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20EC211 – EMBEDDED SYSTEMS AND IoT

Semester : 06 Year : III

Academic Year : 2022-2023

20EC211- Embedded Systems &

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IoT
 UNIT IV SYLLABUS
INTERNET OF THINGS
Introduction to IOT, Physical Design of IOT, Logical Design of
IOT, IOT Enabling Technologies-IOT and M2M-- Essential
Characteristics of Cloud Computing - Service Models - Deployment
Models.
Case Study: Air Quality Monitoring System and Data
Logger-Landslide Detection and Disaster Management- Smart Motion
Detector
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20EC211- Embedded Systems & IoT 3
 Internet of Things
What is the internet?
the Internet is “ a global network connecting millions of
embedded hardware devices (computers, smartphones, and
tablets) providing a variety of information and
communication facilities, consisting of interconnected
networks using standardized communication protocols”.

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Things
Things refers to any physical object with a device that has
its own IP address and can connect to a network that also
sends/receives data via a network.

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 Things can be us (humans), animals, buildings, energy
stations, smartphones, tablets, bicycles, sensors, cameras,
vehicles, health monitoring devices and so on.
Internet of Things-IoT
“A network of physical objects or ‘things’ that can interact
with each other to share information and take action.”
Connecting everyday things embedded with electronics,
software, and sensors to internet enabling to collect and
exchange data without human interaction called as the
Internet of Things (IoT)
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 Internet of Things

The Internet of Things (IoT) is a network of devices where those devices

communicate with each other without any human interference.
The devices themselves create, modify, delete, send, and receive data between
each other on their own, and use that data to make decisions.

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The Internet of Things requires three elements:
• A way for devices to connect to other devices
• A way for devices to gather data from other devices
• A method for devices to process that data and make
decisions

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Individual devices with integrated sensors can
connect and deliver information about their status
to one another, creating a network of integrated
things.

While these IoT devices usually take some human

setting up, once they're up and running, the
process of collecting and sending data is
autonomous and has a vast range of uses.
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20EC211- Embedded Systems & IoT 10
History of IoT

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20EC211- Embedded Systems & IoT 13
 IoT Components

08-04-2024 INTERNET OF THINGS 14

 Introduction
Applications of IoT:

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 Introduction
Characteristics of IoT:
✔ Dynamic and self-Adapting:
IoT devices and systems may have the capability to dynamically adapt with the changing
contexts and take actions based on their operating condition.
Ex: Surveillance cameras can adapt their modes based on whether it is day or night.
✔ Self – Configuring:
IoT devices may have self-Configuring capability allowing a large number of devices to work
together to provide certain functionality.
Ex: Weather Monitoring (temperature sensor, Anemometer, Humidity sensor etc.,)
✔ Interoperable communication protocols:
IoT Devices may support a number of interoperable communication protocols and can
communicate with other devices and also with the infrastructure.

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 Introduction
Characteristics of IoT:
✔ Unique Identity:
Each IoT devices has a unique identity and a unique identifier. [such as an IP address (Internet
Protocol address) or URI (Uniform Resource Identifier) ]. IoT systems may have intelligent
interfaces which adapt based on the context, allow communication with users and the environment
contexts.
IoT device interfaces allow the users to query the devices, monitor their status, and control
them remotely, in association with the control, configuration and management infrastructure
Integrated into information network:
IoT devices are usually integrated into the information network that allows them to
communicate and exchange data with other devices and systems.

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 Physical design of IoT
Things of IoT:
The “Things” in IoT usually refers to IoT devices which have unique identities
and can perform remote sensing, Actuating and monitoring capabilities.

IoT devices can exchange data with other connected devices and applications
(directly or indirectly), or collect data from other devices and process the data
locally or send the data to Centralized servers or cloud based applications back
ends for processing

(ie :Memory, processing calibrators, communication latencies and speed and

deadlines)

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 Physical design of IoT
Generic block diagram of IoT devices:

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 Physical design of IoT
Things of IoT:
An IoT device may consist of several interfaces connections to other devices, both wired and
wireless. These include
I) IoT interfaces for sensors
II) interfaces for internet connectivity
III) memory and storage interfaces
IV) audio video interfaces.
An IoT Device can collect various types of data from the onboard or attached sensors, such as
temperature, humidity, light intensity
IoT devices can also be varied types, for instance, wearable sensors, smart watches, LED light
automobiles and industrial machines.

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 Physical design of IoT
IoT Protocols:

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 Physical design of IoT
IoT Protocols:
Link Layer:
Link Layer protocols determine how the data is physically sent over the network’s physical
layer or medium(example copper wire, electrical cable, or radio wave).
The scope of the link layer is the local network connections to which host is attached. Host on
the same link exchange data packets over the link layer using the link layer protocol. Link layer
determines how the packets are coded and signaled by the hardware device over the medium to
which the host is attached.(such as coaxial cable)
✔ 802.3 – Ethernet
✔ 802.11 – WiFi
✔ 802.16 – WiMax
✔ 802.15.4 – LR-WPAN
✔ 2G/3G/4G

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 Physical design of IoT
IoT Protocols:
Link Layer:
802.3 – Ethernet
802.3 is a collections of wired Ethernet standards for the link layer. 10BASE5 Ethernet that
uses coaxial cable as a shared medium,
802.3.i is standard for 10BASET Ethernet over copper twisted pair connection,
802.3.j is the standard for 10BASE-F Ethernet over optic connections
802.3.ae is the standard for 10Gbit/s Ethernet over fiber
These provide data rates from 10 Mb/s to 40 gigabits per second and the higher. The shared
medium in Ethernet can be a coaxial cable , twisted pair wire or and Optical fiber. Shared medium
carries the communication for all the devices on the network

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 Physical design of IoT
IoT Protocols:
Link Layer:
802.11- WI-FI
IEEE 802.3 is a collections of wireless Local area network.(WLAN) communication standards,
including extensive descriptions of the link layer.
For example
✔ 802.11a operate in the 5 GHz band,
✔ 802.11b and 802.11g operate in the 2.4 GHz band.
✔ 802.11ac operates in the 5G Hertz band.

