mgv‡jvPbv/gšÍe¨

GB BDwb‡U Avcbv‡`i cvVUxKv cÖYqb Kv‡Ri myweavi Rb¨ `yÕGKwU c~Yv©½ bgybv mieivn
Kiv nj|
cvV cwiKíbv
(bgybv KvVv‡gv web¨vm)

we`¨vjq: welq: evsjv

†kªwY: g~j cvV:
wkÿK: AvR‡Ki cvV: Aby‡”Q`/¯ÍeK ............... Aby‡”Q`/¯ÍeK
mgq:
ZvwiL:
AvPiYxq D‡Ïk¨: msÁv `vb, D‡jøL Kiv, mbv³ Kiv, eY©bv Kiv, wb‡`©k Kiv, ejv,
(cwigvc‡hvM¨) cybive„wË, c~bM©Vb Kiv, e¨vL¨v Kiv, hvPvB Kiv, A_© cÖ`vb Kiv,
cÖ‡qvM Kiv, †kªwYweb¨vm Kiv, Abygvb Kiv, wPwýZ Kiv, †jLv, m~Î
cÖ`vb Kiv, wePvi Kiv, hyw³ cÖ`vb Kiv, cov, Abykxjb Kiv BZ¨vw`|
cÖ¯‘wZ c~e©Ávb (c~e©cvV/c~e© AwfÁZv)

gvbm-cÖeYZv

AbyK~j cwi‡ek

cv‡V AskMÖnY

m¤ú„³KiY
Dc¯’vcb:
Kwe/†jLK cwiwPwZ

Av`k© cvV/Ae„wË

D”PviY/kãv_©

e¨vL¨vg~jK cÖkœ: welqe¯‘/g~jfve m¤ú„³ cÖkœvewj

e¨vL¨v I we‡kølY

BDwbU- 8 156
 evsjv‡`k D›gy³ wek¦we`¨vjq

g~j¨vqb:
mswÿß-DËi cÖkœ: †gŠwLK I wjwLZ

(mgMÖ welqwfwËK)

mvigg©/g~j e³e¨

Awf‡hvRb (wbivgq)

wbav©wiZ KvR
mgvwß †NvlYv:

cvV cwiKíbv: cÖ_g †kªwY

we`¨vj‡qi bvg: welq: evsjv

wkÿ‡Ki bvg: mvaviY cvV: evK¨ cVb
†kªwY: cÖ_g we‡kl cvV: Avgvi eB|
wkïi msL¨v: 30 Avwg eB cwo|
ZvwiL: mgq: 30×2= 60 wg: ev 2 wcwiqW|
D‡Ïk¨: ï× cVb I eY© cwiPq|
†hvM¨Zv:
†kvbv: g‡bv‡hvM mnKv‡i ïb‡e|
ˆah© mnKv‡i ïb‡e|
ejv: cwiwPZ wRwb‡mi (eB) bvg ej‡Z cvi‡e|
cov: evK¨ `ywU I ev‡K¨i AšÍM©Z kã KwU †Rv‡i ï× D”Pvi‡Y co‡Z cvi‡e|
eY© wPb‡Z I ï× D”Pvi‡Y co‡Z cvi‡e|
Kvi wPý (AvKvi I BKvi) wPb‡Z I e‡Y©i m‡½ hy³ K‡i co‡Z cvi‡e|
†jLv: eY©, Kvi, kã I evK¨ ï×fv‡e wjL‡Z cvi‡e|

DcKiY: eB, cvV¨cy¯‡Í K cÖ`Ë Qwe (GKwU †Q‡j I GKwU †g‡q eB co‡Q), kã I eY©
KvW©|

†mvcvb wk¶‡Ki KvR wk¶v_x©‡`i KvR

1| †kªwY‡Z cÖ‡ek I ï‡f”Qv wewbgq: IqvjvBKzg Ammvjvg|
cÖ Avmmvjvgy AvjvBKzg| Avgiv fvj AvwQ| Avcwb †Kgb
†Zvgiv †Kgb AvQ? Av‡Qb?
¯‘ 2| †kªwY web¨vm
3| ¯^v¯’¨ cix¶v (cÖ‡qvR‡b)
4| cv‡Vi cÖwZ g‡bv‡hvM AvKl©‡Yi Rb¨ cÖkœ:
wZ (K) wbR wbR eB nv‡Z bvI eB nv‡Z †b‡e|
(L) eB DuPz K‡i †`LvI eB DuPz K‡i †`Lv‡e|
5| cvV †NvlYv:
AvR Avgiv ÔAvgvi eBÕ I ÔAvwg eB
cwoÕ evK¨ `ywU coe|

evsjv 157
¯‹zj Ae GWz‡Kkb wmGW †cÖvMÖvg

1| QwewU †ev‡W© Szwj‡q w`‡q cÖkœ Kie:

D (K) Qwe‡Z †Q‡j‡g‡q `ywU wK Ki‡Q? eB co‡Q|
†Q‡jwU ej‡Q, Avgvi eB|
c Avwg eB cwo|
2| evK¨ `ywU PK †ev‡W© wjLe|
¯’v 3| Av`k© cvV (evK¨ cVb):
(K) Qwe †`wL‡q eje, Avgvi eB|
c Avwg eB cwo| wk¶v_x©iv ïb‡e|
(L) †jLv wb‡`©k K‡i coe, Avgvi eB
b Avwg eB cwo|
(M) wk¶v_x©‡`i Avgvi mv‡_ cov‡Z Qwe †`‡L I †jLv †`‡L mgš^‡q
eje| co‡e, wb‡`©k w`‡q Abyiƒcfv‡e
Avgvi eB| Avwg eB cwo| K‡qKevi cove|
eB Lyj‡e I cvV †`Lv‡e|
(N) wk¶v_x©‡`i eB Ly‡j covi wbw`©ó
Ask †ei Ki‡Z eje|
Qwe †`wL‡q eje Avgvi eB, Avwg eB Qwe a‡i Avgvi m‡½ m‡½
cwo| co‡e|
(O) cov a‡i a‡i co| wkï‡`i Avgvi k‡ãi wb‡P Av½yj w`‡q a‡i
mv‡_ mv‡_ wbR wbR eB‡Z cov a‡i a‡i co‡e, k‡ãi wb‡P Av½yj
co‡Z eje (K‡qKevi)| w`‡q a‡i a‡i co‡e, Avgvi
eB, Avwg cwo (mgš^‡q)|
(P) Avwg bv c‡o ïay KvwV w`‡q wb‡`©k wb‡`©k Abyhvqx co‡e|
Kie|
(Q) Avwg †hwU eje †mwU †Kej mvg‡bi mvg‡bi †e‡Âi †Q‡j‡g‡qiv
†e‡Âi †Q‡j-†g‡qiv co| co‡e|
†cQ‡bi †e‡Âi †Q‡j‡g‡qiv co| †cQ‡bi †e‡Âi †Q‡j‡g‡qiv
co‡e|
(R) wkï‡`i‡K eB †`‡L †`‡L co‡Z eB‡Z cov a‡i a‡i co‡Z
eje| Avwg Ny‡i Ny‡i †`Le| hviv _vK‡e|
cvi‡Q bv Zv‡`i e‡j †`e|

