Solution

XII CH-2

Class 12 - Physics
Section A
1.
(d) zero
Explanation:
The potential at every point of the circle will be same.
∴ W = qΔV = q × 0 = 0

2. (a) 12πε 0
V

Explanation:
V =
4

3
πR
3
and A = 4π R2
V R 3V
∴ = ⇒ R=
A 3 A

3V 12π ε0 V
C = 4πε0 R = 4πε0 ( ) =
A A

3.
(d) 2800 pF
Explanation:
Capacitance is given as
A
C=ε 0
d

For a sphere placed in water, the capacitance will be

C = 4πεR
Here, ε is the permittivity of water. In terms of permittivity of free space and dielectric constant of water, we get
C = 4πε kR 0

Where, κ (relative permittivity) = ε

εo
= 79.1 at 35oC
Circumference, 2πR = 2 m
1
⇒ R=
π
1
⇒ C = 4πε0 k = 4ε0 k
π
−12
C = 4 × 8.85 × 0 × 79.1

C = 2800 × 10 F
−12

C = 2800pF
Hence, capacitance is 2800 pF.

4.
(b) Two of them connected in series and the combination in parallel to the third.
Explanation:
Two of them connected in series and the combination in parallel to the third.

5.
(d) C

Explanation:
C

2
1 V
6. (a) 2
ε0
2
d

Explanation:
Energy stored per unit volume in a capacitor,
2 2
1 2 1 V 1 V
u = ε0 E = ε0 ( ) = ε0 ⋅
2 2 d 2 2
d

1 / 15
 7.
(d) A potential difference appears between the two cylinders when inner cylinder is charged.
Explanation:
λ
When the charge is given to inner cylinder, then an electric field is produced between cylinders which is given by E = 2π ε0 r

and due to this a potential difference is developed between two cylinders.

8.
(d) 2C
Explanation:
ε0 A
The capacitance C of a parallel plate capacitor is given by C = d

A metal plate of thickness d

2
when introduced between the plates reduces the distance between the plates to d

2
. The effective
capacitance becomes
ε0 A 2 ε0 A
Cm = = = 2C
d d

9.
(d) The work done is the same in Fig. (i), Fig. (ii) and Fig. (iii).
Explanation:
Work done in electrostatic is given by:- W = q×(change in potential)As the potential difference between A and B in all three
figures are equal (20 V) so work done (ΔV q) by any charge in moving from A to B surface will be equal.

10.
(c) Spherical surface
Explanation:
For a group of point charges q 1
, q2 , q3 such that the net charge is zero (q
1
+ q2 + q3 = 0) , the equipotential surfaces at a large
distance from this configuration will behave similarly to the electric field of a single point charge with a net charge of zero.
At a large distance, the influence of the individual charges diminishes, and the equipotentials approximate those of a point
charge. Thus, they form spherical surfaces centered around the point where the net charge is zero.

Section B
11. (a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
Explanation:
Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A
12. (a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
Explanation:
Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
13. (a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
Explanation:
Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
14.
(b) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
Explanation:
Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.

15.
(b) Assertion and reason both are correct statements but reason is not correct explanation for assertion.
Explanation:
Assertion and reason both are correct statements but reason is not correct explanation for assertion.

Section C

2 / 15
16. (a) 12.5 μJ
Explanation:
The equivalent network is a balanced Wheatstone bridge.

C×C C×C
Ceq = + = C
C+C C+C

Charge on capacitor between terminals a and b

Q CV
= =
2 2

Energy stored in this capacitor

2 2
(Q/2) Q 2 2 2
C V CV
= = = =
2C 8C 8C 8
−6 2
1× 10 ×(10) 100 −6
= = × 10 J
8 8

= 12.5 μJ
17.
(c) 5 × 10 C −3

Explanation:
PD across each 50μF capacitor is 100 V (reading of the voltmeter)
Therefore, Q = C V = 50 × 10 × 100 = 5 × 10 C −6 −3

