WHEN LIFE GIVES YOU
LEMON, DON’T SOUR UP,
MAKE LEMONADE!!!
Dr. Khairil Mahmud
[email protected] FRUIT AND SEED
MORPHOLOGY
THE OVULE
Structure of the ovule
1. Ovule attached to placenta by funiculus
2. Point of attachment on ovule = hilum
3. Junctions of intergument and nucellus =
chalaza
4. Nucellus = Main body of ovule
5. Interguments = 2 coats surround
nucellus
6. Embryo sac = In the nucellus, carrying
embryo
Embryo sac
TYPE OF PLACENTATION
• Placenta – Ridge of tissue,
parenchymous, ovary inner wall,
where ovule attach
• Placentation – the manner/way
placenta are distributed in the cavity
of the ovary
• The origin of ovule or group of ovule
determines the position of placenta
1. Marginal – ovary is one-chambered.
Placenta along the junction of the two
margins of the carpel (suture)
2. Axile – Ovary, two-chambered (or
more). Placenta bearing ovules
develop from central axis
Marginal Axile
3. Parietal – ovary one-chambered and
placenta bearing ovule on the inner wall
of the ovary
4. Central – Partition or septa walls in young
ovary breakdowns, so ovary becomes
one-chambered and placenta develop
from the central axis
Parietal Parietal
5. Free-central – Placenta arises from base of
ovary, swollen central axis and ovules all
over the axis surface.
6. Basal – Ovary uni-locular and placenta
develops directly on receptacle, single
ovule on base of ovary.
7. Superficial –
Multilocular, carpel
numerous, similar
to axile but
placenta and ovule
develops all round
the inner surface of
the partition wall
Pollination
• Transference of pollen grain from anther
to stigma
• Pollinators : wind, insects, water, human
Pollination type :
1. Autogamy (self-pollination)
Pollination within a single flower
(complete/bisexual flower) or
between two flowers borne by same
parents, or neighbouring flowers of
same plants
2. Allogamy (cross-pollination)
Pollination between two flowers
(bisexual or unisexual) borne by two
separate plants of the same species
Self-pollination/Autogamy type
a. Homogamy
(Homos – the same). Anthers and
stigma of a bisexual flower mature at
the same time
b. Cletsogamy
(Kleitso – closed). Bisexual flowers
never open. Ensure no contamination
Factors preventing self pollination
1. Decliny or unisexuality
2. Self-sterility
3. Dichogamy
a. Protogyny
b. Protandry
4. Heterostyly
5. Herkogamy
1. Decliny or unisexuality
• Di two, kline bed
• Flowers unisexual
• Stamens and pistil is separate flowers
• Monoecious and dioecious
2. Self-sterility
•Pollen of a flower have no
fertilizing effect on the stigma of
the same flower
•Some orchids, pollen injury effect
on stigma
•When pollen put on stigma of
some orchids, stigma dries up
and falls off
3. Dichogamy
• Bisexual flowers
• Anther and stigma matures at
different time
• Protogyny – Gynoecium matures
earlier than androecium
• Protandry – Androecium matures
earlier than gynoecium
4. Heterostyly
• One plant with flowers of two different
forms
• One flower with long stamens, short
style
• Another flower with short stamen, long
style
• Cross pollination is effective when
between stamens and style of the same
length borne of different flowers
5. Herkogamy
• Floral parts as obstructions to self-
pollination
• Favours cross-pollination
Iris sp.
Petaloid style Petaloid stamen
FERTILIZATION
•Fusion of two dissimilar sexual
reproductive units called gametes
FERTILIZATION
FERTILIZATION PROCESS
• After pollination, pollen tube germination
• Tube reach ovule
• Enter embryo-sac through micropyle and
nucellus and reach egg apparatus
• Pollen tube burst and release sperm cells
• One sperm migrates to egg cells
(synergids)
• Another migrates to central cell (polar
nuclei)
Double fertilization
• Double fertilization because both sperm
nucleus fuses with egg and polar nuclei
• One sperm nucleus (n) + egg nucleus
(n) = zygote (2n)
• One sperm nucleus (n) + polar nuclei
(2n) = endopsperm (3n)
Embryo development/stages : (a) globular (b) heart
(c) torpedo (d) mature
THE FRUIT
•Matured or ripened ovary
•Protection and distribution
(dispersal) of seeds
•Ovary wall = tissue of fruits
FRUIT PARTS
1. Pericarp
Fruit wall, developed from ovary wall
a. Ectocarp or exocarp or epicarp -
Outermost layer of pericarp
b. Mesocarp - Middle layer
c. Endocarp - Innermost differentiated
layer of pericarp
Epicarp/Exocarp
•Thin layer, outermost
•Skin of fruits
Mesocarp
•Middle part
•Pulpy or fleshy – mango, peach,
plum
exocarp
endocarp
mesocarp
Endocarp
•Thin and membranous – orange
•Hard and stony – palms, mango
epicarp
mesocarp pericarp
endocarp
(juice sac)
embryo
endosperm epicarp
mesocarp
endocarp
exocarp
mesocarp
endocarp
FRUIT TYPES
1. Simple
Derived from a single ovary in a single
flower
2. Aggregate
Derived from many ovaries of a single
flower
Flower bud Aggregate fruit
Berry – Rubus sp.