D 4| kã cVb I cwiwPwZ:
wkïiv kãwU ai‡e|
c (K) Avwg PK †ev‡W© GKwU kã wb‡`©k K‡i
wkï‡`i‡K †mB kãwU wbR wbR eB‡Z
†ei Ki‡Z eje| Avwg Ny‡i Ny‡i †`Le|
¯’v hviv cv‡iwb Zv‡`i awi‡q †`e| wb‡`©k †gvZv‡eK co‡e|
(L) Gfv‡e k㸇jv G‡K G‡K a‡i co‡Z
eje| PK‡ev‡W© †jLv kã †`‡L
c (M) GKwU kã PK‡ev‡W© wjLe Ges wkï‡`i co‡e|

BDwbU- 8 158
 evsjv‡`k D›gy³ wek¦we`¨vjq

co‡Z eje (G‡K G‡K me kã)| kã KvW© †`‡L co‡e|

b (N) kã KvW© †`‡L co‡Z eje (G‡K G‡K
me kã)|

5| e¨w³MZ MVb:
(K) GKRb‡K eB‡Z cov †`‡L †`‡L co‡Z GKRb co‡e, A‡b¨iv ïb‡e|
eje| Ab¨‡`i ïb‡Z eje| Gfv‡e AwaKvsk covi mgq †h kã co‡e †mwU
†Q‡j‡g‡q‡K w`‡q cove| Av½yj w`‡q ai‡e|
6| eY© cwiwPwZ:
(K) cv‡Vi wb‡P †`Iqv 4wU k‡ãi evbvb wkïiv Avgvi m‡½ m‡½ eB‡Z
G‡K G‡K coe| †hgb, Avgvi Av gv i a‡i a‡i evbvb K‡i co‡e|
(Gfv‡e K‡qKevi)|
(L) wkï‡`i wbR wbR eB †`‡L co‡Z eje| wbR wbR eB †`‡L co‡Z
Avwg Ny‡i Ny‡i †`Le, hviv cvi‡Q bv, Zv‡`i _vK‡e|
mvnvh¨ Kie|
(M) cov _vwg‡q w`‡q eje, evbvb Ki
ÔAvgviÕ| evbvb Ki ÔAvwgÕ ÔcwoÕ|
K‡qKRb‡K w`‡q evbvb Kive| wb‡`©k Abyhvqx evbvb Ki‡e|
(N) PK‡ev‡W© ÔAvÕ wj‡L co‡Z eje| Gfv‡e
ÔgÕ I ÔiÕ wj‡L co‡Z eje| Ôv-KviÕ I Ôw-
D KviÕ wj‡L co‡Z eje| wkïiv co‡e ÔAvÕ ÔgÕ I ÔiÕ,
(O) wb‡P jvj Kvwj w`‡q †jLv ÔAvÕ ai, ÔgÕ Ôv-KviÕ Ôw-KviÕ|
c ai, ÔiÕ ai| Avwg Ny‡i Ny‡i †`Le, Kv‡iv
fzj n‡j ï× K‡i †`e| wb‡`©k Abyhvqx ai‡e|
¯’v ÔcwoÕ kã †_‡K Ôw-KviÕ ai| Avgvi kã
†_‡K Ôv-KviÕ ai| Avwg Ny‡i Ny‡i †`Le|
c hviv cvi‡e bv Zv‡`i ‡`wL‡q †`e| wkïiv v-Kvi w-Kvi ai‡e|
(P) eY© KvW© ‡`wL‡q e‡Y©i bvg ej‡Z eje|
b (Q) ej g-G AvKvi ÔgvÕ o G n«¯^ B Kvi
ÔwoÕ| wkïiv e‡Y©i bvg ej‡e| wkïiv
ej‡e| g Gi AvKvi ÔgvÕ; o-G
n«¯^ BKvi ÔwoÕ|
7| mvgwMÖK cvV:
eB‡Z covwU a‡i Avgvi m‡½ m‡½ co, mK‡j eB a‡i a‡i GKmv‡_
ÔAvgvi eBÕ ÔAvwg eB cwoÕ| co‡e|
D 8| †jLv:
(K) Avwg wKfv‡e wjwL Zv †`Lvi wb‡`©k w`‡q wkïiv †`L‡e|
PK‡ev‡W© wjLe ÔAvÕ|
c (L) LvZv/†úU †cwÝj w`‡q Avgvi Abymi‡Y wkïiv wbR wbR LvZv/†úU-G
†jLvi wb‡`©k w`‡q Avwg PK‡ev‡W© wjLe ÔZÕ| wjL‡e ÔZÕ| Gi †_‡K ˆZwi
Gi †_‡K ˆZwi Kie ÔAÕ| Zvici †k‡l Av| Ki‡e A| Avgvi †jLv †`‡L