18.
CV2
3
(b) 4

Explanation:
CV2
3

C' = C+C/2 = 3C/2

C'V2 =
3C 3
Work Done = 1

2
1

2 2
V
2
= 4
CV
2

3
19. (a) 22

Explanation:
The series combination of C1, C2 and C3 is in parallel with C4. The equivalent capacitance C123 of the series combination is
given by
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 11
= + + = + + =
C123 C1 C2 C3 C 2C 3C 6C

6C
or C 123 =
11

Let q1, q2, q3, and q4 be the charges on the respective capacitors. Since in a series combination, charge on all the capacitors is
same,
q1 = q2 = q3 = C123 ×V =
6CV

11

Also, the charge on the capacitor C4,

q4 = C4V = 4CV
q2 6CV/11 3
∴ = =
q4 4CV 22

20. (a) 4 μF
Explanation:

3 / 15
 The equivalent circuit is a balanced Wheatstone bridge.

4μF 4μF
=
4μF 4μF

The 8 μF capacitor is ineffective.

4×4
CABC = = 2μF
4+4

4×4
CADC = = 2μF
4+4

CAC = CABC + CADC = 2 + 2 = 4 μF

Section D
21. (a) - (iv), (b) - (i), (c) - (ii), (d) - (iii)
22. (a) - (ii), (b) - (iii), (c) - (iv), (d) - (i)
23. (a) - (ii), (b) - (i), (c) - (iv), (d) - (iii)
24. (a) - (ii), (b) - (i), (c) - (iv), (d) - (iii)
25. (a) - (ii), (b) - (iv), (c) - (i), (d) - (iii)
Section E
−− −−−−
26. AC = √4 2
+ 3
2
= 5 cm = 0.05 m, AD = BC = 0.03 m
−11 −11 −11
1 1.0×10 2.0×10 1.0×10
V = [ − + ]
4πε0 0.04 0.05 0.03

= 2.7 × 104 V
12(−e)(−e) (−e)(−e) (−e)(−e) (−e)(2e)
27. U = 9 × 10 9
[
a
+ 12 +4 + 8 ]
√2a √3a √3a/2

9 2
9× 10 ×4× e 3 1 8
= [3 + + − ]
a
√2 √3 √3

[3 + 2.12 - 4.04] = 3.89 × 1010

9 2 2
36×10 e
=
a
e

a
joule
28. this problem is solved by using kirchoff's rule thus
In the loop ACDEFA
12−6
I = = 2A
(1+2)

Applying KVl in the loop BEDCB, we get

let the potential drop across the capacitor is Vc
VC+6-12+2x2=0
VC = 2 V
Charge on capacitor is Q = CVC = 5 μF × 2V
= 10 μC
29. a. C1, C2 and C3 are in series, their equivalent capacitance C' is given by
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
= + + = + +
′ C1 C2 C3 15 15 15
C

⇒ C' = 5μF
C4 is in parallel with C', so equivalent capacitance of network Ceq = C' + C4 = 5 + 15 = 20 μF
b. Charge on capacitor C4 is q4 = C4V = (15μF ) × 500 V = 7500μC = 7.5 mC
Charge on C1, C2 and C3 is q1 = q2 = q3 = C' V = 5 μF × 500 V = 2500 μC = 2.5 mC

30. i. The p.d. across the capacitor plates before metal plate is inserted,
V0 = E0d = 3 × 104 × 0.05 = 1500 V
ii. As no electric field exists in metal plate, so the p.d. after the introduction of metal plate is
V = E0(d - t) = 3 × 104 × (0.05 - 0.01) = 1200 V
iii. When dielectric slab (k = 2) is introduced, the p.d. becomes
E0 4

