MODULE SERIES IN

CRIMINOLOGY
A Flexible Learning Material

for

BS Criminology Students

Law Enforcement Administration 201 –

COMPARATIVE POLICE SYSTEM
For 2nd year BS Criminology Students
 INTRODUCTION

The modern world is dynamic. Changes take place almost every minute. From industry, arts, to
technology, and even in crime and law enforcement, changes are very swift such that enactment of
appropriate laws gets left behind by the development of crime.
Furthermore, the effect of globalization has already affected the orientation of the modern individual.
Mails and messages get across continents in split seconds. Information travels around the world at the
speed of light. Business deals and transactions are undertaken in international teleconferencing. Progress
really is sure to have a worldwide impact.
However, in the midst of this supersonic progress comes about crime in global proportion. Because of
technology, for example, drug deals take place anywhere in the world while the traffickers are hidden
secluded in a far, unknown island. Terrorist acts are becoming bolder and more sophisticated. Criminal
transactions around the world are taking place as if they are legitimate businesses on a global scale. And
although the law and law enforcement has already caught up with this latest trend, it is still an undeniable
fact that the world has already become a stage for the battle between crime and law enforcement.

The Need for Innovative Policing

Theories and practices in law enforcement have been compared in several studies under diverse
circumstances. The goal is to test whether the theory and practice in policing need innovation to meet the
demands of the present trends in crime-fighting. The examination of crime and its control in the
comparative context often requires a historical perspective since the phenomena under study are seen as
having developed under unique social, economic, and political structures.

UNIT I
GLOBALIZATION

Unit Objective: Interpret the significance as well as the effects and threats of globalization to
policing and crime

Globalization describes the process by which regional economies, societies, and cultures have
become integrated through a global network of communication, transportation, and trade. The term is
sometimes used to refer specifically to economic globalization: the integration of national economies into
the international economy through trade, foreign direct investment, capital flows, migration, and the
spread of technology. However, globalization is usually recognized as being driven by a combination of
economic, technological, socio-cultural, political, and biological factors. The term can also refer to the
transnational circulation of ideas, languages, or popular culture through acculturation.
(www.wikipedia.com)
Globalization is a relatively new idea that the world has been embracing. The positive effects of
globalization are numerous and extremely beneficial for everyone in all countries. It has been the most
successful prosperity and anti-poverty movement in modern history.
Alison Brysk, in a digest paper, stated that Globalization is the growing interpenetration of states,
markets, communication, and ideas. It is one of the leading characteristics of the contemporary world.
International norms and institutions for the protection or policing human rights are more developed than at
any previous point in history, while global civil society fosters growing avenues of appeal for citizens
repressed by their own states.
But assaults on fundamental human dignity continue, and the very blurring of borders and rise of
transnational actors that facilitated the development of a global human rights regime may also be
generating new sources of human right abuses.
With Brysk’s view on globalization and human rights, a more broadly articulated and accepted way of
protecting these rights is with in the hands of law enforcement agencies around the world. The rights of
individuals have come to depend ever more on a broad array of global system of policing and law
enforcement, from the local police to the INTERPOL.(Rommel K. Manwong and Darlito Bernard G.
Delizo, LAW ENFORCEMENT ADMINISTRATION: A Textbook in Criminology, Manwong Production and
Publication. 2006 p. 340)

The Advantages Include...

 Forces businesses to compete on a global scale. This allows the market place to really work and
gives consumers a better advantage. No long will businesses be able to corner markets because
politicians protect them. They'll now to compete with foreign businesses that may or may not be able
to do business more efficiently.
 Countries move to market sectors that they are better at. This simply means that the labor in a
country is going to do what it's best at. There is no need for Americans to do manufacturing when
someone in China can do it better. Our labor is better served doing something beneficial.
 The consumer is the real winner. Despite the desire from some politicians to protect workers, there
are far more consumers than there are workers, but no one wants to seem to protect them.
Consumers should not be forced to buy over priced goods from American buyers when you can get
the same quality for less if it is made in China. Now consumers can get the best products for the best
prices.
 Everyone grows more prosperous. Just look at China and India. Before globalization they were very
poor countries. The standards of living were extremely bad. Now these people are becoming more
prosperous. These countries having mega economic booms. People that could never afford a car are
now getting them. Not to mention the fact from the consumers side that are benefiting from saving
money which can be used to save or spend on other things.