evsjv 159
¯‹zj Ae GWz‡Kkb wmGW †cÖvMÖvg

¯’v cÖwZ ¯Í‡i Avwg Ny‡i Ny‡i †`Le Ges †KD bv †`‡L wjL‡e Av|
cvi‡j nvZ a‡i wj‡L †`e| mevB‡K co‡Z mevB co‡e ÔAvÕ|
c eje ÔAvÕ| Gfv‡e K‡qKevi †`Lve|
(M) Gfv‡e ÔgÕ I ÔiÕ wjL‡Z †kLve| g I i wjL‡e| Avgvi †jLv
b (N) Avwg wKfv‡e wjwL Zv †`Lve, wb‡`©k †`‡L wjL‡e ÔAvgviÕ|
w`‡q PK‡ev‡W© wjLe ÔAvgviÕ, wkï‡`i wjL‡Z
eje I Ny‡i Ny‡i †`Le, †KD bv cvi‡j Zv‡K
†`wL‡q †`e|
(O) PK‡ev‡W© wjLe, ÔAvwg eB cwoÕ| Avgvi wkïiv wjL‡e ÔAvwg eB cwoÕ|
†jLv †`‡L †`‡L wjL‡Z eje| Ny‡i Ny‡i
†`Le, hviv cv‡i bv, Zv‡`i wjL‡Z mvnvh¨
Kie|
g~ wba©vwiZ †hvM¨Zv me wkï cyivcywi AR©b
Ki‡Z †c‡i‡Q wKbv Zv hvPvB Kivi Rb¨
j¨v wbgœiƒc e¨e¯’v MÖnY Kie:
cÖkœ:
q 1| eB †`‡L †`‡L AvR‡Ki cv‡Vi evK¨ `ywU evK¨ `ywU co‡e| †KD bv
cov †KD bv cvi‡j Zv‡K wkLevi my‡hvM cvi‡j mv‡_ mv‡_ wkL‡e|
b †`e|
2| eB‡qi gjv‡U †jLv co| gjv‡U †jLv co‡e|

3| ÔAvwg eB cwoÕ evK¨wU PK‡ev‡W© wjLe I PK‡ev‡W© †jLv †`‡L co‡e|

wkï‡`i co‡Z eje|
4| GB c„ôvq †hLv‡b †hLv‡b ÔAvgviÕ kã ÔAvgviÕ kã Luy‡R †ei K‡i
†jLv Av‡Q Zv ai I co| co‡e| †KD bv cvi‡j wk‡L
†b‡e|
5| GB c„ôvq †hLv‡b †hLv‡b ÔAvwgÕ kã ÔAvwgÕ kã Lyu‡R †ei K‡i
†jLv Av‡Q Zv ai I co| co‡e|
6| GLv‡b †jLv ÔcwoÕ kã Luy‡R †ei K‡i ai ÔcwoÕ kã Lyu‡R †ei K‡i
I co| co‡e| †KD bv cvi‡j wk‡L
7| ÔAvgviÕ k‡ãi ÔiÕ eY©wU ai I co| †b‡e|
8| ÔAvwgÕ k‡ãi ÔgÕ eY©bwU ai I co| i eY©wU a‡i co‡e|
9| ÔAvgviÕ k‡ãi ÔAvÕ ai I co| g eY©wU a‡i co‡e|
10| ÔcwoÕ k‡ãi n«¯^ B-Kvi ai I co Gi Av a‡i co‡e|
mv‡_ †hvM K‡i co| o Gi mv‡_ n«¯^B -Kvi †hvM
11| Avgvi kã †_‡K gv Luy‡R †ei Ki, I g K‡i co‡e|
Gi mv‡_ Av-Kvi †hvM K‡i co| g Gi mv‡_ Av-Kvi †hvM K‡i
12| wb‡P jvj Kvwj‡Z †jLv Av g i a‡i co co‡e|
Ges Av-Kvi n«¯^ B-Kvi ai| Av, g, i, Av-Kvi n«¯^ B-Kvi
13| LvZvq/‡ú‡U †jL: Avgvi, Avwg eB a‡i co‡e|
cwo| wb‡`©k Abyhvqx wjL‡e| †KD bv
cvi‡j †`wL‡q †`e|

BDwbU- 8 160
 evsjv‡`k D›gy³ wek¦we`¨vjq

AvR‡Ki cv‡Vi †k‡l mvjvg wewbgq K‡i †kªwYK¶ Z¨vM Kie|

`ªóe¨: cvVwU GKw`‡b †kl n‡e bv/`yB w`b a‡i GUv †kLv‡Z n‡e| cÖ_g w`b †kvbv, ejv I
covi †hvM¨Zv AwR©Z n‡e Ges wØZxq w`b covi I †jLvi †hvM¨Zv AwR©Z n‡e|

cvV cwiKíbv: wØZxq †kªwY

we`¨vj‡qi bvg: welq: evsjv

wk¶‡Ki bvg: mvaviY cvV: M`¨
†kªwY: wØZxq we‡kl cvV: Pv evMvb (cÖ_g Aby‡”Q`)
wkïi msL¨v: 30
ZvwiL: mgq: 30 wgwbU

D‡Ïk¨: ï× cVb, gg©MªnY I fvlv Ávb e„w×|

†hvM¨Zv: †kvbv: g‡bv‡hvM I ˆah© mnKv‡i ïb‡e|
ejv: PwjZ ixwZ‡Z K_v ej‡Z cvi‡e|
Qwei cwiPq w`‡Z cvi‡e|
cov: cvV¨vsk †Rv‡i I ï× D”Pvi‡Y co‡Z cvi‡e I `uvwo wPý wPb‡Z cvi‡e|
cvV¨vsk c‡o eyS‡Z cvi‡e| KwVb k‡ãi A_© ej‡Z cvi‡e I †QvU †QvU
cÖ‡kœi DËi w`‡Z cvi‡e|
wb‡Ri †jLv co‡Z cvi‡e|

†jLv: cv‡Vi Ask we‡kl ¯úó I ï×fv‡e wjL‡Z cvi‡e|

`vwo wPý e¨envi K‡i wjL‡Z cvi‡e|
ï‡b ï‡b kã wjL‡Z cvi‡e|
cwiwPZ kã e¨envi K‡i evK¨ wjL‡Z cvi‡e|