V = E0(d - t) + k
t = 1200 + 3× 10 ×0.01

2
= 1350 V

4 / 15
31. i. The potential at x = 0 due to the given set of charges is
1 q q q q
V = [ + + + + …
4πε0 1 2 4 8

q q q
=
4πε0
[1 +
1

2
+
1

4
+
1

8
+ …] =
4πε0
⋅
1

1
=
2πε0
[∵ Sum of an infinite G ⋅ P. = b

1−r
]
1−
2

ii. When the consecutive charges have opposite signs, the potential at x = 0 is
1 q q q q
V = [ − + − + …]
4πε0 1 2 4 8

q 1 1 1
= [1 − + − + …
4πε0 2 4 8

q 1 q
= ⋅ =
4πε0 1 6πε0
1−(− )
2

32. C = 100 μF = 100 × 10-6 F, V = 12V

a. Electrostatic energy U = 1

2
CV2
= 1

2
× 100 × 10-6 × (12)2
10-4 × 144
1
= 2
×

= 72 × 10-4 × 144
= 72 × 10-4 J = 7.2 mJ
b. Equivalent capacitance Ceq = C1 + C2
= 200 μF
Q = CV
= 100 × 10-6 × 12
= 12 × 10-4 C
−4 2
2
Q (12× 10 )
U = =
2Ceq −6
2×200×10

=
144

4
× 10-4
= 36 × 10-4 J = 3.6 mJ
33. A dielectric medium of dielectric constant K is inserted between the plates of a condenser in place of air, its capacity becomes K
times of the original one.
Here the capacitance of two capacitors are
ε0 A
CX = = C
d
4 ε0 A
CY = = 4C
d

i. According to the problem,

Ceq = 4µF
CX CY
Now, C eq
=
CX + CY

C×4C 4C
∴ 4μF = =
C+4C 5

⇒ C = 5µF
Hence, Cx = C = 5µF
and CY = 4C = 4 × 5µF = 20µF
ii. Charge across the combination,
q = CeqV = (4µF) × 12 = 48µC
Same charge, i.e. 48 µC lies on each capacitor being in series combination i.e. both X and Y capacitors will get the charge 48
μC

Now potential difference across the capacitor X having capacitance Cx,

q 48μC
V1 = = = 9.6V
CX 5μF

and potential difference across the capacitor Y having capacitance CY,

q 48μC
V2 = = = 2.4V
CY 20μF

2
q
iii. Energy stored in capacitor X with capacitance CX, Ux= 2CX

2
q
Energy stored in capacitor Y with capacitance CY, UY = 2CY

5 / 15
 [ Since, in series, the charge will remain same]
2
UX q 2CY CY 20μF
∴ = × = = = 4
UY 2CX q2 CX 5μF

⇒ UX : UY = 4 : 1

34. a. q = CV = 48 × 10-6 coulomb

Charge stored in the capacitor remains unchanged.
b. Initial potential difference Vo = 12 volt
After battery is removed
Vo
V= K
=
12

8
= 1.5 volt
Decrease in potential difference = 12 - 1.5 = 10.5 V
c. Energy stored initially
CoVo2 = 4× 10−6× 12 × 12 = 288 × 10−6 J
1 1
Uo = 2 2
×

Final U = 1

2
CV
2
=
1

2
KCo
Vo

2
K
2 −6
1 Vo 1 4× 10 ×12×12
Co = ×
2 2 8
K

U = 36 × 10−6 Joules
Energy reduces by (288-36) × 10−6 J = 252× 10-6 J
d. Even if a student, without evaluating Uo and U, writes U becomes 1

K
, award 1

2
mark; and award 1

2
mark for the correct
formulae for U and Uo

35. Given, area of each plate, A = 6 × 10-3 m2

Distance between plates, d = 3 mm = 3 × 10-3 m
a. Capacitance of the parallel plate capacitor is given by (putting all the above values)
ε0 A 2
−12 −1 −2
C = ; ε0 = 8.85 × 10 C N m
d
−12 −3
8.85× 10 ×6× 10
⇒ C =
−3
3×10

Hence capacitance of capacitor is ,C= 1.77 × 10-11 F = 17.7 pF

b. Charge on parallel plate capacitor is given by
Q = CV
Given, V = 100 V
Now, Q = 1.77 × 10-11 × 100 = 1.77 × 10-9C ... (i)
Both the plates will get this same charge, but nature will be opposite to each other.
c. Given, K = 6
Now, C' = KC
Q' = KQ
⇒ Q' = 6 × 1.77 × 10-9 [putting the value of Q from equation (i)]
= 10.62 × 10-9 C
36. The given arrangement is equivalent to the arrangement shown in Fig.