802.16 wiMAX: (Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access)

IEEE 802.16 is a collection of wireless broadband and Standards, including extensive
descriptions for the link layer (also called WiMAX). WiMax standard provides a data rates from 1.5
Mb/s to 1Gb/s.
The recent update (802.16m) provides data rates of 100Mbits/sec for mobile station and 1 Gbits/sec .

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 Physical design of IoT
IoT Protocols:
Link Layer:
802.15.4 LR-WPAN:
IEEE 802.1 5.4 is a collections of standard for low rate wireless personal area
network(LRWPAN).These standard form the basis of specifications for high
level communication Zigbee.

LR-WPAN standards provide data rates from 40 Kb/s to 250 Kb/s.

These standards provide low cost and low speed Communications for power
constrained devices.

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 Physical design of IoT
IoT Protocols:
Link Layer:
2G/3G/4G Mobile communication :
2G including GSM and CDMA.
Some of the key features of 2G were:
✔ Data speeds of up to 64 kbps.
✔ Use of digital signals instead of analog.
✔ Enabled services such as SMS and MMS (Multimedia Message)
✔ Provided better quality voice calls.
✔ It used a bandwidth of 30 to 200 KHz.

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 Physical design of IoT
IoT Protocols:
3rd Generation (3G including UMTS and CDMA2000)
Some of the key features of 3G were:
✔ Speed of up to 2 Mbps.
✔ Increased bandwidth and data transfer rates.
✔ Send/receive large email messages.
✔ Large capacities and broadband capabilities.
4G including LTE (Long Term Evolution)
Audio and video streaming. LTE has faster download and upload speeds than 2G and 3G

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 Physical design of IoT
IoT Protocols:
Network/Internet Layer:
The network layer are responsible for sending of IP datagrams from the source network to the
destination network. This layer Performs the host addressing and packet routing.
The datagrams contains a source and destination address which are used to route them from the
source to the destination across multiple networks. Host Identification is done using the hierarchy IP
addressing schemes such as IPv4 or IPv6.

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 Physical design of IoT
IoT Protocols:
Network/Internet Layer:
IPV4:
Internet protocol versions for open parents close (IPV4) is there most deployed internet protocol
that is used to identify the device is on a network using a hierarchy latest schemes. It uses 32 bit
addresses scheme that allows total of two 32 address. As more and more devices got connected to
the internet.
IPv6:
It is the newest versions of internet protocol. IPv6 uses 128 bit address schemes that are lost
total of 2^128 are 3.4* 10^38 address.
6LoWPAN:
IPv6 over low power wireless personal area networks brings IP protocol to the low power
device which have limited processing capability it operate in the 2.4
GHz frequency range and provide the data transfer rate off to 50 kb/s.

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 Physical design of IoT
IoT Protocols:
Transport layer :
The Transport layer protocols provides end-to-end message transfer capability independent of
the underlying network. The message transfer capability can be set up on connections, either using
handshake or without handshake acknowledgements. Provides functions such as error control,
segmentation, flow control and congestion control.
✔ TCP (Transmission control Protocol)
✔ UDP (User Datagram Protocol)

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 Physical design of IoT
IoT Protocols:
Transport layer :
TCP (Transmission control Protocol) :
It is the most widely used to transport layer protocol that is used by the web browsers along
with HTTP , HTTPS application layer protocols email program (SMTP application layer protocol)
and file transfer protocol.
✔ TCP is a connection Oriented and stateful protocol while IP protocol deals with sending packets,
✔ TCP ensures reliable transmissions of packets in order.
✔ TCP also provide error deduction capability so that duplicate packets can be discarded and low
packets are re-transmitted.
✔ The flow control capability ensures that the rate at which the sender since the data is not too high
for the receiver to process.
✔ The congestion control capability of TCP helps in avoiding network congestion and network
collapse

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 Physical design of IoT
IoT Protocols:
Transport layer :
UDP (User Datagram Protocol) :
UDP: unlike TCP, which requires carrying out an initial setup procedure, UDP is a connection
less protocol. UDP is useful for time sensitive application they have very small data units to
exchange and do not want the overhead of connection setup.
UDP is a transactions oriented and stateless protocol. UDP does not provide guaranteed
delivery, ordering of messages and duplicate eliminations.

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 Physical design of IoT
IoT Protocols:
Application layer :
Application layer protocol define how the application interfaces with the lower layer protocols
to send the data over the network. Data are typically in files, is encoded by the application layer
protocol and encapsulated in the transport layer protocol. Application layer protocol enable
process-to-process connection using ports.
✔ HTTP
✔ CoAP
✔ WebSocket
✔ MQTT
✔ XMPP
✔ DDS
✔ AMQP

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 Physical design of IoT
IoT Protocols:
Application layer :
Http:
Hypertext transfer protocol is the application layer protocol that forms the
foundations of world wide web (WWW)
http includes, commands such as GET, PUT, POST, DELETE, HEAD, TRACE,
OPTIONS etc.
The protocol follows a request response model where are client sends request to
server using the http, commands.
Http is a stateless protocol and each http request is independent of the other
requests.
HTTP protocol uses Universal Resource Identifiers (URIs) to identify HTTP
resources.
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 Physical design of IoT
IoT Protocols:
Application layer :
CoAP:
Constrained application protocol is an application layer protocol for machine to
machine (M2M) application, meant for constrained environment with
constrained devices and constrained networks.

Like http CoAP is a web transfer protocol and uses a request- response model,
however it runs on the top of the UDP instead of TCP.

CoAP uses a client –server architecture where client communicate with server
using connectionless datagrams. It is designed to easily interface with http.
Like http, CoAP supports method such as GET, PUT, DELETE .
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 Physical design of IoT
IoT Protocols:
Application layer :
Websocket:
Websocket protocol allows full duplex communication over a single socket
connections for sending message between client and server.

Websocket is based on TCP and Allows streams of messages to be sent back and
forth between the client and server while keeping the TCP connection open.

The client can be a browser, a mobile application and IoT device

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 Physical design of IoT
IoT Protocols:
Application layer :
MQTT:
Message Queue Telemetry Transport.
It is a lightweight message protocol based on public -subscribe model MQTT
uses a client server Architecture by the clients such as an IoT device connect to
the server also called the MQTT broker and publishers message to topic on the
server.

