Transformer

CUET
BANGLADESH

Basic Electrical Engineering

Department of EEE for Civil Engineering

Presented By -
Kamrul Hasan
Lecturer, Department of EEE
CHITTAGONG UNIVERSITY OF
ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY (CUET)
1. Reference

 A Textbookof Electrical Technology (Volume II)

– AC & DC Machines by B.L. Theraja and A.K.
Theraja (Chapter: 32; Title: Transformer)

Electric Machinery Fundamentals (4th Edition)

by Stephen J. Chapman (Chapter: 2; Title:
Transformers)

Transformer: Operation, Performance & Testing

2. What is a Transformer?
 A transformer is a device that changes AC electrical power at one voltage
level to AC electric power at another voltage level through the action of a
magnetic field. It consists of two or more coils of wire wrapped around a
common ferromagnetic core.
 The coils are (usually) not directly connected. Only connection between coils
is the common magnetic flux present within the core.
 Increase voltage of generator’s output
 Transmit high power at low
current
Reduce cost of transmission
system
• Adjust voltage to a usable level
• Create electrical isolation

Transformer: Operation, Performance & Testing

 3. TRANSFORMERS USED IN POWER SYSTEM
(11~15 kV) -132~220 kV

Distribution
Transformer

33 kV- 11 kV Transmission
Transformer

Service 208 V- 415 V

Transformer

Transformer: Operation, Performance & Testing

Art:32.1. Working Principle of a Transformer
Ref: A Textbook of Electrical Technology (Volume II) – AC & DC Machines by B.L. Theraja and A.K. Theraja

A static device which transfers electrical energy from one ckt

into another ckt, while doing this it can either raise or lower
the voltage with a corresponding decrease or increase in
current.
Physical basis of a X-F is mutual induction between 2 ckts
linked through a path of low reluctance.
If one coil is connected to a source of alternating voltage, an
alternating flux is set up in the laminated core, most of which
is linked with the other coil in which it produces mutually-
induced e.m.f.
If the 2nd coil is closed, a current flows in it & so electric energy
is transferred (entirely magnetically) from 1st coil to the 2nd
coil.

Transformer: Operation, Performance & Testing

Art:32.1. Working Principle of a Transformer
Ref: A Textbook of Electrical Technology (Volume II) – AC & DC Machines by B.L. Theraja and A.K. Theraja

The 1st coil, in which electric energy is fed from the AC supply,
called Primary winding & the other from which energy is
drawn out, called Secondary winding.
In brief a X-F is a device that –
1. Transfers electric power from one
ckt to another.
2. It does so without a change of
frequency.
3. It accomplishes this by
electromagnetic induction.
4. Where the 2 electric ckts are in
mutual inductive influence of
each other.

Transformer: Operation, Performance & Testing

Working Principle of a Transformer

Transformer: Operation, Performance & Testing

Working Principle of a Transformer

Transformer: Operation, Performance & Testing

Working Principle of a Transformer

Transformer: Operation, Performance & Testing

Working Principle of a Transformer

Transformer: Operation, Performance & Testing

 The basis transformer operation can be derived from Faraday’s law:
𝒅𝝀
𝒆𝒊𝒏𝒅 =
𝒅𝒕
Where, 𝝀 = Flux linkage in the coil across which voltage is being induced
Flux linkage 𝝀 is the sum of the flux passing through each turn in the coil added over
all the turns of the coil:

𝒊
𝝓𝒊 = 𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑥 𝑝𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡ℎ𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑔ℎ 𝑒𝑎𝑐ℎ 𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑛
𝑵 = 𝑁𝑜. 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑛𝑠

Transformer: Operation, Performance & Testing

where I is the flux passing through the ith turn in a coil – slightly
different for different turns. However, we may use an average flux per
turn in the coil having N turns:

and Faraday’s law can be written as

A portion of the flux produced

in the primary coil passes
through the secondary coil
(mutual flux); the rest is lost
(leakage flux).

Transformer: Operation, Performance & Testing

For the primary coil:
𝝓𝑷 = 𝝓𝑴 + 𝝓𝑳𝑷
where,
𝝓𝑷 = total average primary flux
𝝓𝑴 = flux component linking
both primary & secondary coils
𝝓𝑳𝑷 = primary leakage flux

Similarly, for the secondary coil:

𝝓𝑺 = 𝝓𝑴 + 𝝓𝑳𝑺
where,
𝝓𝑺 = total average secondary flux
𝝓𝑴 = flux component linking
both primary & secondary coils
𝝓𝑳𝑺 = secondary leakage flux

Transformer: Operation, Performance & Testing

Types of Transformers
Types based on applications –

Transformer: Operation, Performance & Testing

Types of Transformers
Types based on Constructions –
1. Core type
2. Shell type

Transformer: Operation, Performance & Testing

Art:2.3 The Ideal Transformers
Ref: Electric Machinery Fundamentals (4th Edition) by Stephen J. Chapman
We consider a lossless transformer with an input (primary) winding
having Np turns and a secondary winding of Ns turns.