Clearly, C2 and C3 are in parallel. Their capacitance is C' = C2 + C3 = 5 + 5= 10 μF

′
C1 C
Now C1 and C' form a series combination, as shown in Fig. (b). Their equivalent capacitance is C = ′
=
10×10

10+10
= 5μF
C1 + C

Charge drawn from the battery will be,

q = CV = 5 μF × 6 V =30 μC
Charge on the capacitor C1 = q = 30 μC
Charge on the parallel combination of C2 and C3 = q = 30 μC

6 / 15
 As C2 and C3 are equal, so the charge is shared equally by the two capacitors.
Charge on C2 = charge on C3 = 30

2
= 15μC
37. i. The graph comparing the variation of potential V and electric field is shown below:

ii. Let C1 = C and C2 = 2C

Equivalent capacitance in parallel combination, CP = 2C + C = 3C
2

and in series combination, C s =

2C×C

2C+c
=
2C

3C
=
2C

Let VP and Vs are potential difference across the equivalent capacitance in parallel and series combination respectively, to
have same potential energy.
i.e. UP = Us
−
−−
Vp Cs
1 2 1 2
∴ Cp Vp = Cs Vs ⇒ = √
2 2 Vs Cp

−−−−−
(2C/3)
−
−
VP 2
⇒ = √ = √
VS (3C) 9

–
∴ Vp : Vs = √2 : 3

This is the required ratio of the potential differences across the parallel and series combination of the capacitors.
38. i. a. In the presence of electric field, the free charge carriers, in a conductor, move the charge distribution in the conductor re-
adjusting itself so that the net electric field within the conductor becomes zero.
b. In a dielectric, the external electric field induces a net dipole moment, by stretching/reorienting the molecules. The electric
field, due to this induced dipole moment, opposes, but does not exactly cancel, the external electric field.
Polarisation: Induced dipole moment, per unit volume, is called the polarization. For linear isotropic dielectrics having a
susceptibility χ c, we have
P = χc E

Q
ii. a. Net force on the charge 2
, placed at the centre of the shell is zero.
Force on charge 2Q kept at point A
F = E × 2Q
3Q
1( )2Q
2 2
3Q
= =
2 2
4πε0 r 4πr ε0

b. Electric flux through the shell,

Q
ϕ =
2ε0
(because charge enclosed is Q/2)

7 / 15
39. a. i. Parallel

Q1 = C1V, Q2 = C2V, Q3 = C3V,

But Q = Q1 + Q2 + Q3
∴ Q = C1V + C2V + C3V

∴ CV= C1V + C2V + C3V

C = C1 + C2 + C3
ii. Series

Potential difference across the plates of the three capacitors are:

Q
V1 =
C1

Q
V2 =
C2

Q
V3 =
C3

But V = V1 + V2 + V3
Q Q Q
V = + +
C1 C2 C3

Q 1 1 1
∴ = + +
C C1 C2 C3

1 1 1 1
∴ = + +
Ceq C1 C2 C3

b. Potential difference across the capacitor of 4μf capacitance

Q 16μC
V = =
C 4μF

Potential across 12μf capacitor

= 12 V - 4V
= 8V
Energy stored on this capacitor
1 2
U = CV
2
1
=
2
(12 × 10
−6
)8
2
joule
= 6 × 64 × 10-6 joule
= 384 × 10-6 J
= 384μJ

40. i.