DcKiY:
1| Qwe|
2| ¯’vbxq mnRjf¨ DcKiY|

†mvcv welq c×wZ gšÍe¨

b
ï‡f”Qv cÖ‡qvRbxq DcKiYmn †kªwYK‡¶ cÖ‡ek K‡i
cÖ wewbgq QvÎ-QvÎx‡`i mv‡_ ï‡f”Qv wewbgq Kie|
cÖ‡qvR‡b †kªwYweb¨vm I wkï‡`i cwi®‹vi
¯‘ †kªwY web¨vm cwi”QbœZvi w`‡K j¶ Kie Ges cÖ‡qvRbxq
wb‡`©k †`e|
wZ bZzb cv‡Vi cÖwZ g‡bv‡hvM AvKl©Y I c~e©Ávb
bZzb cv‡Vi cix¶vi Rb¨ wb¤œiƒc cÖkœ Kie:
cÖwZ 1| †Zvgiv †K †K Pv †`‡LQ? wkï‡`i‡K

evsjv 161
¯‹zj Ae GWz‡Kkb wmGW †cÖvMÖvg

g‡bv‡hvM 2| Avgiv †h Pv LvB Zv †Kv_v †_‡K cvIqv cÖ‡kœi Reve

AvKl©Y I hvq? w`‡Z mvnvh¨
c~e© Ávb 3| evsjv‡`‡ki †Kvb †Kvb A‡j Pv MvQ Kiv n‡e|
cix¶v R‡b¥?
m¤¢ve¨ DËi †c‡j AvR Avgiv ÔPv evMvbÕ
cvV †NvlYv M‡íi cÖ_g Aby‡”Q` coe, e‡j cvV †NvlYv
Kie I cvVkxl© wj‡L †`e|
D DcKiY QwewU †kªwYi mvg‡b Uvwb‡q w`‡j Av‡jvPbvi
cÖ`k©b Rb¨ wb¤œiƒc cÖkœ Kie:
1) GUv wK‡mi Qwe?
2) Qwe‡Z wK MvQ †`Lv hv‡”Q?
c 3) †g‡qiv wK Ki‡Q? BZ¨vw` cÖ‡kœi DËi Qwe mwi‡q
cvIqvi ci wkï‡`i eB Ly‡j Pv evMvb †ei †djv n‡e|
Ki‡Z eje| wkï‡`i †kvbvi wb‡`©k w`‡q Avwg wkïiv eB‡Z
cvV¨vsk GKevi coe| cÖ_g evK¨ covi ci cov a‡i
¯’v evsjv‡`‡ki g¨vc Uvwb‡q wm‡jU †`Lve| Avgvi
Gevi Avwg GK GKwU evK¨ coe Ges wkïiv AbymiY
Avgvi mv‡_ mgš^‡q co‡e| Gfv‡e Avwg Ki‡e|
AšÍZt `yevi coe| wkïiv cv‡V
c AbMÖmi n‡j
†ewk evi
co‡Z n‡e|
wkï‡`i cvV Zvici wkï‡`i wbR wbR eB‡Z cov a‡i a‡i wkïiv eB
†`‡L e¨w³MZfv‡e co‡Z eje| wkïiv co‡Z †`‡L co‡Z
b _vK‡e| _vK‡e|
Avwg Ny‡i Ny‡i †`Le Ges †h cv‡i bv Zv‡K
mvnvh¨ Kie| Gfv‡e wkïiv AšÍZ `yevi
co‡e|
Gici †K †K co‡Z cvi‡e Zv †R‡b †be| hviv cv‡i
†ek wKQy msL¨K wkï nvZ bv DVv‡j Avevi Zviv nvZ
co‡Z †`e| Zv bv n‡j GKRb‡K †Rv‡i DVv‡e|
†Rv‡i co‡Z eje Ges Ab¨‡`i‡K wbR wbR GKRb
eB‡Z cov a‡i co~qvi AbymiY Ki‡Z eje| co‡e,
hviv nvZ DVvqwb Zv‡`i‡K we‡klfv‡e A‡b¨iv
g‡bv‡hvM w`‡Z eje| Gfv‡e †ek wKQy msL¨K ïb‡e| AvR
wkï‡K w`‡q cove| hviv covi
my‡hvM cv‡e
bv, Zviv Kvj
wKsev ciï
co‡e|