The relationship between the

voltage applied to the primary
winding vp(t) and the voltage
produced on the secondary winding
vs(t) is

𝒗𝑷 𝒕 𝑵𝑷
= =𝒂
𝒗𝑺 𝒕 𝑵𝑺
Here, ‘a’ is defined as the turns ratio of the transformer.

Transformer: Operation, Performance & Testing

Art:2.3 The Ideal Transformers
Ref: Electric Machinery Fundamentals (4th Edition) by Stephen J. Chapman

Relationship between current 𝑖𝑃 𝑡 flowing into the Primary side of

the X-F and the current 𝑖𝑆 𝑡 flowing out of the Secondary side is –

𝑵𝑷𝒊𝑷 𝒕 = 𝑵𝑺𝒊𝑺 𝒕
or,
𝒊𝑷 𝒕 𝟏
=
𝒊𝑺 𝒕 𝒂
In terms of phasor quantities, the turns ratio can be generalized as
follows –
𝑽𝑷 𝑵𝑷 𝑰𝑺
= = =𝒂
𝑽𝑺 𝑵𝑺 𝑰𝑷

Transformer: Operation, Performance & Testing

Power in an Ideal Transformer
Assuming that p and s are the angles between voltages and currents on the
primary and secondary windings respectively, the power supplied to the
transformer by the primary circuit is:
𝑷𝒊𝒏 = 𝑽𝑷 𝑰𝑷 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽𝑷
The power supplied to the output circuits is – 𝑰 𝒍𝒂𝒈𝒔 𝑽 𝒃𝒚 𝜽
𝑷𝒐𝒖𝒕 = 𝑽𝑺 𝑰𝑺 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽𝑺
Since ideal transformers do not affect angles between voltages and currents:

𝜽𝑷 = 𝜽𝑺 = 𝜽
Since for an ideal transformer the following holds:

𝑽𝑺 = 𝑽𝑷/𝒂 𝑰𝒔 = 𝒂𝑰𝑷
Therefore:

𝑽
𝑷𝒐𝒖𝒕 = 𝑽𝑺𝑰𝑺 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽𝑺 = 𝒂𝑷 . 𝒂𝑰𝑷 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽𝑷 = 𝑽𝑷 𝑰𝑷 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽𝑷 = 𝑷 𝒊𝒏

Transformer: Operation, Performance & Testing

Impedance Transformation through a Transformer
The impedance is defined as a following ratio of phasors:
𝑽𝑳
𝒁𝑳 =
𝑰𝑳
A transformer changes voltages and currents and, therefore, an apparent
impedance of the load that is given by
𝑽𝑺
𝒁𝑳 =
𝑰𝑺
The apparent impedance of the primary circuit is:

𝑽𝑷
𝒁𝑳′ =
𝑰𝑷
Since the primary voltage & current can be expressed as –
𝑰𝑺
𝑽𝑷 = 𝒂𝑽𝑺 𝑰𝑷 =
𝒂
Transformer: Operation, Performance & Testing
Impedance Transformation through a Transformer
The apparent impedance of the primary is –

𝑽𝑷 𝒂𝑽𝑺 𝑽𝑺
𝒁𝑳′ = = = 𝒂𝟐
𝑰𝑷 𝑰𝑺/𝒂 𝑰𝑺

𝒁𝑳′ = 𝒂𝟐𝒁𝑳

Transformer: Operation, Performance & Testing

Art: 2.5 The Equivalent Circuit of a Transformer

To model a real transformer accurately, we need to account

for the following losses:

1. Copper losses – resistive heating in the windings: I2R.

2. Eddy current losses – resistive heating in the core:
proportional to the square of voltage applied to the
transformer.
3. Hysteresis losses – energy needed to rearrange
magnetic domains in the core: nonlinear function of the
voltage applied to the transformer.
4. Leakage flux – flux that escapes from the core and flux
that passes through one winding only.