1 q
V =
4πε0 r

V = V+q − V−q

1 q q
V = [ − ]
4πε0 (x−a) (x+a)

q x+a−x+a
= [ ]
4πε0 2 2
(x − a )

8 / 15
 q 2a p
V = =
4πε0 2 2 2 2
(x − a ) 4π ε0 (x − a )

As p is along x-axis, so
^
1 p ⋅⃗ i
V =
4πε0 2 2
(x − a )

If x >> a
^
1 p ⋅⃗ i
V =
4πε0 2
x

ii. Charge on sphere S1:

Q1 = surface charge density × surface Area
2 2
−9 −2
= ( × 10 ) × 4π(1 × 10 )
π

= 8 × 10-13 C
Charge on sphere S2:
Q2 = surface charge density × surface Area
2 2
−9 −2
= ( × 10 ) × 4π(3 × 10 )
π

= 72 × 10-13 C
When connected by a thin wire they acquire a common potential V and the charge remains conserved.
′ ′
Q1 + Q2 = Q + Q
1 2

= C1V + C2V
Q1 + Q2
Common potential(V) = C1 + C2

1 −2 1 −11
C1 = 4πε0 r1 = × 10 = × 10 F
9 9
9×10
1 −2 1 −11
C2 = 4πε0 r2 = × 3 × 10 = × 10 F
9 3
9×10
−13
80×10
V = = 1.8 V
1 1 −11
( + )× 10
9 3

′ 1 −11
Q = C1 V = × 10 × 1.8
1 9

′ −12
Q = 2 × 10 C
1

41. i. Potential at point P(0, 0, 2) due to charge +q(0, 0, -a) is

1 q 1 q
V+ = , = ⋅
4πε0 z−(−a) 4πε0 z+a

−q
Potential at point P(0, 0, z) due to charge -q(0, 0, a) is V −
=
1

4πε0
⋅
z−a

Total potential at point P(0, 0, z) is

1 q q
V = V+ + V− = [ − ]
4πε0 z−a z−a

1 2qa 1 p
= − ⋅ = − ⋅
4πε0 2 2 4πε0 2 2
z −a z −a

Potentials at point (x, y, 0) will be

1 q
V+ = ⋅
4πε0
√x2 + y 2 + a2

1 −q
V− = ⋅
4πε0 2 2 2
√x + y +a

The total potential at point (x, y, 0) will be

V = V+ + V- = 0
ii. Points (5, 0, 0) and (-7, 0, 0) are the points on the X -axis i.e., these points lie on the perpendicular bisector of the dipole. The
electric potential at each of these points will be zero.
Work done in moving the test charge q0 from point & (5, 0, 0) to (7, 0, 0) is
W = q(V1 - V2) = q(0 - 0) = 0

9 / 15
 iii. No, the work done will not change. This is because the electric field is a conservative field. Work done against this field is
path independent.
iv. The dipole will be in unstable equilibrium if its dipole moment p ⃗ is antiparallel to the external field E⃗
Then its potential energy will be U = +pE
42. i. Let the charge q1 travels r1 distance.
The work done in bringing the charge q1 in the field is:-
W1 = F1 × r1
= q1E × r1
the work done in bringing the second charge
W2 = F2 × r2
= q2E × r2
and the work is also done to overcome the force of the charge on one-another.
q1 q2
W3 = ⋅
1

4π∈0 2
r
1 q1 q2
So, total work = q1Er1 + q2Er2 + 4π∈0
⋅
2
r

ii. a. Given that, V = 10x + 5

We know
E= - dv

dx

v = 10x + 5
dv d
= (10x + 5)
dx dx

= 10 dx
d
x+ 0

= 10
electric field is given by E = -10 N/C
b. Since electric field is constant in negative x-direction
as the flux enter in the cube will be same as flux come out through the cube so flux
ϕin = ϕ
out hence,
Net flux from the cube = 0, so total electric flux is given by:
ϕ
net =0
Section F
V
43. In a series combination, each capacitor will have a potential difference , which will remain the same when capacitors are joined
n

in parallel. Hence potential difference across the parallel combination will be . V

44. Electrical capacitance of a conductor: The electrical capacitance of a conductor is the measure of its ability to hold an electric
charge. When an insulated conductor is given some charge, it acquires a certain potential. If we increase the charge on a
conductor, its potential also increases. If a charge Q put on an insulated conductor increases its potential by V, then
Q ∝ V or Q = CV