The broker forward the message to the clients subscribed to topic MQTT is well
suited for constrained and environments

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 Physical design of IoT
IoT Protocols:
Application layer :
XMPP:
Extensible Messaging and Presence Protocol. It is a protocol for real-time communication and streaming
XML data between network entities.
XMPP powers wide range of applications including messaging, presence, data syndication, gaming
multiparty chat and voice / voice calls.
XMPP Allows sending small chunks of XML data from one network entity to another in real time. XMPP
supports both client to server and server –client communication path
DSS:
Data distribution service is the date centric middleware standard for device to-device or machine to
machine communication.
DDS uses a publish subscribe model where publisher example device that generate data create topics to
which subscribers per can subscribe publisher is an object responsible for data distributions and the subscriber
responsible for receiving published data. DDS provide quality of service (QoS) control and configurable
reliability

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 Physical design of IoT
IoT Protocols:
Application layer :
AMQP:

Advanced Message Queuing protocols. It is an open application layer protocol for business
messaging.

AMQP support point to point and publish - subscribe model routing and queuing.
AMQP broker receive message from publishers example devices or applications that generate
data and about them over connections to consumers publishers publish the message to exchange
which then distribute message copies to queues.

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 Logical design of IoT
Logical design of an IoT system refers to an abstract representation of the entities and process
without going into low level specification of the implementations
IoT functional block:
An IoT system comprises of a number of functional blocks that provide the system the
capabilities for identification, sensing, actuation, communication and Management.

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 Logical design of IoT
IoT functional block:
Devices:
An IoT system comprises of the devices that provide sensing, actuation, monitoring and control function
Communication:
communication block handle the communication systems
Services :
An IoT system uses various types of IoT services such as services for device monitoring, device control
services, data publishing services and services for device Discovery.
Management:
Functional blocks provide various functions to govern the IoT system
Security:
Security functional block security IoT system and by providing functions such as application authorization
message and content integrity and data security.
Application:
IoT application provides and interface that the user can used to control and monitor various aspects of the IoT
system. Application also allow users to view the system status and view or analyze the processed to data

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 Logical design of IoT
IoT communication model :
✔ Request response:
Request-response is a Communications model in which the client sends request to the server
and the server responds to the requests. when the server receives a request it decides how to respond,
if it shows the data retrieved resources definitions for the response, and then send the response to the
client. Access to response model is a stateless communication model and each request response per
is independent of others the crime and server interactions in the request response model.

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 Logical design of IoT
IoT communication model :
✔ Publish - Subscribe:
Respect is a communication model that involve Publishers brokers and consumers. Publishers
are the source of data. Publishers send the data to the topics which is managed by the broker.
Publishers are not aware of the consumer. Consumers Subscribe to the topic which are managed by
the broker. When the broker receives the data for a topic from the publisher, it send the data to all
the subscribed consumers.

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 Logical design of IoT
IoT communication model :
✔ Push pull:
Push pull is communication model in which the data producers push the data to queues and the consumers
pull the data from the queues. Producers do not need to be aware of the consumer. Queues help in decoupling
the messaging between the Producers and Consumers . It also act as a buffer which helps in situations when
there is a mismatch between the rate at which the produces push data and the rate at which the consumers full
the data

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 Logical design of IoT
IoT communication model :
✔ Exclusive pair:
Exclusive pair is a bi directional, fully duplex communication model that uses a persistent connections
between the client and the server. once the condition is setup it remains open until the client sends a request to
close the connection. client and server can send messages to each other after connection setup. Exclusive pair is
a stateful Communications model and the server is aware of all the open connections

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 Logical design of IoT
IoT communication APIs (Application Programming Interface) :
REST- based communication API:
REST stands for REpresentational State Transfer. REST is web standards based architecture and uses
HTTP Protocol. It revolves around resource where every component is a resource and a resource is accessed
by a common interface using HTTP standard methods
The REST architectural constraints apply to the components, connectors, and data elements

Communication with REST APIs

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• REST uses less bandwidth, simple and flexible making it more
suitable for internet usage.
• It’s used to fetch or give some information from a web service.
• All communication done via REST API uses only HTTP request

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IoT
 • In HTTP there are five methods that are commonly used in a
REST-based Architecture
• i.e., POST, GET, PUT, PATCH, and DELETE.
• These correspond to create, read, update, and delete (or
CRUD) operations respectively.
• There are other methods which are less frequently used like
OPTIONS and HEAD.

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IoT
 Logical design of IoT
IoT communication APIs (Application Programming Interface) :
REST- based communication API:
Request response model used by REST

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 Logical design of IoT
IoT communication APIs (Application Programming Interface) :
REST- based communication API:
HTTP request methods and actions

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 Logical design of IoT
IoT communication APIs (Application Programming Interface) :
WebSocket based communication API:

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 Logical design of IoT
IoT communication APIs (Application Programming Interface) :
WebSocket based communication API:
WebSocket API allow bi directional, full duplex communication between client and server. Unlike
request-response API allow full duplex communication and do not require new connection to be set up for
each message to be sent. Websocket communication begins with connection setup request send by the
client to the server. The request is sent over http and the server interprets it as an upgrade request.
If the server support protocol response to the website handshake response after the connection setup
the client and the server can send data or messages to each other in full duplex model.
WebSocket API reduce network traffic and latency as there is no overhead for connection setup and
determination records to each message

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 IoT levels and deployment templates

1. Device : An IoT device allow identification, remote sensing, actuating and remote
monitoring capabilities.
2. Resources : Resources are software components on the device for accessing and storing
information for controlling actuator connected to the device also include software
components that enable network access for the device.
3. Controller service: Controller Service is a native service that runs on the device and
interact with the web services. Controller service sends data from the device to the web
service receive command from the application from controlling the device

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 IoT levels and deployment templates

4. Database: Database can be either local or in the cloud and stores the data generated by
the IoT device.
5. Web service: Serve as a link between the device, application database and analysis
components.
Web Services can be implemented using HTTP and REST principles or using websocket
protocol.