Transformer: Operation, Performance & Testing

The Exact Equivalent Circuit of a Real Transformer
Leakage flux in the primary winding produces the voltage:
𝒅𝝓𝑳𝑷
𝒆𝑳𝑷 𝒕 = 𝑵 𝑷
𝒅𝒕
Leakage flux in the secondary winding produces the voltage:
𝒅𝝓𝑳𝑺
𝒆𝑳𝑺 𝒕 = 𝑵𝑺
𝒅𝒕
The induced voltages are:
𝒅𝒊𝑷
Primary coil: 𝒆𝑳𝑷 𝒕 = 𝑳𝑷
𝒅𝒕
Secondary coil:
𝒅𝒊𝑺
𝒆𝑳𝑺 𝒕 = 𝑳𝑺
𝒅𝒕
where, 𝑳𝑷 and 𝑳𝑺 are the self-inductance of the primary & secondary
winding respectively.

Transformer: Operation, Performance & Testing

Transformer Equivalent Circuit Parameters
1) 𝑹𝑷, 𝑹𝑺: Copper (Cu) losses in the primary & secondary windings of the X-
F core. They are modeled by placing a resistor 𝑅𝑃 in the primary circuit of
the X-F & a resistor 𝑅𝑆 in the secondary circuit.
2) 𝑹𝑪: Hysteresis & Eddy current loss, modeled by a resistor 𝑅𝐶 connected
across the primary voltage source, representing the core loss. The core-
loss current 𝒊𝒉+𝒆 is a current proportional to the voltage applied to the
core that is in phase with the applied voltage, so it can be modeled by a
resistance 𝑅𝐶 .
3) 𝑿𝑴: The magnetization current 𝑖𝑚 is a current proportional to the voltage
applied to the core and lagging the applied voltage by 𝟗𝟎𝟎, so it can be
modeled by a reactance 𝑋𝑀 connected across the primary voltage source.
4) 𝑳𝑷, 𝑳𝑺: The leakage flux produced in the primary & secondary winding is
𝜙𝐿𝑃 & 𝜙𝐿𝑆 respectively. These fluxes escape the core & pass through only
one of the X-F windings. They can be modeled by self-inductance 𝐿𝑃 &
𝐿𝑆 in the primary and secondary coil respectively.

Transformer: Operation, Performance & Testing

 The magnetization current can be modeled by a reactance XM
connected across the primary voltage source.
 The core-loss current can be modeled by a resistance RC connected
across the primary voltage source.
 Both currents are nonlinear; therefore, XM and RC are just
approximations.

Transformer: Operation, Performance & Testing

𝑹𝑷 , 𝑹𝑺 Cu-loss 𝑿𝑴 𝒊𝒎
𝑹𝑪 Core-loss 𝑳𝑷 , 𝑳𝑺 𝝓𝑳𝑷, 𝝓𝑳𝑺

Transformer: Operation, Performance & Testing

Transformer: Operation, Performance & Testing
Approximate Equivalent Circuits of a Real Transformer
For many practical applications, approximate models of transformers are used.

Fig 2-18: Approximate transformer models. (a) Referred to the

primary side; (b) referred to the secondary side;

Transformer: Operation, Performance & Testing

Approximate Equivalent Circuits of a Real Transformer

Fig 2-18: Approximate transformer models. (c) with no excitation

branch, referred to the primary side; (d) with no excitation branch,
referred to the secondary side.

Transformer: Operation, Performance & Testing

Example 2-1.

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Transformer: Operation, Performance & Testing
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Transformer: Operation, Performance & Testing
 𝑵𝑷 𝑰𝑺
𝒂= =
𝑵𝑺 𝑰𝑷

Transformer: Operation, Performance & Testing

Transformer: Operation, Performance & Testing
Transformer Tests
To experimentally determine the values of the
inductances and resistances in the transformer model.
 To determine the No-load loss/Core loss/Iron loss.
To determine the Copper losses in the windings of the
transformer.
These tests are very economical & convenient, as they
furnish the required information without actually
loading the transformer.
Power required to carry out these tests is very small as
compared with full-load output of the transformer.