The proportionality constant C is called the capacitance of the conductor. Thus

Charge
Capacitance =
Potential
Hence the capacitance of a conductor may be defined as the charge required to increase the potential of the conductor by a unit
amount.
ε0 A
45. i. Capacitance, C = d
−12 −3
8.85× 10 ×5× 10
=
−3
25×10

= 17.7 × 10-12 F
ii. Charge Q = CV
= 17.7 × 10-12 × 100
= 17.7 × 10-10 C
iii. New charge, Q = KQ
= 8 × 17.7 × 10-10 = 1.416 × 10-8 C
46. a. Energy stored in a charged capacitor: Consider a capacitor of capacitance C, initially whose two plates are uncharged. The
positive charge will be transferred from plate 2 to plate 1 bit by bit because of the higher potential of plate 2 than plate 1.
During this process, the potential difference between the two plates will be V' = Q'/C.

10 / 15
 b. If a small additional charge dQ' be transferred from plate 2 to plate 1, the work done will be,
′
Q
′ ′ ′
dW = V × dQ = × dQ
C

The total work done in transferring a charge Q starting from rest from plate 2 to plate 1 will be
Q
′
Q
′
W = ∫ dW = ∫ ⋅ dQ
C
0

2 Q 2
Q 1 Q
= [ ] =
2C 2 C
0

This work done is stored as electric potential energy U of the capacitor,

2
1 Q 1 2
U = = CV
2 C 2

When the capacitor is completely filled with a dielectric material of dielectric constant K, energy stored will be decreased or
energy stored will become times the initial energy. 1

and Electric field would decrease or E ′

=
E

47. From energy conservation,

Ui + Ki = Uf + Kf (Kf is the final kinetic energy ,Ki is the initial kinetic energy similarly for the potential energy)
When Q is +15 μC, q will move 15 cm away from it. Hence rf = 45 cm

Kf =E-E'= 9 × 109 × 15 × 10-6 × 5 × 10-6 × ( 1

−3
)- 1

−4
]
30×10 45×10

= 0.75 J
When Q is - 15 μC, q will move 15 cm towards it.
Hence rf = 15 cm

Kf = 9 × 109 × (-15 × 10-6) × 5 × 10-6 [( 30

1
× 10-2) - 1

−2
]
15×10

= 2.25 J
48. The surfaces where the potential has a constant value are called equipotential surfaces.
a. When an electric field acting in z-direction is constant, the potential in a direction perpendicular to z-axis remains constant.
Therefore, equipotential surface is represented by the planes parallel to x-y plane.
b. The answer is same as (a) since the potential in a direction perpendicular to the direction of field remains constant irrespective
of the magnitude of the field.
c. The equipotential surfaces are concentric sphere centered at the origin for a single positive charge at the origin. By a constant
potential increases with increase in distance from the origin the separation between the equipotentials differing.
d. Near the grid, the equipotential surfaces are of periodically varying shape which gradually reach the shape of planes parallel to
the grid at per distance.
49. As the two plates carry an equal and opposite charge, they attract each other with a force F. As a result, the spring elongates by
length l. Then
F = - kl ...(i)
ε0 A
where k is the force constant of the spring. The capacitance of the parallel plate capacitor with plate separation x is C = x
2 2
q q x
The energy stored in the capacitor is U = 1

2
⋅
C
=
2
⋅
ε0 A

As the electrostatic force is a conservative force, we can write

2 2
q x q
F = −
dU

dx
= −
dx
d
(
2 ε0 A
) = −
2 ε0 A
....(ii)
The negative sign shows that the force is attractive. From equations (i) and (ii), we get
2
q
−kl = −
2 ε0 A

2
q
or l = 2ε0 kA

50. Four charges of the same magnitude are placed at points X, Y, and Z respectively, as shown in the following figure.

A point is located at P, which is r distance away from point Y. at which potential is to be find
The system of charges forms an electric quadrupole.
It can be considered that the system of electric quadrupole has three charges.
Charge +q placed at point X
Charge -2q placed at point Y
Charge +q placed at point Z