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 IoT levels and deployment templates

A comparison of restaurant website is provided below:

Stateless/stateful: Rest services stateless in nature. Each request contain all the information needed
to process it.
• Request are independent of each other.
• Websocket on the other hand is stateful in nature where the server maintains the state and is
aware of all the open connections.
Directional / Bi- directional: REST service operate over http and unidirectional.
• Request is always sent by a client and the server response to the request.
• And other hand websocket is a bi directional product server to send message to each other

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 IoT levels and deployment templates

A comparison of restaurant website is provided below:

Request response / full duplex:
• REST service follower request response Communications model where the
client sends request and the server response to the request.
• Websocket and the other hand Allow full-duplex Communications between
the client and server, it means both client and server can send messages to can
independently.

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 IoT levels and deployment templates

A comparison of restaurant website is provided below:

TCP connections: For REST Service each http request involves setting up in a new TCP connections
Websocket on the other hand involves a single TCP connection over which the client and server
communicate in a full duplex mode.

Header Overhead: REST service operate over http , and each request is independent of others . Thus
each request carries http header which is an overhead. Due to the overhead of http headers, REST is
not suitable for real time applications left hand does not involve overhead of headers. After the
initial handshake the client and server exchange messages with minimal frame information.

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 IoT levels and deployment templates

A comparison of restaurant website is provided below:

Analysis component: The analysis component is responsible for analyzing the IoT data and generate
results in the form which are easy for the user to understand. Analysis of IoT data can be performed
either locally or in the cloud. Analyzed results are stored in the local or cloud database.

Application: IoT applications provide an interface that the user can use to control and
monitor various aspects of the IoT system.
Applications also allow user to view the system status and view the processed data.

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 IoT levels and deployment templates

✔ Level 1
✔ Level 2
✔ Level 3
✔ Level 4
✔ Level 5
✔ Level 6

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 IoT levels and deployment templates

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 IoT levels and deployment templates

✔ Level 1
Level One IoT system has a single node / device that performs sensing and/or
actuation, stores data, reforms analysis and the host to the application.
Level 1 IoT systems are suitable for modeling low cost and low complexity
solutions where the data involving is not big and the analysis requirements are not
computationally intensive.
.

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 IoT levels and deployment templates

Example: HOME AUTOMATION. This system consists of the single node that allows controlling
the lights and appliances in your home remotely . The device used in this system interface with their
lights and appliances using electronic relay switches. The status information of each light or
appliance is maintained in a local database. REST service deployed locally Allow retrieving and
updating the state of the each light or appliances in the status database. The controller service
continuously monitor the state of each light or appliance and triggers the relay switches accordingly.
The applications which is deployed locally has a user interface for controlling the lights or
appliances. since the device is connected to the internet, the application can be accessed remotely as
well.

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 IoT levels and deployment templates

✔ Level 2

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 IoT levels and deployment templates

✔ Level 2
Level 2 IoT system has a single node that performs sensing and/or actuation and local analysis.
Data is stored in the cloud and application is usually cloud based systems are suitable for solutions
where the data in world is big,
however the primary analysis requirement is not computationally intensive and can be done local
itself.

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 IoT levels and deployment templates

Example: smart irrigation.

The system consists of the single node that monitor the soil moisture level and control
segregation system. The device used in this system collect soil moisture data from sensor the
controller service continuously monitor the moisture level. If the moisture level drops below a
threshold t , the irrigation system is turned on. For controlling the irrigation system actuators such as
solenoid valve can be used.. Rest Web Services is used for storing and retrieving data which is
stored in the cloud database. A cloud based application is used for visualizing the moisture level
over a period of time, which can help in making decisions about irrigation schedules

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 IoT levels and deployment templates

✔ Level 3

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 IoT levels and deployment templates

✔ Level 3
Level 3 system has a single node . Data is stored and analyzed in the
cloud application is cloud-based.
Level 3 IoT system suitable for solutions where the data involved is big
and analysis requirements computationally intensive.

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 IoT levels and deployment templates

Example: system tracking package handling.

The system consists of a single node that monitors the vibration level for package being
shipped. The device in the system uses accelerometer and gyroscope sensor for monitoring vibration
levels. The controller service send sensor data to the cloud in real time using a website service. The
data is stored in the cloud and also visualized using a cloud based application. The analysis
component in the cloud can Trigger alert the vibration level become greater than threshold. The
benefit of using websocket service instead of the REST service this example the sensor data can be
sent in real-time to the cloud. Cloud based application can subscribe to the sensor data feeds for you
in the real-time data.

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 IoT levels and deployment templates

✔ Level 4

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 IoT levels and deployment templates

✔ Level 4
A level 4 IoT system has multiple nodes that perform local analysis. Data is stored
in the cloud and application is cloud based, level 4 contains local and cloud based
observer notes which can subscribe to and receive information collected in the cloud
from IoT devices.
Observer node can process information and use it for various applications, however
observer nodes do not perform any control function.
level 4 IoT systems are suitable for solutions where multiple nodes are required the
data involved is big and the analysis requirements are computationally intensive.

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 IoT levels and deployment templates

✔ Level 4
Example: noise monitoring.
The system consists of multiple nodes placed in different locations for
monitoring noise level in an area. In this example with sound sensor.
Nodes are independent of each other each node runs in one controller service that
sends the data to the cloud.
The data is stored in a cloud database the analysis of the data collected from a
number of nodes is done in the cloud

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 IoT levels and deployment templates

✔ Level 5

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 IoT levels and deployment templates

✔ Level 5
IoT system has multiple end nodes and one coordinator notes and notes that
perform sensing and / or actuation.
Coordinator node collects data from the entry and send to the cloud.
Data is stored and analyzed in the cloud and applications is cloud based.

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 IoT levels and deployment templates

✔ Level 5
Level 5 IoT system are suitable for forest fire detection.
The system consists of multiple nodes placed in different locations for monitoring temperature,
humidity and carbon dioxide levels in a forest. The endnodes in this example are equipped with
various sensors such as temperature humidity and to CO2. The coordinator node collects the data
from the end nodes and act as a Gateway that provides internet connectivity to the IoT system. The
controller service on the coordinator device sends the collected data to the cloud .The data is stored
in the cloud database. The analysis of the data is done in the computing cloud to aggregate the data
and make prediction.

