Formulation & Evaluation of Herbal Oil for Arthritis from Mustard Oil

1. INTRODUCTION

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic inflammatory disorder that primarily affects the joints,
causing pain, stiffness, swelling, and, in many cases, deformities. The disease is characterized
by the immune system attacking the synovial membranes in the joints, leading to inflammation
and, over time, joint damage. It is a debilitating condition that affects millions of people
worldwide, with a significant impact on their quality of life. While pharmaceutical treatments,
including disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs) and biologics, have
revolutionized the management of RA, many patients continue to seek complementary and
alternative therapies to help manage symptoms and improve joint function.

Herbal medicine has been practiced for centuries in various cultures around the world. In
traditional medicine systems, such as Ayurveda and Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM),
herbs and oils have been used to reduce inflammation, alleviate pain, and promote healing. One
such oil, mustard oil, has been a part of traditional remedies for centuries, especially in Indian
and South Asian cultures. When combined with other herbs known for their anti-inflammatory,
analgesic, and healing properties, mustard oil can serve as a powerful topical solution for
managing the symptoms of rheumatoid arthritis.

1. Massage the Oil: After the oil has infused, you can start using it. Take a small amount of the
herbal oil and gently massage it onto the affected joints, such as the knees, elbows, wrists, or
anywhere arthritis pain is present. Use circular motions for better absorption.

2. Repeat Application: Apply the oil 2-3 times a day for best results. Massage until the oil is
absorbed into the skin.
Gement of rheumatoid arthritis, focusing on the use of mustard oil as the base. We will examine
the therapeutic properties of mustard oil, its role in promoting joint health, and the synergistic
effects of various herbal ingredients that can be added to enhance its efficacy. Additionally, we
will look at the evolution of herbal oils used for joint pain relief, highlighting key developments
in herbal formulations over time.

Fig.01 Normal Joints and Rheumatoid Arthritis

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 Formulation & Evaluation of Herbal Oil for Arthritis from Mustard Oil

Millions of individuals worldwide suffer from the crippling disease known as arthritis, which
causes pain, swelling, and stiffness in the joints. Rheumatoid arthritis, gout, and Osteoarthritis
are common forms that frequently impair mobility and quality of life. There is growing interest
in natural, less intrusive arthritis treatments as the world's population ages.

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a systemic inflammatory disease with a prevalence of between

0.5 to 1% in different worldwide populations. Inflammation predominantly affects the joints
causing synovitis, pannus formation and if left untreated, joint destruction. Patients with RA
classically present with tender and swollen joints, early morning joint stiffness and systemic
symptoms such as fatigue. Severe pain is a particularly debilitating feature of RA that is
commonly described as patients’ most important symptom. In addition to causing a significant
impact on quality of life, studies have shown that RA pain is associated with psychological
distress, impaired physical and social function and increased healthcare costs.

The pathogenesis of pain in RA is multifactorial. Traditionally, pain was entirely attributed to

synovitis and consequent joint destruction. With the advent of increasingly effective disease
modifying agents, joint inflammation has become a more treatable cause of pain and joint
destruction is preventable. Indeed, the randomised controlled trials (RCTs) that supported the
use of classical disease modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (DMARDs), showed statistically and
clinically significant reduction in pain with treatment. However, despite effective control of
inflammation and disease remission, patients have continued to report troublesome pain at
follow-up. The same has been shown in patients taking biologic DMARDs. This suggests that
pain does not always fully resolve with the effective suppression of synovitis. Observational
studies have also highlighted the complex relationship between pain and inflammation in
patients with RA. For example, large discrepancies between objective measures of
inflammation such as acute-phase proteins and reported pain, have been shown in some patients
with RA. Taken together, this evidence suggests that inflammation and joint destruction alone
cannot account for the total pain manifesting in RA. Indeed, increasing evidence supports a
role for aberrant pain processing, including peripheral and central pain sensitisation, in the
pathogenesis of pain in RA. Throughout this book chapter, we will explore the different
mechanisms underlying the perception of pain in patients with RA.