BDwbU- 8 162
 evsjv‡`k D›gy³ wek¦we`¨vjq

1 2 3 4
D kãv_© cv‡Vi KwVb kã GK GK K‡i PK‡ev‡W© wjLe DËi ï× bv
c Av‡jvPbv Ges wkï‡`i mn‡hvwMZvq cv‡k A_© wj‡L †`e| n‡j Ab¨
wkïiv wbR wbR LvZvq wj‡L †b‡e I A_© Rb‡K ej‡Z
¯’v wkL‡e| n‡e|
GKwU k‡ãi evbvb wR‡Ám K‡i †K †K ej‡Z
c evbvb †kLv cv‡i Rvb‡Z PvBe| nvZ DwV‡q‡Q Ggb
b GKRb‡K evbvb Ki‡Z eje| Zvi DËi ï×
n‡j mevB‡K eB †`‡L kãwUi evbvb wkL‡Z
eje| Gfv‡e me KwVb k‡ãi evbvb wkL‡e|
cvV¨vsk wb¤œiƒc cÖ‡kœvˇii gva¨‡g wkï‡`i‡K cvV¨vsk
Av‡jvPbv eyS‡Z mvnvh¨ Kie: wkï‡`i †Kvb
1) eo gvgv †Kv_vq _v‡Kb? cÖkœ _vK‡j
2) wZwb †mLv‡b wK K‡ib? wR‡Ám Ki‡Z
3) Giv †Kb wm‡j‡U †M‡Q? eje Ges Ab¨
4) Zgvj †K? wkï‡`i Reve
5) Giv wK †`L‡Q? w`‡Z eje|
6) `uvwo wPý †Kv_vq e‡m? †KD bv cvi‡j
7) ÔPvKwiÕ kã w`‡q gy‡L gy‡L evK¨ iPbv Ki| Avwg Reve
e‡j †`e|
g~j¨vq‡bi AvR‡Ki cvV †_‡K wPwýZ AR©b Dc‡hvMx
g~ Rb¨ cÖkœvewj †hvM¨Zv wkïiv AR©b Ki‡Z m¶g n‡q‡Q wKbv
†hvM¨Zv: Zv hvPvB Kivi Rb¨ wbæiƒ‡c e¨e¯’v MÖnY Kie:
j¨v †kvbv- wkïiv g‡bv‡hvM I ˆah© mnKv‡i ïb‡Q wKbv Zv
ch©‡e¶‡Yi gva¨‡g g~j¨vqb Kie|
q ejv- PwjZ ixwZ‡Z K_v ej‡Q wKbv Zv g~j¨vqb Kivi
Rb¨ cv‡V †hLv‡b PwjZ ixZ e¨eüZ n‡q‡Q
b †mLvb †_‡K cÖkœ Kie:
†hgb, †K †K eB
ejv- 1. Avgiv wm‡j‡U G‡mwQ †Kb? †`‡L co‡Z
2. Qwe‡Z †g‡q‡`i wc‡V wK †`Lv hv‡”Q? cvi‡e Zv nvZ
cov- 3. GKRb‡K (bvg a‡i) cÖ_g `yjvBb co| Zz‡j Rvbv‡e|
g~ 4. Ab¨ GKRb‡K (bvg a‡i) cÖ_g `yjvB‡b †KD nvZ bv
†Kv_vq †Kv_vq `uvwo wPý Av‡Q? Zzj‡j Zv‡K
j¨v 5. Ab¨ GKRb‡K (bvg a‡i) c‡ii `yjvBb co wPwýZ K‡i
BZ¨vw`| ivLe I c‡i
q 6. GB `yjvB‡bi ‡Kv_vq †Kv_vq `uvwo wPý wbivgqg~jK
Av‡Q? e¨e¯’v Aej¤^b
Kie|

evsjv 163
¯‹zj Ae GWz‡Kkb wmGW †cÖvMÖvg

cov- ejv 7| gvgv †Kv_vq _v‡Kb?

b 8| wZwb †mLv‡b wK K‡ib?
9| LvjvZ fvB Kv‡K e‡j?
10| Avgiv Ny‡i Ny‡i wK †`LwQ? BZ¨vw`
cov- †jLv 11| †jLvi †hvM¨Zv hvPvB Gi Rb¨ wjL‡Z
w`‡q wbR wbR †jLv †`‡L co‡Z eje|

†jLv- 12| eB †`‡L †`‡L cÖ_g `ywU evK¨ †jL?

13| Avwg †h kã eje Zv ï‡b †Zvgiv wbR wkïiv wjL‡e
wbR LvZv †ú‡U †jL: †hgb, PvKwi, Avwg Ny‡i Ny‡i
†jLv- evMvb| †`Le| cÖwZ
14| evK¨ iPbv Ki: evMvb, wm‡jU| ¯Í‡i
wbivgqg~jK
e¨e¯’vi gva¨‡g
cy‡ivcywi wkLb
wbwðZ Kie|

evwoi KvR cvV: evwo †_‡K fvj K‡i †kLvi wb‡`©k w`‡q hw` 2/1 Rb
†kªwYK¶ Z¨vM Kie| †Kvb †hvM¨Zv
cyivcywi AR©b
Ki‡Z bv cv‡i
Z‡e Zv‡`i
Rb¨ cieZx©
†Kvb mg‡q
wbivgqg~jK
e¨e¯’v MÖnY
Kie|
[msM„nxZ]

BDwbU- 8 164
 evsjv‡`k D›gy³ wek¦we`¨vjq

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb- 8.3

A) eû wbe©vPbx cÖkœ

mwVK DËi wb‡`©kg~jK A¶iwU‡K e„ËvwqZ Kiæb| Avcbvi wbe©vwPZ DËiwU K n‡j K
e„ËvwqZ Kiæb:

1. Qovi cvV †_‡K AwR©Z n‡e−

K. †kvbv I covi †hvM¨Zv
L. ejv I †jLvi †hvM¨Zv
M. †kvbv I ejvi †hvM¨Zv
N. cov I †jLvi †hvM¨Zv|

2. †kvbvi †hvM¨Zv AwR©Z n‡e−

K. †Kej evsjvi cvV †_‡K
L. we`¨vj‡qi mvgwMÖK Kvh©µg †_‡K
M. †Kej MwY‡Zi cvV †_‡K
N. Dc‡ii me KqwU †_‡K|

3. covi †hvM¨Zv ïiæ n‡e−

K. Z…Zxq †kªwY †_‡K
L. wØZxq †kªwY †_‡K
M. cÖ_g †kªwY †_‡K
N. †h †Kvb †kªwY †_‡K|

4. cÖ_g †kªwY‡Z Av`k© cvV ïiæ n‡e−

K. wk¶K co‡eb, wkïiv mv‡_ mv‡_ co‡e
L. wk¶K co‡eb, wkïiv ïb‡eb
M. wk¶K KvwV w`‡q wb‡`©k Ki‡eb, wkïi GK m‡½ co‡e
N. wkïiv wbR wbR eB †`‡L co‡e|

evsjv 165
 ¯‹zj Ae GWz‡Kkb wmGW †cÖvMÖvg

cvV 8.4 wk¶v DcKiY: aviYv, D‡Ïk¨, e¨envi, msMÖn I msi¶Y

D‡Ïk¨

GB cv‡Vi †k‡l Avcwb−

wk¶v DcKiY Kv‡K e‡j Ges Gi e¨env‡ii cÖ‡qvRbxqZv e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb;

wk¶v DcKiY wbe©vPb I e¨envi †KŠkj eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb Ges

wk¶v DKiY msMÖn I msi¶‡Y wk¶‡Ki f‚wgKv eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