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 IoT levels and deployment templates

✔ Level 6

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 IoT levels and deployment templates

✔ Level 6
• IoT Level 6 system has multiple Independent and nodes that perform sensing
and / or actuations and send data to the cloud.
• Data is stored in the cloud and applications is cloud based .
• The analytics component analyze the data and store the results in the cloud
database.
• The results are visualized with the cloud based application.
• The centralized controller is aware of the status of all the end nodes and send
control commands to the nodes.
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 IoT levels and deployment templates

✔ Level 6
• Let us consider an example of the level 6 IoT system for weather monitoring.
• The system consists of multiple nodes placed in different location for monitoring temperature,
humidity and pressure in an area.
• The end nodes are equipped with various sensors such as temperature ,pressure and humidity.
• The end nodes send the data to the cloud in real time using a websocket service .
• The data is stored in a cloud database.
• The analysis of the data is done in the cloud to aggregate the data and make predictions.
• A cloud based applications is used for visualizing the data

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 IoT enabling Technologies
✔ wireless sensor networks
✔ cloud computing
✔ big Data Analytics
✔ embedded system
✔ security protocols and architectures,
✔ communication protocols
✔ web service
✔ mobile internet and semantic search engine

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 IoT enabling Technologies
1.Wireless sensor network (wsn)

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 IoT enabling Technologies
1.Wireless sensor network (wsn)
• It comprise of distributed devices with the sensor which are used to monitor the environmental
and physical conditions.
• A WSN consists of a number of end nodes and routers and a coordinator.
• End nodes have several sensors attached to them. End node can also act as a routers.
• Routers are responsible for routing the data packet from end nodes to the coordinator.
• The coordinator node collect the data from all the notes coordinator also act as a Gateway that
connects the WSN to the internet.
• IoT systems are described as follows

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 IoT enabling Technologies
✔ Weather monitoring system using WSN in which the nodes collect temperature, humidity and
other data which is aggregated and analyzed .
✔ Indoor air quality monitoring system using WSN to collect data on the indoor air quality and
connections of various gases.
✔ Soil moisture monitoring system using WSN to monitor soil moisture at various location.
✔ Surveillance systems use WSN for collecting surveillance data(motion detection data)
✔ Smart grid use wireless sensor network for monitoring the grid at various point.
✔ Structural health monitoring systems use WSN to monitor the health of structure by writing
vibration data from sensor nodes deployed at various points in the structure

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 IoT enabling Technologies
2.Cloud Computing

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 IoT enabling Technologies
2.Cloud Computing
Cloud Computing is a transformative computing paradigm that involves delivering applications and
services over the internet. Cloud Computing involves provisioning of computing networking and storage
resources on demand and providing these resources as metered services to the users, in a “pay as you go”
model. cloud Computing resources can be provisioned on demand by the user without requiring
interactions with the Cloud Service Provider.
The process of provisioning resources used automatic Cloud Computing resources can be accessed
then it worked using standard access mechanism that provide platform-independent access through the
use of heterogeneous client platforms such as workstations laptops tablets and Smartphones the
computing and storage resources provided by Cloud Service Provider our food to serve multiple user
using multi Tenancy. Multi-tenant aspects on the multiple users to be served by the same physical
hardware. Cloud Computing services are offered to user in different forms

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 IoT enabling Technologies
2.Cloud Computing
a. Infrastructure as a service(IAAS) :
IaaS provides the user the ability provision computing and storage resources. These resources
are provided to the users as virtual machine instances and virtual storage. Users can start, stop
configure and manage the virtual machines instance on the virtual storage using can deploy
operating systems and applications on their choice on the actual resources provisions in the cloud .
Cloud Service Provider manages the underlying infrastructure.

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 IoT enabling Technologies
2.Cloud Computing
b. Platform as a service(PaaS) :
Platform as a service provides the user the ability to develop and deploy application in the cloud
using the deployment tool application programming interfaces API, software libraries and services
provided by the Cloud Service Provider. The Cloud Service Provider manages the underlying cloud
infrastructure including servers, network, operating systems and storage.

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 IoT enabling Technologies
2.Cloud Computing
c. Software as a service(SaaS) :
Provide the user a complete software applications of the user interface to the application itself .
The Cloud Service Provider manage the underlying cloud infrastructure including server, network
storage and application software, and the user is unaware of the underlying architecture of the cloud.
Applications are provided to the user through a thin client interface example Browser application.
SaaS applications are accessed from various client smartphones running different operating system.

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 IoT enabling Technologies
3. Big Data Analytics
Big data is defined as collections of data set whose volume, velocity (in terms
of its temporal variations)or variety, is so large that it is difficult to store, manage,
process and analyze the data using traditional database and data processing tools.
Big Data Analytics involving several steps starting from Data cleaning data
munging (or wrangling) data processing and visualization.

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 IoT enabling Technologies
Some examples of big data generated by IoT systems are described as follows
1. Sensor data generated by IoT system such as weather monitoring stations
2. Machine sensor data collected from sensor embedded in Industrial and energy
system for monitoring their files and protecting failure
3. Health and fitness data generated by IoT devices such as wearable fitness band.
4. Data generated by IoT system for Location tracking of vehicle.
5. Data generated by retail inventory monitoring system.

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 IoT enabling Technologies
3. Big Data Analytics
Characteristics of data include:
Volume: Through there is no fixed threshold for volume of data to be considered as big data, however the
term big data is used for massive scale data that is difficult to store, manage and process using traditional
data bases and data processing architecture.
The volume of data generated by modern IT, industrial and Healthcare systems for example is a growing
exponentially driven by the lowering cost of data storage and processing architectures and the need to
extract valuable insights from the data to improve business processes, efficiency and services to consumer.

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 IoT enabling Technologies
3. Big Data Analytics
Characteristics of data include:
Velocity: Velocity is another important characteristics of big data and the primary reasons for
exponential growth of data velocity of the data of a store how fast the data is generated and how
frequently it varies.
Modern IT Industrial and other systems are generating data at increasing the highest speeds.
Variety: Variety refers to the forms of the data. Big data comes in for different forms such
as structured or unstructured data including text data, audio, video and sensor data .