Herbal oils, especially those derived from mustard oil, have been used for ages to treat arthritis
in ancient medical systems such as Ayurveda. Strong herbal elements like clove, camphor,
peppermint, and garlic combined with mustard oil make an effective treatment for relieving
joint pain. This review examines the use of these excipients in the formulation of arthritis oils
based on mustard oil and discusses their respective and combined effects on pain relief and
inflammation reduction. The combinatorial word "arthritis" was created by fusing Greek and
Latin. "Arthron" means "joint" in Greek and "specifies inflammation" in Latin. As a result,
arthritis is typically thought of as a condition brought on by inflamed joints. It is not a single
disease per se; rather, it is a group of medical issues from which 300,000 children in the US
alone suffer. If appropriate treatment is not given in a timely manner, the disease may render a

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 Formulation & Evaluation of Herbal Oil for Arthritis from Mustard Oil

person permanently disabled. Worldwide, it causes significant financial hardship due to lost
wages and rising prescription costs. There are currently a number of therapy options available
just to manage the illness; nevertheless, a quick solution has not yet been discovered. It's
important to grasp the workings of a bone joint in order to properly comprehend the condition.
Arthritis is most common in the following areas of the body:
• Hands
• Feet
• Knees
• Hips

1.1 TYPES OF ARTHRITIS

There are more than 100 different types of arthritis. Some of the most common types include:
➢ Osteoarthritis: Wear and tear arthritis.
➢ Rheumatoid arthritis: Arthritis that happens when your immune system mistakenly
damages your joints.
➢ Gout: Arthritis that causes sharp uric acid crystals to form in your joints.
➢ Ankylosing spondylitis: Arthritis that affects joints near your lower back.
➢ Psoriatic arthritis: Arthritis that affects people who have psoriasis.
➢ Juvenile arthritis: Arthritis in kids and teens younger than 16.
Depending on which type of arthritis you have, it can break down the natural tissue in your
joint (degeneration) or cause inflammation (swelling). Some types cause inflammation that
leads to degeneration. Arthritis is extremely common. Experts estimate that more than one-
third of Americans have some degree of arthritis in their joints.
Osteoarthritis is the most common type. Studies have found that around half of all adults will
develop osteoarthritis at some point.
1.2 Symptoms and Causes
The most common signs and symptoms of arthritis usually affect your joints and your ability
to use them.

Fig No. 02 Symptoms and Causes

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 Formulation & Evaluation of Herbal Oil for Arthritis from Mustard Oil

The most common signs and symptoms of arthritis usually affect your joints and your ability
to use them.

1.3 Symptoms and signs of arthritis: The most common arthritis symptoms and signs include:
➢ Joint pain.
➢ Stiffness or reduced range of motion (how far you can move a joint).
➢ Swelling (inflammation).
➢ Skin discoloration.
➢ Tenderness or sensitivity to touch around a joint.
➢ A feeling of heat or warmth near your joints.
Where you experience symptoms depends on which type of arthritis you have, and which of
your joints it affects.
Some types of arthritis cause symptoms in waves that come and go called flares or flare-ups.
Others make your joints feel painful or stiff all the time, or after being physically active.

1.4 The main cause of arthritis:

Osteoarthritis happens naturally as you age — a lifetime of using your joints can eventually
wear down their cartilage cushioning. You may develop gout if you have too much uric acid in
your blood (hyperuricemia). Your immune system can cause arthritis when it damages your
joints by mistake. Certain viral infections (including COVID-19) can trigger viral arthritis.
Sometimes, arthritis happens with no cause or trigger. Providers call this idiopathic arthritis.

1.5 Common risk factors:

Anyone can develop arthritis, but some factors may make you more likely to, including:
➢ Tobacco use: Smoking and using other tobacco products increases your risk.
➢ Family history: People whose biological family members have arthritis are more likely to
develop it.
➢ Activity level: You might be more likely to have arthritis if you aren’t physically active
regularly.
➢ Other health conditions: Having autoimmune diseases, obesity or any condition that
affects your joints increases the chances you’ll develop arthritis.
Some people have a higher arthritis risk, including:
➢ People older than 50.
➢ Mostly Females.
➢ Athletes, especially those who play contact sports.
➢ People who have physically demanding jobs or do work that puts a lot of stress on their
joints (standing, crouching, being on your hands and knees for a long time, etc.).

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 Formulation & Evaluation of Herbal Oil for Arthritis from Mustard Oil

1.6 TYPES OF BONES

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune disease that primarily affects the joints, but it also
has significant effects on bones throughout the body. The condition leads to chronic
inflammation, which can result in bone erosion, loss of bone density, and an increased risk of
fractures. Below is a detailed exploration of the types of bones affected by RA.

1. Bones in the Hands and Wrists: RA commonly starts in the small joints of the hands and
wrists. The inflammation in these joints leads to:
• Bone erosion: The immune system mistakenly attacks the synovium (the lining of the
joints), causing damage to the surrounding bones.
• Joint deformities: Over time, the bones in the hands and wrists may become misaligned,
leading to deformities such as swan-neck and boutonnière deformities.
• Reduced grip strength: Bone damage and joint stiffness can make it difficult to perform
everyday tasks.