aviYv I D‡Ïk¨

†Kvb KvR myôzfv‡e m¤úbœ Kivi Rb¨ wKsev †Kvb wKQy AvKl©Yxq K‡i Dc¯’vcb Kivi Rb¨
Avgiv wewfbœ wRwbm e¨envi Kwi ev †m¸‡jvi mvnvh¨ MÖnY Kwi| GB mvnvh¨Kvix ev e¨envi
Dc‡hvMx, wRwbm¸‡jvB n‡”Q H KvRwU m¤úbœ Kivi DcKiY| wk¶v`vb we‡kl K‡i fvlv
wk¶v`vb KvRwU AZ¨šÍ RwUj I ¸iæZ¡c~Y© KvR| Kv‡RB GwU mym¤úbœ Ki‡Z DcKi‡Yi
cÖ‡qvRb Aek¨B Av‡Q| Avgv‡`i †`‡k wkLb-†kLv‡bvi Kv‡R me‡P‡q ‡ewk e¨eüZ wkLb
wk¶v DcKiY wK? mvgMÖx n‡”Q cvV¨cy¯ÍK| Avi cvV¨cy¯Í‡Ki welqe¯‘‡K ev cvV¨cy¯ÍK wfwËK cvV‡K wk¶v_x©i
Kv‡Q AvKl©Yxq I MÖnYxq K‡i †Zvjvi Rb¨ wKQy DcKi‡Yi cÖ‡qvRb nq| G¸‡jv‡K
wk¶v`v‡bi †¶‡Î cvV mnvqK DcKiY e‡j|

Kv‡RB cvV‡K wk¶v_x©i Kv‡Q MÖnYxq I AvKl©Yxq K‡i †ZvjvB DcKiY e¨env‡ii gyL¨
D‡Ïk¨| DcKiY cvV¨ welq‡K wkïi Kv‡Q mnR‡eva¨ I Avb›``vqK K‡i †Zv‡j| bvbv
K_v‡ZI hv †evSv‡bv hvq bv GKwU gvÎ DcKiY Zv‡K ¯úó K‡i Zzj‡Z cv‡i|

†QvÆ wkï‡K fvlv wk¶v w`‡Z e¯‘, g‡Wj ev Qwe Aek¨B e¨envi Ki‡Z n‡e| wkïi Kv‡Q
DcKiY †Kb? kãiƒcwU AcwiwPZ wKš‘ e¯‘ ev e¯‘i g‡Wj wKsev Qwe AZ¨šÍ cwiwPZ, G¸‡jv wkï‡K
AvKl©Y K‡i| DcKi‡Yi gva¨‡g wkï‡K ax‡i ax‡i kã ev ev‡K¨i w`‡K GwM‡q wb‡Z n‡e|
D”P †kªwY‡ZI eY©bv‡K ¯úó I `xc¨gvb Kivi Rb¨ DcKi‡Yi e¨envi GKvšÍ cÖ‡qvRb|

Bw›`ª‡qi mvnv‡h¨ gvbyl AwfÁZv jvf K‡i| AwfÁZv wkLb Z_v Áv‡bi gva¨g| Bw›`ªq
gvby‡li Áv‡bi cÖ‡ek Øvi ¯^iƒc| Gi mvnv‡h¨ cÖvß AwfÁZv I aviYv wk¶v_x©i g‡b we‡kl
Qvc †d‡j| wk¶v DKiY Avgv‡`i Bw›`ªq¸‡jv‡K RvMÖZ I D›gy³ K‡i †Zv‡j e‡jB Zv
wkLb‡K mnR I `ªæZ K‡i| GKwU cÖvmw½K wPÎ, g‡Wj ev PvU© K‡qK nvRvi kã‡K aviY
Ki‡Z cv‡i| Kv‡RB cv‡Vi AbyK‚j cwi‡ek m„wó‡Z DcKiY AZ¨šÍ Zvrch©c~Y© f‚wgKv cvjb
K‡i| ïay ZvB bq cv‡Vi A‡c¶vK…Z KwVb I RwUj w`K¸‡jv‡K wk¶v_x©i Kv‡Q AvKl©Yxq
I mnR K‡i cwi‡ekbvi †¶‡ÎI DcKi‡Yi f‚wgKv ¸iæZ¡c~Y©|
DcKi‡Yi e¨envi
wkLb-†kLv‡bv cÖwµqvq wk¶v DKi‡Yi ¸iæZ¡ Acwimxg GK_v Avcwb Rvb‡jb Ges DcKiY
e¨envi Kivi Rb¨ cÖ¯‘wZ wb‡jb| ïay GUzKz‡ZB wK n‡e? DcKi‡Yi myôz e¨envi †KŠkj¸‡jv

BDwbU- 8 166
 evsjv‡`k D›gy³ wek¦we`¨vjq

Avcbv‡K Rvb‡Z n‡e| e¨envi †KŠkj Rvbvi Av‡M DcKiY wbe©vP‡bi welqwUI Avcbv‡K
†f‡e †`L‡Z n‡e| DcKiY wbe©vP‡bi mgq Avcbv‡K †`L‡Z n‡e DcKiYwUi−

cÖvmw½KZv- DcKiYwU cv‡Vi welqe¯‘i m‡½ cÖZ¨¶fv‡e m¤ú„³ wK bv|

DcKiY wbe©vPb
mnRjf¨Zv- mn‡R cvIqv hvq Ggb DcKiY wbe©vPb Ki‡eb|

e¨q ¯^íZv- †ewk `vwg DcKiY e¨envi Kiv Avgv‡`i c‡¶ m¤¢e bq|

D™¢veb †hvM¨Zv- D™¢veb Kiv hvq ev wb‡Ri nv‡Z ˆZwi Kiv hvq, Ggb DKiY wbe©vPbv
Kiv DwPZ|

e¨envi †hvM¨Zv- Avcbvi wbe©vwPZ DcKiYwU †kªwYK‡¶ Avcbvi I wk¶v_x©i Rb¨
e¨envi Dc‡hvMx n‡e wKbv Zv hvPvB Ki‡Z n‡e|

wbf©i‡hvM¨Zv- mwVK, ï×,mv¤úÖwZK I wbf©i‡hvM¨ Z_¨ m¤^wjZ DcKiY wbe©vPb
Ki‡eb| cÖ‡qvR‡bi mgq GwU †hb h_vh_fv‡e e¨envi Kiv hvq †m m¤ú‡K© wbwðZ
n‡eb|