3. Multiple fruits
Derived from ovaries of several flowers
on a common axis
BRACT
FRUIT
AXIS
Pineapple - Ananas cosmosus
Noni / mengkudu - Morinda citrifolia
TYPE OF SIMPLE FRUITS
A. Pericarp dry and dehiscent
• Fruit – dry
• Fruit split or open at maturity
B. Pericarp dry and indehiscent
• Fruit dry but do not split at maturity
C. Type : Pericarp fleshy
• Fruit – juicy, fleshy or with juice sac
A. Pericarp dry and dehiscent
1. Legume or pod
SUTURE
Family Fabaceae.
From single
carpel, dehisces
along both
suture.
2. Follicle - Develops from a single carpel
and opens along one suture
Magnolia grandiflora
Milkweed – Asclepias sp.
3. Capsule
Derives from compound carpels and with
few to many seeds. Dehisces in various
ways
Cotton – Gossypium sp. Poppy – Papaver somniferum
Capsule orchid
4. Silique – Family Brassicaraceae. Superior ovary,
two locules, dehisces along two sutures, central
persistent partition
5. Silicula – like silique but broader
6. Loment – a legume but separates
transversely between seed sections
Desmodium sp.
B. Pericarp dry and indehiscent
1. Achene – One
seeded,
attached to
fruit wall at
one point,
fruit derived
from a one- seed
loculed
superior
ovary
ACHENE
2. Cypsela – an
achene derived
from one-
loculed ovary
but inferior
ovary
3. Caryopsis – One seeded with seed coat
adnate/stick to the fruit wall. Poaceae family
Grass Rice
4. Nut – One seeded, hard pericarp
derived from a one-loculed
ovary.
Hazel nut
5. Samara – With outgrowth of the ovary
wall, which forms a wing-like
structure
CARPEL
6. Schizocarp – consisting of two carpels
that splits, when mature along the midline
into two one seeded indehiscent halves.
Umbelliferae family : Carrot (Daucus sp)
C. Pericarp fleshy
1. Berry – Compound ovary. Many seeds
(ovules), fleshy, difficult to differentiated
between endocarp and mesocarp
locule
axis
pericarp
placenta
2. Hesperidum – type of berry, thick leathery
rind/peel (skin), numerous oil glands, thick juicy
sac. Peel is exocarp and mesocarp outgrowth from
endocarp wall
exocarp
mesocarp pericarp
endocarp
(juice sac)
3. Pepo – Berry from inferior ovary. Outer
wall (rind) consist of receptacle tissue that
fused with exocarp. The flesh is mesocarp
and endocarp.
4. Pome – Berrylike fruit derived from
inferior ovary. Flesh, enlarged
hypanthium and the core derived
from ovary. Rosaceae family
(receptacle)
Apple – Malus sp.
5. Drupe – Derived from a single carpel
and usually one-seeded. Hard
endocarp. Exocarp thin and mesocarp
forms the edible flesh.
Coconut – Cocos nucifera
SEED MORPHOLOGY
SEED PARTS
1. Aril – Outgrowth of funiculus, raphe or
interguments or fleshy interguments or
seed coat, a sarcotesta
2. Chalaza – funiculur end of seed body
3. Embryo – Young sporophyte, consist of
epicotyl, hypocotyl, radicle and one or
more cotyledone
4. Endosperm – food reserve tissue is seed
5. Hilum – funiculur end on a seed
coat
6. Microphyle – hole through seed coat
7. Raphe – ridge on seed coat form
from adnate funiculus
8. Seed coat – outer protective layer or
cover of seed
chalaza
nucellus
raphe embryo sac
intergument
funiculus
EMBRYO PARTS
1. Coleoptile – protective sheath around
epicotyl in grasses
2. Coleorhiza – protective sheath
around radcile in grasses
3. Cotyledone – embryonic leaf or
leaves in seed
4. Epicotyl – apical end of embryo axis
that gives rise to shoot system
MONOCOTYLEDONOUS
SEED
scutellum
Coleoptile
5. Hypocotyle – embryonic stem in
seed, below cotyledone
6. Plumule – embryonic leaf or
leaves in seed, derived from
epicotyl
7. Radicle – basal end of embryo
axis that gives rise to root system
DICOTYLEDONOUS SEED
HILUM
Sarcotesta of rambutan – Nephelium lappaceum
ARIL
TYPE OF GERMINATION
1. Epigeal germination
► Cotyledones are pushed upwards
by rapid elongation of the hypocotyl
► epi (upon) ge (earth)
► Cotyledones becomes flat (look like
leaf)
► Cotyledones dries up and fall
2. Hypogeal germination
► Cotyledones remain in the soil
► Epicotyl pushes the plumule
upwards
► Hypo (below) ge (earth)
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