Transformer: Operation, Performance & Testing

Transformer Tests
The circuit constants, efficiency and voltage regulation
of a transformer can be determined by two simple tests –
i. Open-circuit (O.C.) or No-load test,
ii. Short-circuit (S.C.) or Impedance test
Open-circuit test is performed to Short-circuit test is performed to
determine: determine:
No-load loss or, Core loss Copper (Cu) loss
No-load current, 𝑰𝟎 Equivalent impedance (𝒁𝟎𝟏or 𝒁𝟎𝟐) w.r.t
either of the sides

Excitation Branch parameters, 𝑹𝑪 and Leakage reactances (𝑿𝟎𝟏or 𝑿𝟎𝟐)

𝑿𝑴

Total resistance (𝑹𝟎𝟏or 𝑹𝟎𝟐)

Transformer: Operation, Performance & Testing

Open-Circuit or, No-load Test
Usually the High-voltage (H.V.) winding is left open-circuited &
the Low-voltage (L.V.) winding is connected to its supply of
normal voltage and frequency.

A wattmeter (W), voltmeter (V)

and ammeter (A) are connected in
the low-voltage winding i.e.
primary winding in the present
case.
With normal voltage applied to the primary, normal flux will be
set up in the core, hence normal iron losses will occur which are
recorded by the wattmeter.

Transformer: Operation, Performance & Testing

Open-Circuit or, No-load Test
Since the primary no-load current 𝑰𝟎 (as measured by
ammeter) is small (usually 2-10% of rated load current),
Cu loss is negligibly small in primary and nil in secondary
(it being open).

Hence, the wattmeter reading represents practically the

core loss under no-load condition.

Sometimes a high-resistance voltmeter is connected

across the secondary. The reading of the voltmeter gives
the induced e.m.f in the secondary winding.

Transformer: Operation, Performance & Testing

Open-Circuit or, No-load Test
Now, Iron Losses, 𝑃𝑖 = Wattmeter reading = 𝑊0
No-load Current = Ammeter reading = 𝐼0 = 𝐼𝑂𝐶
Applied Voltage = Voltmeter reading = 𝑉𝑂𝐶
Input Power, 𝑊0 = 𝑉𝑂𝐶 𝐼𝑂𝐶 cos 𝜃0

Conductance of the core-loss

resistor is given by –
𝟏
𝑮𝑪 =
𝑹𝑪
and the susceptance of the magnetizing inductor is given by –
𝟏
𝑩𝑴 =
𝑿𝑴

Transformer: Operation, Performance & Testing

Open-Circuit or, No-load Test
Since these two elements are in parallel, their admittances add
and the total excitation admittance is –
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
𝒀𝑬 = 𝑮𝑪 − 𝒋𝑩𝑴 = −𝒋 𝑰𝒎𝒑𝒆𝒅𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆 =
𝑹𝑪 𝑿𝑴 𝑨𝒅𝒎𝒊𝒕𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆
The angle of the admittance can be found from a knowledge of
the circuit power factor. The open-circuit power-factor is given
by – 𝑷𝑶𝑪
𝑷𝑭 = 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽 =
𝑽𝑶𝑪𝑰𝑶𝑪
The power factor is always lagging for a real X-F, so the angle of
the current always lags the angle of the voltage by 𝜃 degrees.
Hence, the admittance 𝑌𝐸 is –
𝑰𝑶𝑪∠ − 𝜽 𝑰𝑶𝑪
𝒀𝑬 = = ∠ − 𝐜𝐨𝐬−𝟏 𝑷𝑭
𝑽𝑶𝑪 𝑽𝑶𝑪

43 Transformer: Operation, Performance & Testing

Short-Circuit or, Impedance Test
This is an economical method for determining the following –
1. Equivalent impedance 𝑍01𝑜𝑟 𝑍02 , leakage reactance
𝑋01𝑜𝑟 𝑋02 and total resistance 𝑅01𝑜𝑟 𝑅02 of the X-F as
referred to the winding in which the measuring instruments
are placed.

2. Cu loss at full load (and at any desired load). This loss is

used in calculating the efficiency of the X-F.

In this test, one winding, usually the low-voltage winding, is

solidly short-circuited by a thick conductor (or through an
ammeter which may serve the additional purpose of indicating
the rated load current).

Transformer: Operation, Performance & Testing

Short-Circuit or, Impedance Test
 A low voltage (usually 5-10% of normal primary voltage) at
correct frequency (though for Cu losses it is not essential) is
applied to the primary and is cautiously increased till full-
load currents are flowing both in primary & secondary (as
indicated by their respective ammeters).
 Since, in this test, the applied voltage is a small percentage of
the normal voltage, the mutual flux 𝜙 produced is also a
small percentage of its normal value.
 Hence, core losses are very small with the result that the
wattmeter reading represent the full-load Cu loss or 𝐼 2 𝑅 loss
for the whole X-F i.e. both primary Cu loss and secondary Cu
loss.