Dc‡hvwMZv- DcKiYwU wbw`©ó †kªwY I wel‡qi Dc‡hvMx Aek¨B n‡Z n‡e|

Dc‡iv³ welq¸‡jv we‡ePbv K‡i Avcwb DcKiY wbe©vPb Ki‡jb| GLb Avcbv‡K Gi
h_vh_ e¨envi Rvb‡Z n‡e| Avcbv‡K wVK K‡i wb‡Z n‡e Avcwb †Kvb †kªwY‡Z †Kvb
welqe¯‘i Rb¨, KLb, wK DcKiY e¨envi Ki‡eb| †mRb¨ Avcwb wb‡Pi welq¸‡jvi cÖwZ
`„wó ivL‡eb:

welq m¤ú„³Zv- wk¶v mnvqK DcKiY welqe¯‘ m¤ú‡K© mwVK aviYv MV‡b mvnvh¨
DcKiY e¨envi Ki‡e| Kv‡RB Avcwb †h DcKiY e¨envi Ki‡eb †mwU cv‡Vi wel‡qi m‡½ m¤ú„³ wK
bv †mUv Av‡MB hvPvB K‡i wbb|

†kªwY Dc‡hvwMZv- †h †kªwYi wkï‡`i c‡¶ †h DcKiY Dchy³ †mB †kªwY‡Z †mB
DcKiY e¨envi Kiæb| DcKi‡Yi gva¨‡g Dc¯’vwcZ aviYv hw` wkïiv bv eyS‡Z cv‡i
Z‡e DcKiYwU e¨env‡ii cÖ‡qvRb †bB|

mg‡qvc‡hvwMZv- †h mg‡q †h DcKiY e¨envi Kiv cÖ‡qvRb †m mg‡q †m DcKiY †kªwY
mvg‡b Dc¯’vcb Kiæb| cÖ‡qvRb †kl n‡j mwi‡q †djyb| Zv bv n‡j wkï‡`i gb
DcKi‡Yi w`‡K wbweó _vK‡e| Zv Qvov †h DcKiY cv‡Vi ïiæ‡Z e¨envi Ki‡eb
cÖ‡qvRb bv n‡j †m DcKiY cv‡Vi †k‡l e¨envi Ki‡eb bv|

`k©b‡hvM¨Zv- Qwe, g‡Wj, PvU© ev Ab¨ †h †KvbI DcKiY Ggb AvKvi I AvK…wZi
e¨envi Kiæb †hb †kªwYi me wkï †mwU †`L‡Z cvq| G Qvov DcKiYwU Ggb RvqMvq
¯’vcb Kiæb †hb †kªwYK‡¶i me RvqMv †_‡K Zv †`Lv hvq|

ev¯ÍeZv I ü`qMÖvwnZv- h_vm¤¢e ev¯Íe DcKiY e¨envi Kiæb| e¯Íe DcKiY bv †c‡j
Zvi g‡Wj ev Qwe e¨envi Ki‡Z cv‡ib| G †¶‡Î j¶ ivL‡eb Qwe wKsev g‡WjwU †hb
g~j e¯‘wU‡K cÖKvk K‡i| AviI g‡b ivL‡eb DcKi‡Yi AvKvi AvK…wZ I is †hb
ev¯ÍevbyM I AvKl©Yxq nq|

DcKiY evûj¨- GK mv‡_ A‡bK DcKiY e¨envi Ki‡eb bv| G‡Z mgq AcPq nq
Ges wk¶v_x©i g‡b weåvwšÍi m„wó nq|

DcKiY wn‡m‡e PK‡evW©- wk¶v mnvqK DcKiY wn‡m‡e PK‡evW© mnRjf¨ I
¸iæZ¡c~Y©| G‡K mv_©Kfv‡e e¨envi Ki‡Z †Póv Kiæb|

evsjv 167
 ¯‹zj Ae GWz‡Kkb wmGW †cÖvMÖvg

DcKiY wn‡m‡e Avcwb wb‡R- g‡b ivL‡eb fvlv wk¶K wn‡m‡e Avcwb wb‡RB DrK…ó
DcKiY| Avcbvi nvZ, cv, gyL, †PvL, Kɯ^i, gvwR©Z D”PviY, evPbfw½, e¨envi me
wKQy‡KB Avcwb wewfbœgyLx DcKiY wn‡m‡e me©vwaK e¨envi Ki‡Z cv‡ib|

DcKiY: msMÖn I msi¶Y

wk¶v DcKiY Qwo‡q Av‡Q me Lv‡b| dzj-dj, jZv-cvZv, Qwe-g‡Wj, mnvqK MÖš’ cvV
msMÖn m¤úwK©Z G me DcKiY GKUz hZœevb n‡jB Avcwb msMÖn Ki‡Z cv‡ib| fvlv I mvwn‡Z¨i
wk¶K wn‡m‡e Avcwb wb‡Ri D‡`¨v‡M I wk¶v_x©‡`i mnvqZvq wewfbœ cvV mnvqK MÖš’,
L¨vwZgvb Kwe/mvwnwZ¨K‡`i Qwe| D‡jøL‡hvM¨ MÖš’, e¨vKi‡Yi wewfbœ welq m¤úwK©Z PvU©,
evbv‡b PvU©, g‡Wj BZ¨vw` msMÖn ev ˆZwi Ki‡Z cv‡ib|

msM„nxZ wKsev cÖ¯‘ZK…Z DcKiY Aek¨B msi¶Y Ki‡Z n‡e †hb cÖ‡qvR‡bi mgq †m¸‡jv
msi¶Y e¨envi Kiv hvq| Zv bv n‡j DcKiY msMÖn I ˆZwi K‡i †kl Kiv hv‡e bv| msiw¶Z
DcKiY cÖ‡qvRb gZ wewfbœ mg‡q wewfbœ cv‡V e¨envi Kiv hvq| msi¶‡Yi Rb¨ GKwU
wbw`©ó cwi”Qbœ I ïK‡bv ¯’vb ev cvÎ wVK K‡i wbb †hLv‡b DcKiY¸‡jv cwiKwíZ fv‡e
mvwR‡q ivL‡Z cvi‡eb| j¶ ivL‡eb †hb †cvKv-gvKo, e„wó-ev`j ev Ab¨ wKQy Øviv
DcKiY¸‡jv bó bv n‡q hvq| me‡k‡l Avevi g‡b Kwi‡q w`w”Q, Avcwb wb‡RI GKwU
DcKiY wb‡R‡K mwVK I mv_©Kfv‡e Dc¯’vwcZ Kiæb|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb- 8.4

A) eû wbe©vPbx cÖkœ

mwVK DËi wb‡`©kg~jK A¶iwU‡K e„ËvwqZ Kiæb| Avcbvi wbe©vwPZ DËiwU K n‡j K
e„ËvwqZ Kiæb:

1. wk¶v DcKiY e¨env‡ii gyL¨ D‡Ïk¨ wK?