2. Bones in the Feet and Ankles: The feet and ankles are also frequently affected by RA. The
disease can cause:
• Erosion of the metatarsal bones: The bones in the forefoot may become weakened, leading
to pain and difficulty walking.
• Misalignment of the toes: RA can cause the toes to shift out of place, leading to conditions
like hammer toes.
• Loss of arch support: Damage to the bones and joints in the feet can result in a flattened
arch, affecting balance and mobility.

3. Bones in the Knees: RA often affects the knee joints, leading to:
• Cartilage destruction: The inflammation damages the cartilage that cushions the bones,
leading to pain and stiffness.
• Bone erosion: The bones in the knee joint may become eroded, making movement difficult.
• Increased risk of osteoarthritis: RA can accelerate the development of osteoarthritis in the
knees.

4. Bones in the Hips: Although less common in the stages RA can affect the hip joints, causing:
• Bone thinning: Chronic inflammation can lead to decreased bone density in the hip region.
• Difficulty walking: Pain and stiffness in the hip bones can make walking and standing
challenging.
• Risk of fractures: RA increases the likelihood of hip fractures due to weakened bones.

5. Bones in the Spine: RA can affect the cervical spine (neck region), leading to:
• Bone erosion in the vertebrae: The inflammation can weaken the bones in the spine,
increasing the risk of instability.
• Compression of the spinal cord: Severe RA can cause the vertebrae to shift, potentially
compressing the spinal cord and leading to neurological symptoms.

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 Formulation & Evaluation of Herbal Oil for Arthritis from Mustard Oil

1.7 PATHOPHYSIOLOGY PAIN (RA)

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) causes joint pain through a complex interplay of immune system
dysfunction, inflammation, and structural damage.
Here’s a breakdown of the pathophysiology behind RA-related joint pain:
1. Immune System Activation
RA is an autoimmune disease, meaning the body's immune system mistakenly attacks its own
tissues. In RA:
• The immune system targets the synovium, the thin membrane lining the joints.
• This leads to chronic inflammation, causing swelling, pain, and stiffness.
2. Inflammatory Mediators
Several inflammatory molecules play a role in RA pain:
• Cytokines like TNF-alpha and IL-1 drive inflammation, leading to joint damage.
• Prostaglandins and bradykinin contribute to pain perception by sensitizing nerve endings.
3. Synovial Hypertrophy and Pannus Formation
• The synovium thickens due to excessive immune cell infiltration.
• This forms pannus, an abnormal tissue that invades cartilage and bone, causing erosion and
pain.
4. Cartilage and Bone Damage
• Enzymes like matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) degrade cartilage.
• Osteoclasts (bone-resorbing cells) become overactive, leading to bone erosion and joint
deformities.
5. Pain Sensitization
• RA pain isn’t just from inflammation—it also involves central sensitization, where the
nervous system amplifies pain signals.
• Even after inflammation subsides, patients may continue to experience pain due to altered
pain processing.
6. Neurological Involvement
• RA can affect the cervical spine, leading to nerve compression and radiating pain.
• Chronic inflammation may also contribute to neuropathic pain, where nerves become
damaged and misfire pain signals.

1.8 REFERENCES:
1. El-Mashharawi HQ, Alshawwa IA, Elkahlout M, Abu-Naser SS. An expert system for
arthritis diseases diagnosis using SL5 object. IJAHMR, 2019;3(4):28-35.
2. Hall OM, Broussard A, Range T, Carroll Turpin MA, Ellis S, Lim VM, et al., Novel agents
in neuropathic pain, the role of capsaicin: Pharmacology, efficacy, side effects, different
preparations. Current pain and headache reports. 2020; 24:1-2.

3. Tobolka A, Škorpilová T, Dvořáková Z, Cusimamani EF, Rajchl A. Determination of

capsaicin in hot peppers (Capsicum spp.) by direct analysis in real time (DART) method.
Journal of Food Composition and Analysis. 2021; 103:104074.

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 Formulation & Evaluation of Herbal Oil for Arthritis from Mustard Oil

2. LITERATURE REVIEW

1. Md. Ikram Ahmed and Syed Safiullah Ghori (et al. 2015) Since ancient times, herbal therapy
has been used for many ages. Effective pain and inflammation therapy is necessary in today’s
world. Investigating novel biomolecules from natural sources is necessary in the hunt for new
treatment alternatives. The goal of this study was to assess OFCMT’s (oily formulation of
camphor, menthol, and thymol) analgesic and anti-inflammatory properties. Essential oils and
other compounds found in various plant parts are among the most significant and useful
components of herbal plants. Essential oils are substances that are soluble in oil and possess a
strong aroma. They are extracted using solvents and enzymatic hydrolysis, and they are
separated using water and steam distillation. The naturally cooling substance found in
peppermint, menthol, is frequently utilized in remedies for arthritis, sports injuries, and other
painful ailments. Thymol is a naturally occurring monoterpene phenol derivative known as
cymene, which is isomeric with carvacrol. It is extracted as a white, crystalline material with a
pleasant, aromatic smell and potent antibacterial qualities from Thymus vulgaris and numerous
other types of plants.