Transformer: Operation, Performance & Testing

Short-Circuit or, Impedance Test
Since the input voltage is so low during the short-circuit test, negligible
current flows through the excitation branch. If the excitation current is
ignored, then all the voltage drop in the transformer can be attributed to the
series elements in the circuit. The magnitude of the series impedance
referred to the primary side of transformer is –
𝑽𝑺𝑪
𝒁𝑺𝑬 =
𝑰𝑺𝑪

The power factor of the current

is given by –
𝑷𝑺𝑪
𝑷𝑭 = 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽 =
𝑽𝑺𝑪𝑰𝑺𝑪
and it is lagging.

Transformer: Operation, Performance & Testing

Short-Circuit or, Impedance Test
The current angle is thus negative, and the overall impedance
angle 𝜃 is positive:
𝑷𝑺𝑪
𝜽= cos−𝟏
𝑽𝑺𝑪𝑰𝑺𝑪
Therefore,
𝑽𝑺𝑪∠𝟎𝟎 𝑽𝑺𝑪 𝟎
𝒁𝑺𝑬 = = ∠𝜽
𝑰𝑺𝑪∠ − 𝜽𝟎 𝑰𝑺𝑪
The series impedance 𝑍𝑆𝐸 is equal to
𝒁𝑺𝑬 = 𝑹𝒆𝒒 + 𝒋𝑿𝒆𝒒
= 𝑹𝑷 + 𝒂𝟐𝑹𝑺 + 𝒋 𝑿𝑷 + 𝒂𝟐𝒋𝑿𝑺

It is possible to determine the total series impedance referred to

the primary side by using this technique.

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 Choosing Sides to Carry out O.C./S.C. Test
Open Circuit (O.C.) Test performed on L.V. Side;
H.V. Side is kept Open Ckted
Short Circuit (S.C.) Test performed on H.V. Side;
L.V. Side is kept Short Ckted
 It is not mandatory to obey the common practice to carry out S.C. test on
the H.V. side & O.C. test on L.V. side.
 While testing a X-F of low rating or, small X-F (say, 200/100V, 50 Hz, 1
kVA), either of the two sides can be used to perform O.C. or, S.C. test; as
meters are available at Lab to measure these parameters.
 But, when the X-F ratings are higher or, for testing a X-F of larger size,
either of the sides can’t be used to perform these tests.
 Then conventional connection configuration should be obeyed.

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O.C. Test Requirements
 O.C. test can be used to determine the core loss or, iron loss. The
iron loss 𝑊𝑖 consists of –
1. Hysteresis loss, 𝑾𝒉 = 𝒌𝒉𝒇𝑩𝒎𝟏.𝟔 𝐰𝐚𝐭𝐭𝐬/𝒎𝟑
2. Eddy Current loss, 𝑾𝒆 = 𝒌𝒆𝒇𝟐𝑩𝒎𝟐𝒕𝟐 𝐰𝐚𝐭𝐭𝐬/𝒎𝟑
 Both the hysteresis & eddy current losses depend upon (i) Maximum
flux density 𝐵𝑚 in the core and (ii) supply frequency, 𝑓.
 Hence, whichever side we choose to energize to carry out this test,
one need to apply the rated voltage in order to establish all the
rated flux such that all the core loss should take place.
 For a X-F with higher rating performing O.C. test from H.V. side is
dangerous, because the personnel will have to handle a large
amount of voltage on H.V. side for energizing it, which may cause
hazardous operation.

Transformer: Operation, Performance & Testing

O.C. Test Requirements
 Again, applying a large voltage & measuring this with voltmeter &
pressure coil (p.c.) of wattmeter capable of handling such large
voltage is not available.
For example:
We have a 1-phase X-F of 1000/100V, 50 Hz, 100kVA, performing O.C.
test on H.V. side, what will happen???
∴ 𝑽𝒔𝒖𝒑𝒑𝒍𝒚 = 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎𝑽
(very high, not often available in LAB)

𝟏𝟎𝟎 × 𝟏𝟎𝟑
∴ 𝑰𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒅 = = 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝑨
𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎

Transformer: Operation, Performance & Testing

O.C. Test Requirements
During O.C. test, 𝐼0 (no-load primary current) is only 2 to 10% of full-
load current. Let’s say here it is 5%.
∴ 𝑰𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒅 = 𝟏𝟎𝟎 × 𝟎. 𝟎𝟓 = 𝟓𝑨

 So, performing O.C. test on H.V. side even though current is

smaller 5A, is not issue for ammeter & for the current coil of
wattmeter, but applying such higher voltage of 1000V, is not safer
in LAB, unless it is a high voltage laboratory. Again, measuring
instruments of such high voltage handling capability is rare.