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 IoT enabling Technologies
4. Communications protocol:
Communications protocols form the backbone of IoT system and enable network connectivity
and coupling to applications. Communications protocols allow device to exchange data over the
network. These protocols define the data exchange formats and data encoding schemes for devices
and routing of packets from source to destination. Other function of the protocol include sequence
control flow control and transmissions of Lost packet.

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 IoT enabling Technologies
5. Embedded systems:
An Embedded system is computer system that has computer hardware and software embedded
perform specific task. In contrast to general purpose computers or personal computers which can
perform various types of tasks, embedded systems are designed to perform a specific set of tasks.
Embedded system include Microprocessor and Microcontroller memory Ram ROM cache
networking units (Ethernet WI-FI adaptor) input/output unit display keyboard , display and storage
such as Flash Memory some embedded system have specialist processes such as digital signal
processor DSP graphic processor and application.

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 IOT and M2M

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 IOT and M2M
Machine to machine (M2M) refers to networking of Machines for the purpose of remote
monitoring and control and data exchange. The end-to-end architecture for M2M systems
comprising of M2M area networks, Communications Network and application domain.
An M2M area network comprises of machines which have embedded hardware module for
sensing actuation and communication. Various Communication protocols can be used for M2M
local area network such as Zigbee, Bluetooth, Modbus, wireless M –bus, power LINE
Communication, 6LoWPAN.
These Communications protocols provide connectivity between M2M nodes within and M2M
area network. The Communications Network provides connectivity to remote M2M area network.
communication network can use wired or wireless network. The M2M area network use either
proprietary or non IP based protocol.

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 IOT and M2M
The communication between the M2M nodes and the M2M Gateway is based on the
communication protocol. M2M Gateway protocol translation to enable IP connectivity for
M2M. M2M Gateway act as a proxy performing translation from / to native protocol to M2M area
network.
M2M data is gathered into point solution such as enterprise applications, service management
application for remote monitoring applications. M2M has various application domain such as
smart metering, Home Automation, industrial Automation, smart grid.

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 IOT and M2M

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 IOT and M2M

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 IOT and M2M
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN IOT AND M2M
The difference between M2M and IoT are described as follows :
Communication protocols:
M2M and IoT can differ in how the communication between the machines are device happens. M2M
uses other proprietary or not IP based communication protocol for
communication with in the M2M area networks. Commonly uses M2M protocol include
zigbee, Bluetooth, ModBus, wireless M-Bus, power line communication.
The focus of communication in M2M is usually on the protocols below the network layer. Focus of
communication in IoT is usually a protocol in network layer such as http web sockets, MQTT, XMPP,
DDS, AMQP.

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 IOT and M2M
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN IOT AND M2M
The difference between M2M and IoT are described as follows :
Machines in M2M vs Things in IoT:
The " things " IoT refers to Physical objects that have unique identifier and can sense and
communicate with the external environment or their internal physical status. The unique identifiers the
things in IoT are the IP addresses. Things have software component for accessing processing and storing
sensor information on controlling actuator connector. IoT system can include IoT devices of various types
such as fire alarms , door alarms, lighting control devices.
Hardware versus software emphasis:
while the emphasis of M2M is more on hardware with embedded modules, the emphasis modules,
the emphasis of IoT is more on software.
IoT devices run specialist software sensor Data Collection, data analysis and interfacing with cloud
through IP based communication.

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 IOT and M2M
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN IOT AND M2M
The difference between M2M and IoT are described as follows :
Data collection and analysis:
M2M data is collected in point solutions and often in on premises storage infrastructure. In contrast
to M2M, the data in IoT is connected in the cloud. The analytical component analysis the data and stores
the result in the cloud database. Data and analysis results are visualized with the cloud based applications.
The centralized controller is aware of the status of all the nodes and send Control Commands to the
nodes.
Applications:
M2M data is collected in point solutions and can be accessed by on premises application diagnosis
applications, service management applications, and on-premises enterprise application.

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 IOT and M2M
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN IOT AND M2M

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 IOT and M2M

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 IOT and M2M
SDN and NFV for IoT :
Software defined networking(SDN) and the network function virtualization(NFV) and their
applications for IoT.
Software Defined Networking:
✔ Software-Defined Networking (SDN) is a networking architecture that separates the control plane
from the data plane and centralizes the network controller.
✔ Software-based SDN controllers maintain a united view of the network
✔ The underlying infrastructure in SDN uses simple packet forwarding hardware as opposed to
specialized hardware in conventional networks

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 IOT and M2M
SDN and NFV for IoT :
Software Defined Networking:

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 IOT and M2M
SDN and NFV for IoT :
Software Defined Networking:
SDN Architecture
Key elements of SDN:
1) Centralized Network Controller
With decoupled control and data planes and centralized network controller, the
network administrators can rapidly configure the network.
2) Programmable Open APIs
SDN architecture supports programmable open APIs for interface between the
SDN application and control layers (Northbound interface).
3) Standard Communication Interface(OpenFlow)
SDN architecture uses a standard communication interface between the control
and infrastructure layers (Southbound interface). OpenFlow, which is defined by the Open Networking
Foundation (ONF) is the broadly accepted SDN protocol for the Southbound interface

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 IOT and M2M
SDN and NFV for IoT :
Network Function Virtualization(NFV)
✔ Network Function Virtualization (NFV) is a technology that leverages virtualization to consolidate the
heterogeneous network devices onto industry standard high volume servers, switches and storage.
✔ NFV is complementary to SDN as NFV can provide the infrastructure on which SDN can run.

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 IOT and M2M
SDN and NFV for IoT :
Network Function Virtualization(NFV)

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 IOT and M2M
SDN and NFV for IoT :
Network Function Virtualization(NFV)
Key elements of NFV:
NFV Architecture
1) Virtualized Network Function(VNF):
VNF is a software implementation of a network function which is capable of
running over the NFV Infrastructure (NFVI).
2) NFV Infrastructure(NFVI):
NFVI includes compute, network and storage resources that are virtualized.
3) NFV Management and Orchestration:
NFV Management and Orchestration focuses on all virtualization-specific management tasks and
covers the orchestration and life-cycle management of physical and/or software resources that support the
infrastructure virtualization, and the life-cycle management of VNFs.