2. Ghode Shweta P, Chatur Vibhavari M, and Choudhari Pooja (et al. 2019) Cosmetics have
been in high demand since antiquity. These days, attention is focused more on Cosmetics that
are derived. Because they are so simple to use, skin care products are just as important as
cosmetics. Pain balm is the most popular dermal medication delivery product. It Is preferable
to utilize formulations to provide a quicker local effect. The primary goal of the current study
was to create a pain salve with paracetamol, a medication utilized in the therapy for the
alleviation of mild to moderate pain, including headache, toothache, and backache. When taken
as directed, paracetamol is thought to be safe. Therefore, the primary goal of the current study
was to produce a paracetamol-based pain balm and determine the drug’s physical compatibility
and stability in the balm formulation before evaluating it using the fundamental key

3. Bogdanov, Stefan (et al., 2009). In ancient Egypt, beeswax was used to create figures and
religious artifacts. Stingless-beeswax figurines were common in areas where stingless bees
were Produced in Australia and other South American nations16. An essential component of
early seals was beeswax 16. Initially, only pure beeswax was used; resin and color were added
later. The first documented tablet made of beeswax in ancient Egypt dates to approximately
1300 BC16. In Europe, writing tablets were still in use well beyond the Middle Ages. Before
paraffin wax was introduced in the 19th century, beeswax and beeswax candles were a
profitable industry to produce and sell. Although it is no longer as exclusive, beeswax is still
the most expensive material today.

4. Johannes W J Bijlsma et al. Lancet. (2011). Osteoarthritis is thought to be the most prevalent
chronic joint disease. The incidence of osteoarthritis is rising
because of the ageing population and the epidemic of obesity. Pain and loss of function are the
main clinical features that lead to treatment, including non-pharmacological, pharmacological,
and surgical approaches. Clinicians recognize that the diagnosis of osteoarthritis is established

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 Formulation & Evaluation of Herbal Oil for Arthritis from Mustard Oil

late in the disease process, maybe too late to expect much help from disease-modifying drugs.
In the coming years, a better definition of osteoarthritis is expected by delineating different
phenotypes of the disease. Treatment targeted more specifically at these phenotypes might lead
to improved outcomes.

5. Padma Kiran et al. (2018). In Ayurveda, there is brief description about oils is given because
of the specificity of the oils in treatment and secondly there is a useful property in fats-Oil and
Ghee (Indian Purified Butter) which allows them to be choice of different purposes. According
to Ayurveda classics Herbal Oils work on all the three Doshas, as qualities of this herbs poured
into these oils. These Ayurvedic Oils can be taken internally, because of the way these Ayurveda
Oils are prepared. Nirgundi Taila was prepared in-house and was compared with the marketed
formulation. The parameters which were determined for the evaluation are acid value,
saponification value, Iodine value, Ester value, weight per ml, viscosity and refractive index.

6. Mahale NB et al. (2011). Hair is one of the vital parts of the body and a protective appendage
on the body and considered accessory structure of integument along with sebaceous glands,
sweat glands and nails. Hair oils are widely used by the consumer of the cosmetic industries,
many beams are available in the market under herbal hair of category forthe cooling effect to
the scalp surface. These oils contain plant extractives and some agents that give coolingeffect.
Five Ayurvedic hair oils were evaluated for their physicochemical properties, Le color, odor,
density, viscosity refractive index, saponification value, and value and peroxide value.

7. Robart M et al. (2009). A variety of herbs and essential oils can be used for pain and
inflammation associated with sports and exercise, as well pain and inflammation associated
with rheumatism, arthritis, relief oil is a perfect blend of oils like sesame oil and essential
surgery, or other medical conditions. oil. and herbs like nirgundi and haldi. Its givesquick relief
from any type of ache in the body after rubbing on the body as a result. The objective of
thepresent study is to prepare herbal pain relief oil and evaluate its parameter.