These are the positive effects of globalization. It is a movement that is pro-free trade, pro-prosperity
and anti-poverty. It is helping the developing world raise its standard of living as well as raising the
standard of living in the developed world. (http://ezinearticles.com)

The negative effects of globalization

Opponents of globalization point out to its negative effects. Some of them are listed below.
 Developed nations have outsourced manufacturing and white collar jobs. That means fewer jobs for
their people. This has happened because manufacturing work is outsourced to developing nations
like China where the cost of manufacturing goods and wages are lower. Programmers, editors,
scientists and accountants have lost their jobs due to outsourcing to cheaper locations like India.
 Globalization has led to exploitation of labor. Prisoners and child workers are used to work in
inhumane conditions. Safety standards are ignored to produce cheap goods.
 Job insecurity. Earlier people had stable, permanent jobs. Now people live in constant dread of losing
their jobs to competition. Increased job competition has led to reduction in wages and consequently
lower standards of living.
 Terrorists have access to sophisticated weapons enhancing their ability to inflict damage. Terrorists
use the Internet for communicating among themselves.
 Companies have set up industries causing pollution in countries with poor regulation of pollution.
 Fast food chains like McDonalds and KFC are spreading in the developing world. People are
consuming more junk food from these joints which has an adverse impact on their health.
 The benefits of globalization is not universal. The rich are getting richer and the poor are becoming
poorer.
 Bad aspects of foreign cultures are affecting the local cultures through TV and the Internet.
 Enemy nations can spread propaganda through the Internet.
 Deadly diseases like HIV/AIDS are being spread by travelers to the remotest corners of the globe.
 Local industries are being taken over by foreign multinationals.
 The increase in prices has reduced the governments ability to sustain social welfare schemes in
developed countries.
 There is increase in human trafficking.
 Multinational Companies and corporations which were previously restricted to commercial activities
are increasingly influencing political decisions. (www.buzzle.com)
Effects of Globalization on Law Enforcement
 The challenge of globalization is that unaccountable flows of migration and open markets present
new threats, which are not amenable to state-based human rights regimes, while the new opportunities of
global information and institutions are insufficiently accessible and distorted by persistent state
intervention.

Threats on Law Enforcement:

1. increasing volume of human rights violations evidenced by genocide or mass killing
2. the underprivileged gain unfair access to global mechanisms on law enforcement and security
3. conflict between nations
4. transnational criminal networks for drug trafficking, money laundering, terrorism, etc.
Opportunities for Law Enforcement
1. creation of international tribunals to deal with human rights problems
2. humanitarian interventions that can promote universal norms and link them to the enforcement power
of states
3. transnational professional network and cooperation against transnational crimes
4. global groups for conflict monitoring and coalitions formed to tackle transnational issues

Effects of Globalization on Human Rights

The effect of globalization on state-based human rights violations will depend on the type of state and
its history. In newly democratized countries with weak institutions and elite-controlled economies, such as
Russia, Latin America, Southeast Asia, the growth global markets and economic flows tend to destabilize
coercive forces, but increase crime, police abuse, and corruption.
Global mobility and information flows generally stimulate ethnic mobilization, which may promise self-
determination n responsive states but more often produces collective abuses in defense of dominant-
group hegemony. On the other hand, the same forces have produced slow institutional openings by less
fragmented single-party states like China and Mexico. In much of Africa, globalization has ironically
increased power intervention, which displaces old regimes without consolidating new ones. Some of the
most horrifying abuses have occurred in the transnational civil wars of Sierra Leone, Angola, and Congo.
In general, analysts of globalization find that states’ international integration improves security right,
but increases inequality and threatens the social rights of citizens. However, neither economic
development nor economic growth in and of themselves improves law enforcement capabilities and
human rights performance. In addition to globalization and growth, findings on the effectiveness of
international pressure on state human rights policy suggest that target states must be structurally
accessible, internationally sensitive, and contain local human rights activities for linkage. (Manwong and
Delizo, pp 340-342)