11 / 15
 XY = YZ = a
YP = r
PX = r + a
PZ = r - a
Electrostatic potential caused by the system of three charges at point P is given by,
q 2q q
V= 1

4πϵ0
[
XP
−
YP
+
ZP
]

1 q 2q q
= 4πϵ0
[
r+a
−
r
+
r−a
]

q r(r−a)−2(r+a)(r−a)+r(r+a)
= 4πϵ0
[ ]
r(r+a)(r−a)

q 2 2 2 2 q 2
r −ra−2r +2a + r +ra
= 4πϵ0
[
2 2
] = 4πϵ0
[
2a

2 2
]
r(r − a ) r(r − a )

2
2qa
= 2
3 a
4π ∈0 r (1− )
2
r

Since r

a
>> 1
∴
a

r
<< 1
2
a

2
is taken as negligible, then the result reduced into
r
2
2qa
∴ V= 3
4πϵ0 r

It can be inferred that potential, V ∝

1

3
r

However, it is known that for a dipole, V ∝

1

2
r

and, for a monopole, V ∝

1

51. i. Charge on capacitor remains same.

i.e, CV = C'V' (where V and V​​' are the potential between the plates of the capacitor before and after insertion of the dielectric
medium)
′ ′ V
⇒ C V = (K C ) V ⇒ V =
K

Now electric field between the plates

′
′ V V
E = =
′ Kd
d

′ E
⇒ E =
K

Electric field between the two plates becomes 1/K times the previous original value.
ii. Energy stored initially,
2
q
U =
2C

Energy stored later,

2
q
∴ U
′
=
2KC
[∵ C ′
= KC ]
2
1 q 1 1
where, K =dielectric constant of the medium ⇒ U ′
=
K
(
2C
) ⇒ U
′
=
K
(U ) ⇒ U
′
=
K
× U

1
That means the stored energy in the capacitor decreases and becomes K
times of previous original stored energy value.
52. Say, the dielectric constant of the inserted dielectric is K. Now, after introduction of the dielectric slab in the isolated charged
capacitor,
i. The new capacitance (C') becomes K times of original capacitance(C) of the capacitor as
ε0 A Kε0 A
′
C = and C =
d d

ii. We know that charge remains same as before (according to the law of conservation of charge) in this phenomenon.
i.e. Q = CV = C'V'
Hence, V = =
′ CV

′
CV

KC
C

⇒ V
′
=
V

K
Potential difference decreases and becomes 1

K
times of the previous value.
iii. Energy stored initially in the capacitor,
2
q
U =
2C

Energy stored in the capacitor after inserting the dielectric slab of dielectric constant K,
2
q
∴ U
′
=
2KC
[∵ C ′
= KC ]
where, K =dielectric constant of the medium

12 / 15
 2
1 q 1 1
′ ′ ′
⇒ U = ( ) ⇒ U = (U ) ⇒ U = × U
K 2C K K

The energy stored in the capacitor decreases and becomes 1

K
times of the previous stored energy.
53. The potential energy of an electric dipole in an electric field is defined as the work done in bringing the dipole from infinity to its
present pasition in the electric field.
Suppose the dipole is brought from infinity and placed at orientation θ with the direction of electric field. The work done in this
process may be supposed to be done in two parts.
i. The work done (W1) in bringing the dipole perpendicular to electric field from infinity.
ii. Work done (W2) in rotating the dipole such that it finally makes an angle θ from the direction of electric field.

Let us suppose that the electric dipole is brought from infinity in the region of a uniform electric field such that its dipole
moment P ⃗always remains perpendicular to electric field. The electric forces an charges +q and -q are qE and qE, along the
field direction and opposite to field direction respectively.