2.1 REFERENCES:
1. Pawar SS, Bharude NV, Sonone SS, Deshmukh RS, Raut AK, Umarkar AR. Chillies as food,
spice and medicine: a perspective. Int J Pharm Biol Sci. 2011;1(3):311-8.
2. Aylanc V, Ertosun S, Akyuz L, Bilican BK, Gokdag S, Bilican I, et al., Natural β-chitinprotein
complex film obtained from waste razor shells for transdermal capsaicin carrier. International
journal of biological macromolecules. 2020; 155:508-15.

3. Santos LF, Correia IJ, Silva AS, Mano JF. Biomaterials for drug delivery patches. European
Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. 2018; 118:49-66.

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 Formulation & Evaluation of Herbal Oil for Arthritis from Mustard Oil

3. DRUG PROFILE
Comprehensive Drug Profile for Arthritis: Mustard Oil, Camphor, Garlic, Clove, and
Peppermint. Arthritis is a chronic inflammatory condition affecting joints, leading to pain,
stiffness, and reduced mobility. Various natural remedies, including mustard oil, camphor,
garlic, clove, and peppermint, have been traditionally used to alleviate symptoms. This drug
profile explores their therapeutic potential in managing arthritis.

3.1 Synergistic Mechanisms of Mustard Oil and Herbs for Arthritis Relief:
1. Mustard Oil – The Base for Healing

Botanical Name: Brassica Juncea

Mechanical Properties: Anti-Microbial, Anti-Inflammatory, Stimulate

Mustard oil is a well-known carrier oil that possesses its own anti-inflammatory, analgesic,
and warming effects. When applied topically, it helps:

Stimulate circulation: The warming effect of mustard oil increases blood flow to the affected
joints, improving the delivery of oxygen and nutrients while helping to eliminate metabolic
waste.

Ease muscle stiffness: Its warming properties also relax the muscles around the joints,
reducing tension and stiffness.

Fig.03 Mustard Oil.

2. Camphor Powder

Camphor is known for its analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects. When applied topically,
camphor may help alleviate joint pain and reduce inflammation. It also promotes blood
circulation, which can aid in the healing of damaged tissues.

Botanical Name: Cinnamomum camphora

Medicinal Properties: Analgesic, antispasmodic, anti-inflammatory

Uses: Camphor is widely used in topical applications for pain relief, muscle cramps, and joint
stiffness. It is also an ingredient in inhalants to relieve congestion and cold symptoms. In
Ayurveda, camphor helps in balancing doshas and treating skin conditions.

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 Formulation & Evaluation of Herbal Oil for Arthritis from Mustard Oil

Fig.04 Camphor Powder.

3. Garlic – Anti-Inflammatory and Immune-Boosting

Botanical Name: Allium sativum

Garlic has been used for centuries for its medicinal properties, including its anti-
inflammatory, antioxidant, and immune-boosting effects. Garlic is rich in allicin, a sulfur
compound that provides the following benefits when combined with mustard oil:

Reduction of inflammation: Allicin inhibits the production of pro-inflammatory molecules

like TNF-alpha (tumor necrosis factor-alpha) and interleukins, which are often elevated in
arthritis.

Improved circulation: Garlic promotes blood flow, helping to reduce swelling and pain in the
joints.

Fig.05 Garlic Oil.

Joint protection: The antioxidant properties of garlic help prevent further joint damage by
neutralizing harmful free radicals.

4. Clove – Natural Analgesic and Antioxidant

Botanical Name: Syzygium aromaticum

Clove oil, rich in eugenol, has powerful analgesic (pain-relieving) and anti-inflammatory
properties. The synergistic benefits of clove oil and mustard oil include:

Pain relief: Eugenol works by inhibiting pain receptors in the body, which helps reduce the
discomfort caused by arthritis.

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 Formulation & Evaluation of Herbal Oil for Arthritis from Mustard Oil

Reduction in swelling: Clove oil helps in reducing the swelling in joints, enhancing mobility
and function.

Fig.06 Clove Oil.

Antioxidant protection: Eugenol also has antioxidant properties that protect joint tissues from
oxidative stress and free radical damage.

5. Peppermint – Cooling and Pain-Relieving

Botanical Nam: Mentha × piperita

Peppermint oil contains menthol, which is known for its cooling and analgesic effects. Its
synergy with mustard oil helps in:

Providing immediate relief: Menthol produces a cooling sensation that distracts from the pain
and reduces discomfort. This cooling effect can be especially soothing for individuals with
arthritis flare-ups.

Enhancing circulation: Peppermint oil also helps increase blood flow to the affected joints,
which aids in healing and reduces inflammation.

Fig.07 Peppermint Oil.