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 Cloud computing
Cloud computing is a model for enabling convenient, on-demand network access to a
shared pool of configurable computing resources (e.g., networks, servers, storage,
applications, and services).
This cloud model is composed of five essential characteristics, three service models,
and four deployment models.

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 Cloud computing
There are basically 5 essential characteristics of cloud computing
1. Broad Network access
2. Rapid elasticity
3. Measured services
4. On-demand self-services
5. Resource Polling

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 Cloud computing
There are basically 5 essential characteristics of cloud computing
1. Broad Network access
✔ Cloud resources should be available over the network
✔ Should support standard mechanisms for information retrieval using traditional
interfaces
✔ Supported clients: heterogeneous thin or thick client platforms (e.g., mobile phones,
laptops, and PDAs)
2. Rapid elasticity
✔ Cloud resource allocation should be rapid, elastic and automatic
✔ Dynamic allocation/release facility for scale-out and scale-in
✔ Consumers should feel infinite resources
✔ Facility for add/remove of quantity should be there

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 Cloud computing
There are basically 5 essential characteristics of cloud computing
3. Measured service
✔ Resource usage should be recorded and monitored
✔ Facility to dynamically control and optimize the resource usage
✔ This facility should be transparent between the service provider and consumer
4. On-demand self-service
✔ Provide server time and network storage to users automatically
✔ This facility should be available as a self-service
5. Resource pooling
✔ Automatically pool the whole available resources
✔ Serve multiple end-users using a multi-tenant model
✔ Resources should be allocated according to user’s demand

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 Cloud computing
Components of Cloud Computing
✔ Clients /end-users: Thick, Thin, Mobile
✔ Services: Products & solutions (Identity, Mapping, Search, etc.)
✔ Applications: Web apps, SaaS, etc.
✔ Platform: Apps/Web hosting using PaaS
✔ Storage: Database, Data-Storage-as-a-Service (DSaaS)
✔ Infrastructure: Virtualization, IaaS, EC2

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 Cloud computing
Service Models
The three Cloud Service Models are as follows:
1. Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS)
2. Platform as a Service (PaaS)
3. Software as a Service (SaaS)

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 Cloud computing
1. Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS)
✔ It is the most flexible type of cloud service which lets you rent the hardware and
contains the basic building blocks for cloud and IT.
✔ It gives complete control over the hardware that runs your application (servers, VMs,
storage, networks & operating systems).
✔ It’s an instant computing infrastructure, provisioned and managed over the internet.
✔ IaaS gives you the very best level of flexibility and management control over your IT
resources.
✔ It is most almost like the prevailing IT resources with which many IT departments and
developers are familiar.
Examples of IaaS: Virtual Machines or AWS EC2, Storage or Networking

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 Cloud computing
1. Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS)
Benefits of IaaS
IaaS is an efficient and cost-effective way to deploy, operate, and scale your IT infrastructure. It’s
easy to set up and configure, so you can start using it quickly. And because it’s available as a service
from an external provider, you don’t have to worry about building and maintaining your own
infrastructure.
IaaS offers the following benefits:
Cost savings: IaaS is more cost-effective than building your own data center. You pay only for what
you need — storage space, CPU power, bandwidth, and other resources. This makes it easier to scale
up or down as needed.
On-demand access: You can instantly provision new resources whenever they’re needed without
having to invest in new hardware and software or hire additional IT staff members. The cloud provider
takes care of all the maintenance and upgrades required to keep your servers online 24/7 with 99
percent uptime guarantees (or better).
Flexibility: With cloud computing, you can easily add more resources when demand increases without
having to upgrade equipment or hire more IT professionals.
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 Cloud computing
2. Platform As A Service (PaaS)
✔ PaaS is a cloud service model that gives a ready-to-use development environment where developers
can specialize in writing and executing high-quality code to make customized applications.
✔ It helps to create an application quickly without managing the underlying infrastructure. For example,
when deploying a web application using PaaS, you don’t have to install an operating system, web
server, or even system updates. However, you can scale and add new features to your services.
✔ This cloud service model makes the method of developing and deploying applications simpler and it is
more expensive than IaaS but less expensive than SaaS.
✔ This helps you be more efficient as you don’t get to worry about resource procurement, capacity
planning, software maintenance, patching, or any of the opposite undifferentiated work involved in
running your application.
Examples of PaaS: Elastic Beanstalk or Lambda from AWS, WebApps, Functions or Azure SQL DB
from Azure, Cloud SQL DB from Google Cloud, or Oracle Database Cloud Service from Oracle Cloud.

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 Cloud computing
2. Platform As A Service (PaaS)
Benefits of PaaS
Faster development time – You don’t have to build infrastructure before you can start
coding.
Reduced costs – Your IT department won’t need to spend time on manual deployments or
server management.
Enhanced security – PaaS providers lock down your applications so that they’re more
secure than traditional web apps.
High availability – A PaaS provider can make sure your application is always available,
even during hardware failures or maintenance windows.

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 Cloud computing
3. Software As A Service (PaaS)
✔ SaaS provides you with a complete product that is run and managed by the service provider.
✔ The software is hosted online and made available to customers on a subscription basis or for purchase
in this cloud service model.
✔ With a SaaS offering, you don’t need to worry about how the service is maintained or how the
underlying infrastructure is managed. It would help if you believed how you’d use that specific
software.
✔ Examples of SaaS: Microsoft Office 365, Oracle ERP/HCM Cloud, SalesForce, Gmail, or Dropbox.

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 Cloud computing
3. Software As A Service (PaaS)
Benefits of SaaS
Lower Total Cost of Ownership: One of the biggest benefits of SaaS is that it lowers your total cost of
ownership (TCO) by eliminating hardware expenses and maintenance costs. There is no longer a need to
buy servers or hire IT professionals to maintain or monitor them, which results in fewer upfront costs and
reduced maintenance fees over time.
Better Security: Another benefit of SaaS is improved security. Since most services are hosted on secure
servers in data centers with 24/7 monitoring, there’s less chance for hackers to gain access or steal your
data. This makes SaaS a more secure option for storing sensitive information than other options like
on-premise software or local servers.