 For a X-F with such high rating, what will happen if we perform
O.C. test on L.V. side???

Transformer: Operation, Performance & Testing

O.C. Test Requirements
Then,
𝑽𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒅 = 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝑽
which, is pretty available in LAB.
𝟏𝟎𝟎𝒌𝑽𝑨
∴ 𝑰𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒅 = = 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎𝑨
𝟏𝟎𝟎𝑽
5% of rated current during O.C. test will be
𝑰𝑳𝑽.𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒅 = 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎 × 𝟎. 𝟎𝟓 = 𝟓𝟎𝑨
50A is large current but, voltage is not high.

Transformer: Operation, Performance & Testing

O.C. Test Requirements
Since, voltage is not high on he L.V. side it’s easier &
safer to perform open circuit (O.C.) test on L.V. side,
even though it encounters a large value of current
(of 50A say).

Handling & measuring such current with current

transformer (C.T.) or using ammeter of such current
rating (~50A) is available.

Therefore, while dealing with X-Fs of higher rating,

it is always recommended to carry out O.C. test on
the L.V. side, with the H.V. is kept open-circuited.
Transformer: Operation, Performance & Testing
S.C. Test Requirements
 Copper (Cu) loss can be determined with this test.
 Conventionally, the S.C. test is carried out on the H.V. side, while
the L.V. side is made short-circuited with a thick wire or low
resistance ammeter.

For a 1-phase, 1000/100V, 50Hz,

100kVA, X-F, if we perform S.C.
test on L.V. side what will
happen???
Here,
𝑽𝒔𝒖𝒑𝒑𝒍𝒚 = 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝑽
is small, but we need to deal with a
higher value of rated current.

Transformer: Operation, Performance & Testing

S.C. Test Requirements
𝟏𝟎𝟎𝒌𝑽𝑨
∴ 𝑰𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒅 = = 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎𝑨
𝟏𝟎𝟎𝑽
Handling such large current is risky & ammeter of such higher rating
may not be available, also the current coil of wattmeter will have to
sustain a larger current of 1000A. So, short-circuit test is not
generally performed on the L.V. side.

Performing Short-Circuit (S.C.)

test on H.V. side of the
Transformer

Transformer: Operation, Performance & Testing

S.C. Test Requirements
 Since, the primary is now the H.V. side, the rated current can be
achieved with a low value of voltage.
 During S.C. test the supply voltage is only 5 to 10% of the rated
voltage, say –
𝟏𝟎
∴ 𝑽𝑯,𝑽,𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒅 = 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎 × = 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝑽
𝟏𝟎𝟎
(which, is a low-valued voltage)

 Such lower voltage can be easily provided at LAB & the rated
current is also lower on the H.V. side, which can be achieved
easily by providing a smaller voltage.
 Hence, conventionally S.C. test is carried out on the H.V. side.

Transformer: Operation, Performance & Testing

O.C. & S.C. Test Summary
#In Determining Core/Iron Loss:
 Perform O.C. test on the L.V. side.
For Core loss determination, rated flux is required,
means we need rated flux density, which gives core
loss at its rated value.
To establish rated flux, it is required to provide the
rated voltage to energize the associated transformer
side.
Providing the rated voltage, can be easily
accomplished on the L.V. side, by supplying a small
voltage.

Transformer: Operation, Performance & Testing

O.C. & S.C. Test Summary
#In Determining Cu Loss:
 Perform S.C. test on the H.V. side.
 Target is to apply the rated current (full-load
current) not concern is voltage.
Since, the voltage is already lower during S.C. test,
the generated flux is much lower than rated value.
The voltage applied is just sufficient to give the
required Cu-loss.

Transformer: Operation, Performance & Testing

O.C. & S.C. Test Summary

 When a transformer will be in operation

under rated conditions and loadings, both
the Cu-loss and core-loss will take place at
the same time.

 The temperature will rise inside the

transformer core, which will be higher than
that of the individual Cu-loss or, Core-loss
test cases, carried out separately.

Transformer: Operation, Performance & Testing

Example Problem:

Transformer: Operation, Performance & Testing

Transformer: Operation, Performance & Testing
Transformer: Operation, Performance & Testing
 Must do
Examples
32.27,32.36,
32.38 from
B.L. Theraja

Transformer: Operation, Performance & Testing

Thank you