Reducing muscle spasms: The cooling effect of peppermint oil helps relax muscle spasms
around the joints, further improving mobility.
The combination of the cooling effect of peppermint and the warming properties of mustard
oil creates a balanced relief experience, targeting both pain and stiffness in the joints.

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 Formulation & Evaluation of Herbal Oil for Arthritis from Mustard Oil

3.2 The Synergistic Effect on Arthritis Relief:

The combined synergistic effect of mustard oil and the aforementioned herbs (ginger, turmeric,
garlic, clove, and peppermint) creates a holistic remedy for arthritis. The key benefits of this
synergy include:

➢ Enhanced anti-inflammatory effects: Each herb contributes its anti-inflammatory

compounds, which, when combined with mustard oil's ability to stimulate circulation, create
a powerful anti-inflammatory response, reducing swelling and pain.
➢ Pain relief: The analgesic effects of mustard oil, clove, ginger, and peppermint work
together to provide both immediate and long-lasting pain relief for individuals suffering
from arthritis.
➢ Improved circulation: Mustard oil, ginger, and garlic all stimulate blood flow to the
affected joints, helping to reduce stiffness, promote healing, and reduce swelling.
➢ Joint protection: The antioxidant properties of turmeric, garlic, and clove protect the joints
from oxidative damage, reducing the risk of joint degeneration and supporting long-term
joint health.
➢ Holistic and natural approach: This formulation provides a natural, holistic alternative to
conventional treatments, using a blend of herbs known for their therapeutic properties. It
offers minimal side effects compared to pharmaceutical medications, which often have long-
term adverse effects.

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 Formulation & Evaluation of Herbal Oil for Arthritis from Mustard Oil

4. AIM & OBJECTIVE

4.1 AIM

To formulate and evaluate an herbal oil blend utilizing mustard oil as the base, aimed at
alleviating symptoms of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) through natural, anti-inflammatory, and
analgesic properties.

4.2 OBJECTIVES

1. To leverage the anti-inflammatory properties of mustard oil: Mustard oil contains omega-3
fatty acids and allyl isothiocyanate, compounds known for their anti-inflammatory effects.
These components can help reduce joint inflammation associated with RA.

2. To incorporate complementary herbal ingredients: Combining mustard oil with herbs such
as garlic, camphor, and peppermint can enhance its therapeutic efficacy. These herbs possess
analgesic and anti-inflammatory properties that may synergistically alleviate RA symptoms.

3. To develop a topical application method: Creating a massage oil that can be applied directly
to affected joints allows for targeted relief. Topical application ensures direct absorption at the
site of inflammation, potentially improving efficacy.

4. To evaluate the safety and efficacy of the herbal oil: Conducting clinical studies to assess
the oil's effectiveness in reducing RA symptoms and monitoring for any adverse reactions
ensures the formulation is both safe and beneficial for patients.

5. To provide an accessible and natural alternative for RA management: Developing a cost-

effective, herbal-based treatment offers patients an alternative or complementary option to
conventional RA therapies, potentially reducing reliance on synthetic medications.

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 Formulation & Evaluation of Herbal Oil for Arthritis from Mustard Oil

5. MATERIAL & METHOD

5.1 MATERIAL
Table No. 01 Ingredients.
S. Name Of Image Of Botanical Uses Of
No. Ingredients Ingredients Name Ingredients

Brassica Juncea Antimicrobial, Anti-

Mustard Inflammatory
1.

Analgesic,
2. Cinnamomum Antispasmodic, Anti-
Camphor Camphora Inflammatory

Antibacterial, Antifungal,
Allium Sativum Cardioprotective,
Garlic Antioxidant
3.

Syzygium Analgesic, Antimicrobial,

Clove Aromaticum Antispasmodic
4.

Mentha Piperita Carminative,

Peppermint Antispasmodic, Cooling
5.

Table No. 02 Ingredients with Quantity.

S.
No. Ingredients Name Quantity

1. Mustard Oil 100 ml

2. Camphor 10 gm

3. Garlic Oil 10 ml

4. Clove Oil 10 ml

5. Peppermint Oil 10 ml

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 Formulation & Evaluation of Herbal Oil for Arthritis from Mustard Oil

5.2 METHODS
Formulating an herbal oil for arthritis using mustard oil, clove oil, garlic oil, peppermint oil,
and camphor combines potent anti-inflammatory and pain-relieving properties. Here’s a step-
by-step guide to creating this herbal oil blend.
Equipment:

• Small glass bottle (preferably amber to protect the oils from light).
• Small funnel (optional, for easy pouring).
• A measuring spoon or dropper for accurate measurement.
Step-by-Step Process:

Step 1: Preparing Base Oil

Measure Mustard Oil:

Pour 100 ml of mustard oil into the glass bottle. This acts as the carrier oil, helping to dilute
the potent essential oils and allowing for better absorption.