K. cvV‡K MÖnYxq I AvKl©Yxq Kiv
L. cv‡Vi Rb¨ c~e©-cÖ¯‘wZ wb‡Z mvnvh¨ Kiv
M. wk¶K wk¶v_x© m¤ú‡K© my`„p Kiv
N. cvV Dc¯’vc‡bi cwi‡ek ˆZwi Kiv|

2. wk¶v DcKiY wbe©vPb Kv‡j †Kvb ai‡bi DcKiY‡K cÖvavb¨ †`‡eb?

K. `yj©f
L. g~j¨evb
M. cÖvmw½K
N. ¯’vqx|

BDwbU- 8 168
 evsjv‡`k D›gy³ wek¦we`¨vjq

3. wbf©i‡hvM¨ DcKi‡Yi †¶‡Î †KvbwU we‡kl we‡ePbv jvf Ki‡e?

K. cÖvmw½KZv
L. ï×Zv
M. m¤ú~Y©Zv
N. AvKl©YxqZv|

4. †Kvb Dw³wU mZ¨?

K. GK m‡½ hZ †ewk DcKiY e¨envi Kiv hv‡e cvV Dc¯’vcb ZZ‡ewk mv_©K n‡e
L. eY©bvg~jK cvV Dc¯’vcb Kv‡j DcKiY e¨envi bv KivB fvj
M. cvV`vb Kv‡j †ewk mgq a‡i DcKiY cÖ`k©b Ki‡j Gi Dc‡hvwMZv e„w× cvq
N. wk¶v DcKiY mnRjf¨ I wbf©i‡hvM¨ nIqv Avek¨K|

Av) msw¶ß DËig~jK cÖkœ

1. wk¶v DcKiY Kv‡K e‡j?

2. wk¶v DcKiY e¨env‡ii D‡Ïk¨ wK?
3. wk¶v DcKiY msMÖn I msi¶‡Y wk¶‡Ki f‚wgKv eY©bv Kiæb|

P‚ovšÍ g~j¨vqb


iPbvg~jK cÖkœ

1. †h †Kvb GKwU †kªwYi `jwfwËK evwl©K cvV cwiKíbv ˆZwi Kiæb|

2. cvVUxKv cÖYqb †KŠkj eY©bv Kiæb|
3. cvVUxKv cÖYqb m¤ú‡K© Avcbvi wbR¯^ gZvgZ e¨³ Kiæb|
4. wk¶v DcKiY wbe©vPb I e¨envi †KŠkj eY©bv Kiæb|

DËigvjv

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb- 8.1: 1| M, 2| N, 3| K,

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb- 8.2: 1| L, 2| K, 3| N,

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb- 8.3: 1| M, 2| N, 3| M, 4| L,

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb- 8.4: 1| K, 2| M, 3| L, 4| N,

evsjv 169
¯‹zj Ae GWz‡Kkb wmGW †cÖvMÖvg

MÖš’cÄx
1. wc wU AvB cÖwk¶Yv_x©‡`i Rb¨ evsjv, cÖv_wgK wk¶v Awa`ßi, evsjv‡`k XvKv|

2. gy`ª‡Y: w` cvBIwbqvi wcÖw›Us †cÖm wjwg‡UW, XvKv|

3. Avek¨Kxq wkLbµg wewËK wkLb-†kLv‡bv Kvh©µg (cÖ_g I wØZxq †kªwY), RvZxq

wk¶vµg I †UK÷eyK †evW©, XvKv, 1988, mn‡hvwMZvq: BDwb‡md, XvKv|

4. Avek¨Kxq wkLbµg (cÖv_wgK wk¶v) RvZxq wk¶vµg I †UK÷eyK †evW©, XvKv|

5. cÖv_wgK wk¶v Kg©KZ©v I wk¶KM‡Yi e¨env‡ii Rb¨

6. me©Rbxb cÖv_wgK wk¶vi cUf‚wg‡Z wkLbµg cwigvR©b I bevqb Kvh©µg|

7. Avek¨Kxq wkLbµg wfwËK cÖwk¶Y wb‡`©wkKv, gy`ª‡Y: Avgv‡`i evOjv †cÖm wjt

8. cvV cwiKíbv I cvV`vb Abykxjb, evsjv‡`k D›gy³ wek¦we`¨vjq|

9. fvlv I gvZ…fvlv, ¯‹zj Ae GWz‡Kkb, evsjv‡`k D›gy³ wek¦we`¨vjq|

10. evsjv fvlvi e¨vKiY (beg I `kg †kªwYi Rb¨), RvZxq wk¶vµg I cvV¨cy¯ÍK †evW©,
XvKv|

11. wcwUAvB cÖwk¶Yv_x©‡`i Rb¨ evsjv, cÖv_wgK wk¶v Awa`ßi, evsjv‡`k, XvKv| gy`ª‡Y:
evsjv GKv‡Wgx †cÖm, XvKv|

12. evsjv covevi b~Zb c×wZ, myaxi P›`ª ivq, cÖeZ©K cvewjkvm©, KwjKvZv|

13. evsjv fvlvi wk¶v c×wZ, Kj¨vYx Kv‡jei, wgÎ wenvi cÖvB‡fU wjwg‡UW, 5 k¼i
†Nvl †jb, KwjKvZv|

BDwbU- 8 170