As charges +q and -q traverse equal distance under equal and opposite forces; therefore, net work done in bringing the dipole
in the region of electric field perpendicular to field-direction will be zero, i.e., W1 = 0.
Now the dipole is rotated and brought to orientation making an angle θ with the field direction
(i.e., θ = 90o and θ = θ ), therefore, work done W2 = pE (cos θ - cos θ ) = pE (cos 90o - cos θ) = -pE cos θ
0 1
∘ ∘
1

∴ Total work done in bringing the electric dipole from infinity, i.e., Electric potential energy of electric dipole
U = W1 + W2 = 0 - pE cos θ = pE cos θ ∘

In vector form U = −p ⃗ ⋅ E⃗
For rotating dipole from position of unstable equilibrium (θ = 18o) to the stable equilibrium (θ = 0o) ∘

∴ Wreq = pE (cos 180o - cos 0o)

pE(-1 -1) = -2pE
54. a. Charging of capacitor with dc battery whenever parallel plate capacitor is connected with dc source, plates start acquiring
charge in accordance with the terminals of the battery till potential difference across the plate becomes equal to terminal
potential of dc battery.
b. i. The electric field between the plates of parallel plate capacitor
σ Q
E0 = =
ε0
ε0 A

If dielectric is inserted
′ Q ε0
E = =
ε0 A⋅K K

So, the electric field intensity decreases to 1/K times.

ii. Since Energy stores in the capacitor
2 2
Q Q d
U=
2C
= ... (1)
2 ε0 A

Similarly
1 2
Q Q d1
′
U = =
′
2C 2 K ε0 A

2
Q d 2U
2 1
= ( )=
K 2 ε0 A K

i<k<2
Therefore energy stored between the plates increases

13 / 15
 iii.

55. Let small sphere has charge q and radius 'a' is placed inside a outer shell of charge +Q and radius b.

Electric potential on the small sphere due to its own charge q

{tex}V _ { 1 } = \frac {q}{4π \epsilon_0 a}{/tex} ...(i)
where, q = charge on the smaller sphere
a = radius of smaller sphere
Similarly, electric potential on the outer sphere due to its own charge
{tex}V _ { 2 } = \frac {Q}{4π \epsilon_0 b}{/tex} ...(ii)
where, Q = charge on the outer shell
b = radius of the outer shell.
Also, same potential V2 exists at every point inside outer shell due to its own charge, +Q.
Now, net electric potential at inner sphere of radius a.
Vi = V1 + V2
q Q
∴ Vi =
4πε0
1

a
+
4πε0
1

b
....(iii)
Net electric potential at outer sphere due to charge on the both spheres
q Q
Vo =
4πε0
1
⋅
b
+
4πε0
1
⋅
b
...(iv)
q
∴ Vi − Vo =
4πε0
(
1

a
−
1

b
) ...(v) [We get this using Eqs. (iii) and (iv)]
1 1
∵ a < b, ∴ >
a b

∴ Vi - Vo > 0
Thus, inner sphere has net potential higher than potential of outer sphere for any value of q and Q.
Therefore, when they are connected by a wire, positive charge will always flow from higher to lower potential i.e. from inner
sphere to outer sphere (irrespective of the magnitude of charge).
Section G
56. i. (c)
ii. (b)
iii. (a): Since, E = 0 inside the conductor and has no tangential component on the surface, no work is done in moving a small test
charge within the conductor and on its surface.
iv. (b): The work done in bringing unit positive charge from infinity to a point which is at a distance x from the positive charge Q
is defined as the potential at the given point due to the charge Q. Therefore ϕ = W .
v. (b): Wext = q0ΔV

57. i. (b): Here C = 50pF = 50 × 10-12 F, V = 104 V

R= 4πε0
1
⋅ C = 9 × 109 mF-1 × 50 × 10-12 F

= 45 × 10-2 m = 45 cm
ii. (d): As q = CV = 25 × 10-12 × 105 = 2.5 μC
iii. (c)
iv. (c): As charge, q = CV = (4πε R) V 0

∴ q depends on both V and R.

14 / 15
v. (c): 64 drops have formed a single drop of radius R.
Volume of large sphere = 64 × Volume of small sphere
⇒ R = 4r and Qtotal = 64q
4 3 4 3
∴ πR = 64 πr
3 3

C' = 4πε 0R ⇒ C
′
= (4πε0 ) .4r ⇒ C' = 4C

15 / 15