Step 2: Add the Essential Oils

1. Clove Oil (5-10 drops): Add 5-10 drops of clove oil to the mustard oil. Clove oil has strong
pain-relieving and anti-inflammatory properties that can help reduce swelling and discomfort.

2. Garlic Oil (5-10 drops): Add 5-10 drops of garlic oil Garlic has both anti-inflammatory and
pain-relieving properties, as well as being a natural antioxidant.

3. Peppermint Oil (5-10 drops): Add 5-10 drops of peppermint oil This oil provides a cooling
effect and helps to relax tight muscles around the joints, easing pain and reducing inflammation.

4. Camphor (5 gm): Add 5gm of Camphor is known for its cooling effects, improving blood
circulation and reducing pain associated with arthritis.

Step 3: Mix the Oils Together

1. Shake the Bottle: After adding all the oils, seal the bottle tightly and shake it gently to mix
the oils together.

2. Ensure Proper Mixing: Allow the oils to blend well. If necessary, shake the bottle a few
times during the next 24-48 hours to ensure the oils are properly mixed and infused.

Step 4: Let the Oil Infuse: Let the mixture sit for 24-48 hours in a cool, dark place. This will
allow the oils to infuse, enhancing their potency and effectiveness for pain relief.

Shake the bottle every day or two to ensure the oils continue blending.

Step 5: Patch Test the Oil: Before applying the oil to large areas, patch test a small amount
on the inner side of your wrist or elbow to check for any allergic reactions or skin irritation.

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 Formulation & Evaluation of Herbal Oil for Arthritis from Mustard Oil

5.3 EVALUATION PARAMETERS:

Evaluation Of Herbal Oil: The prepared oils were then subjected to physical and biological
evaluation.
1. Physical evaluation: In physical evaluation, parameters like specific gravity, Ph, acid value,
Saponification value are conducted.

2. Specific gravity: Initially empty specific gravity bottle was weighed. Then the same specific
gravity bottle was filled with water and again weighed. Later specific gravity bottle was
replaced with herbal oil and weighed again. Weights are noted and thus specific gravity of
herbal oil was calculated.

• Weight of empty specific gravity bottle = w1gms.

• Weight of specific gravity bottle with mustard oil = w2gms.
• Weight of specific gravity bottle with other ingredients= W3gms.
• Specific gravity bottle of water = 0.9961 g/cm3.
• Specific gravity of herbal oil was calculated as ρ= W3-w1/w2-W1xρ.

Fig.08 Specific Gravity Bottle.

1. Ph: The Ph was determined by using digital PH meter. 20ml of herbal oil was taken in
a beaker and the bulb of PH meter was dipped in oil. The obtained Ph values are noted
down.

Fig.09 Digital Ph Meter.

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 Formulation & Evaluation of Herbal Oil for Arthritis from Mustard Oil

Table no.03 physical evaluation.

S. No. Parameter Observation
2. Colour Brown
3. Odour Characteristics
4. Texter Smooth
5. Ph 6.21
6. Specific Gravity 0.88 g/cm3
7. Smoothness Smooth

Chemical Evaluation:
Acid value: One gram of substance was dissolved accurately in 5ml of mixture of equal volume
of ethanol and ether previously neutralized with 0.1M KOH. If the sample was not dissolved
properly then reflux condenser was connected and the sample was warmed slowly with
frequent stirring until the sample was dissolved. Then1ml of Phenolphthalein solution was
added and titrated with 0.1M KOH until the solution remained as faintly pink after shaking for
30 minutes.

Acid Value was calculated from the following equation.

Acid value = 5.61 x n/w
N= No. of ml of 0.1M KOH
W= Weight of substance.

Fig.10 Acid Value.

Saponification Value:
2ml of herbal oil was weighed and transferred into a 25ml of conical flask. To this 25ml
alcoholic KOH solution was added. It was heated on a water bath for 30 minutes by frequently
mixing the content of the flask phenolphthalein was added to cooled liquid and titrated against
0.5M HCL. Blank solution was performed and Saponification values were calculated.
Saponification value = (ba) x 28.05/weight of substance
b=blank value
a= assay value

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 Formulation & Evaluation of Herbal Oil for Arthritis from Mustard Oil

Saponification values were determined and the Formulations were subjected to biological
evaluation.

Fig.11 Saponification Value.

Table No. 04 Chemical Evaluation.