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 Cloud computing
Cloud Deployment Model
It works as your virtual computing environment with a choice of deployment model depending
on how much data you want to store and who has access to the Infrastructure.
Different Types Of Cloud Computing Deployment Models
Most cloud hubs have tens of thousands of servers and storage devices to enable fast loading. It is
often possible to choose a geographic area to put the data "closer" to users. Thus, deployment
models for cloud computing are categorized based on their location. To know which model would
best fit the requirements of your organization, let us first learn about the various types.
✔ Public cloud
✔ Private cloud
✔ Hybrid cloud
✔ Community cloud
✔ Multi-cloud

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 Cloud computing
Public Cloud
The name says it all. It is accessible to the public. Public deployment models in the
cloud are perfect for organizations with growing and fluctuating demands. It also makes a
great choice for companies with low-security concerns. Thus, you pay a cloud service
provider for networking services, compute virtualization & storage available on the public
internet. It is also a great delivery model for the teams with development and testing. Its
configuration and deployment are quick and easy, making it an ideal choice for test
environments.

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 Cloud computing
Public Cloud
Benefits of Public Cloud
✔ Minimal Investment - As a pay-per-use service, there is no large upfront cost and is ideal for
businesses who need quick access to resources
✔ No Hardware Setup - The cloud service providers fully fund the entire Infrastructure
✔ No Infrastructure Management - This does not require an in-house team to utilize the public
cloud.
Limitations of Public Cloud
✔ Data Security and Privacy Concerns - Since it is accessible to all, it does not fully protect against
cyber-attacks and could lead to vulnerabilities.
✔ Reliability Issues - Since the same server network is open to a wide range of users, it can lead to
malfunction and outages
✔ Service/License Limitation - While there are many resources you can exchange with tenants,
there is a usage cap.

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 Cloud computing
Private Cloud
Now that you understand what the public cloud could offer you, of course, you are
keen to know what a private cloud can do. Companies that look for cost efficiency and
greater control over data & resources will find the private cloud a more suitable choice.
It means that it will be integrated with your data center and managed by your IT team.
Alternatively, you can also choose to host it externally. The private cloud offers bigger
opportunities that help meet specific organizations' requirements when it comes to
customization. It's also a wise choice for mission-critical processes that may have
frequently changing requirements.

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 Cloud computing
Private Cloud
Benefits of Private Cloud
✔ Data Privacy - It is ideal for storing corporate data where only authorized personnel gets access
✔ Security - Segmentation of resources within the same Infrastructure can help with better access
and higher levels of security.
✔ Supports Legacy Systems - This model supports legacy systems that cannot access the public
cloud.
Limitations of Private Cloud
✔ Higher Cost - With the benefits you get, the investment will also be larger than the public cloud.
Here, you will pay for software, hardware, and resources for staff and training.
✔ Fixed Scalability - The hardware you choose will accordingly help you scale in a certain
direction
✔ High Maintenance - Since it is managed in-house, the maintenance costs also increase.

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 Cloud computing
Community Cloud
The community cloud operates in a way that is similar to the public cloud. There's just
one difference - it allows access to only a specific set of users who share common
objectives and use cases. This type of deployment model of cloud computing is managed
and hosted internally or by a third-party vendor. However, you can also choose a
combination of all three.

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 Cloud computing
Community Cloud
Benefits of Community Cloud
✔ Smaller Investment - A community cloud is much cheaper than the private & public
cloud and provides great performance
✔ Setup Benefits - The protocols and configuration of a community cloud must align with
industry standards, allowing customers to work much more efficiently.
Limitations of Community Cloud
✔ Shared Resources - Due to restricted bandwidth and storage capacity, community
resources often pose challenges.
✔ Not as Popular - Since this is a recently introduced model, it is not that popular or
available across industries

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 Cloud computing
Hybrid Cloud
As the name suggests, a hybrid cloud is a combination of two or more cloud
architectures. While each model in the hybrid cloud functions differently, it is all part of
the same architecture. Further, as part of this deployment of the cloud computing model,
the internal or external providers can offer resources.

Let's understand the hybrid model better. A company with critical data will prefer
storing on a private cloud, while less sensitive data can be stored on a public cloud. The
hybrid cloud is also frequently used for 'cloud bursting'. It means, supposes an organization
runs an application on-premises, but due to heavy load, it can burst into the public cloud.

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 Cloud computing
Hybrid Cloud
Benefits of Hybrid Cloud
✔ Cost-Effectiveness - The overall cost of a hybrid solution decreases since it majorly uses
the public cloud to store data.
✔ Security - Since data is properly segmented, the chances of data theft from attackers are
significantly reduced.
✔ Flexibility - With higher levels of flexibility, businesses can create custom solutions that
fit their exact requirements
Limitations of Hybrid Cloud
✔ Complexity - It is complex setting up a hybrid cloud since it needs to integrate two or
more cloud architectures
✔ Specific Use Case - This model makes more sense for organizations that have multiple
use cases or need to separate critical and sensitive data

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 Cloud computing
Multi Cloud
It’s similar to the hybrid cloud deployment approach, which combines public and
private cloud resources. Instead of merging private and public clouds, multi-cloud uses
many public clouds. Although public cloud providers provide numerous tools to improve
the reliability of their services, mishaps still occur. It’s quite rare that two distinct clouds
would have an incident at the same moment. As a result, multi-cloud deployment improves
the high availability of your services even more.

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 Cloud computing
Multi Cloud
Advantages of a multi-cloud model:
You can mix and match the best features of each cloud provider’s services to suit the
demands of your apps, workloads, and business by choosing different cloud providers.
✔ Reduced Latency: To reduce latency and improve user experience, you can choose
cloud regions and zones that are close to your clients.
✔ High availability of service: It’s quite rare that two distinct clouds would have an
incident at the same moment. So, the multi-cloud deployment improves the high
availability of your services.

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 THANK YOU

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