S. No. Parameter Observation
1. Acid Value 0.7
2. Saponification 26.6
3. Viscosity 1.07

Biological evaluation:
Primary skin irritation test:
The prepared formulations were assessed for primary skin irritation test. Healthy human
volunteers were selected for the study. The hair of each volunteer of 1cm2 was shaved which
could accommodate three test sites. It was cleaned with surgical sprit. The quantities of
formulations were applied over the respective test sites were observed for erythema and Edema
for 48hrs after application.
Table No. 05 Biological Evaluation.
S. No. Parameter Observation
1. Irritation Test Non-Irritant
2. Sensitivity Test Non-Sensitive

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 Formulation & Evaluation of Herbal Oil for Arthritis from Mustard Oil

6. RESULT & DISCUSSION

6.1 RESULTS

The herbal oil formulation was prepared using a base of mustard oil (Brassica juncea) infused
with garlic (Allium sativum), peppermint oil (Mentha piperita), clove oil (Syzygium
aromaticum), and camphor (Cinnamomum camphora). The blend was evaluated for its physical
characteristics and therapeutic effects in relieving arthritis symptoms.

Table No.06 Physical, Chemical & Biological Evaluation.

S. No. Physical Chemical Biological

1. Colour Is Brown Acid Value Is 0.7 Non-Irritant
2. Odour Is Characteristic Saponification Value Is 26.6 Non-Sensitivity
3. Texture Is Smooth Viscosity Is 1.07
4. Ph Is 6.21
5. Gravity Is 0.88 G/Cm3
6. Smoothness Is Consistent

6.2 DISCUSSION

Pain relief balms achieve progressive delivery of active components while maintaining stable
plasma levels and ensuring a good safety profile through various formulations. Topical
medications address the challenges of selecting analgesic drugs with high bioavailability for
long-term use, ensuring a tailored treatment approach for chronic pain. Additionally, sustained
release pharmaceutical formulations utilize water-miscible and hygroscopic network-forming
materials to disperse active ingredients effectively, enhancing the sustained release mechanism
for pain management. Furthermore, specific analgesic balms are formulated with a combination
of natural ingredients that synergistically provide strong pain relief effects, allowing for
prolonged pain relief and healing benefits. These formulations may also include components
like capsaicin, bromelain, and menthol to enhance pain relief and anti-inflammatory properties.

➢ Mustard Oil: Acts as a carrier and warming agent; improves circulation and reduces
stiffness through counter-irritant activity.
➢ anti-inflammatory components (garlic, clove) create a balanced formulation that works on
both surface The combined action of warming (mustard oil, camphor), cooling
(peppermint), and deep-acting and deep tissues.
➢ Strengths
➢ Multifaceted approach targeting pain, inflammation, and stiffness
➢ Natural, cost-effective alternative to conventional NSAIDs
➢ Fast-acting with user-reported relief within days

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 Formulation & Evaluation of Herbal Oil for Arthritis from Mustard Oil

7. CONCLUSION
In conclusion, pain remains a significant problem for many patients with RA and is associated
with psychological distress, fatigue and reduced quality of life. In RA patients, pain results
from a combination of joint inflammation, structural joint changes and pain sensitisation. In
order to treat patients effectively, it is vital to differentiate between different types of pain, as
each type should be targeted differently. Effective pain management approaches using a
multimodal approach are vital to increase patient well-being, functioning and to reduce
individual and societal costs.

Summary of Research and Development

Overview of traditional uses of herbal oils in arthritis [Link] of formulations

incorporating modern scientific advancements. Key ingredients identified for efficacy, such as
turmeric, ginger, eucalyptus, and [Link] in extraction methods and bioavailability
optimization.

Efficacy and Mechanism of Action

Explanation of how herbal oils work in reducing inflammation and pain. Comparison of herbal
oil effectiveness versus conventional [Link] of active compounds in inhibiting
inflammatory pathways.
Clinical Applications and Benefits

Review of studies demonstrating the success of herbal oils in arthritis management. Potential
side effects and safety considerations. Accessibility and cost-effectiveness of herbal treatments.

Challenges and Future Research

Limitations in current formulations, including stability and absorption. Need for more
extensive clinical trials and standardization. Innovations in herbal oil delivery systems (e.g.,
nanotechnology-based formulations). Integration of herbal oils into mainstream medical
practice.

Final Thoughts

Herbal oils have shown significant promise in managing arthritis symptoms naturally.
Continuous research and technological advancements will enhance their effectiveness. A future
focus on personalized medicine could optimize treatments for individual patients.

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 Formulation & Evaluation of Herbal Oil for Arthritis from Mustard Oil

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