DELHI PUBLIC SCHOOL

SECUNDERABAD
NACHARAM | MAHENDRA HILL| NADERGUL

SUBJECT : MATH CLASS: IV

Chapter 6 – FACTORS and MULTIPLES

Numbers

Natural numbers Whole numbers

The counting numbers 1, The natural numbers along with0,that is

2, 3, 4, 5, 6……. are 0,1, 2, 3, 4, ….are called whole numbers.
called Natural numbers.

Even numbers Odd numbers

Whole numbers that have 0, 2, 4, 6 or 8 Whole numbers that have 1, 3, 5, 7 or 9 in
in the ones place. the ones place.
Eg: 456, 20000, 34870, etc. Eg: 263, 10001, 789, etc.
When divided by 2, gives 0 as the When divided by 2, gives 1as the remainder.
remainder. Eg: 2) 1 5 ( 7
Eg: 2) 1 8 ( 9 - 1 4
- 1 8 0 1
0R

 Sum of 2 odd numbers is even. [odd + odd = even]

Eg 1) 3 + 5 = 8 Eg 2) 1 + 9 = 10

 Sum of 2 even numbers is even. [even + even = even]

Eg 1) 2 + 6 = 8 Eg 2) 24 + 28 = 52
 Sum of an odd and even number is odd. [odd + even = odd]
Eg 1) 3 + 6 = 9 Eg 2) 49 + 60 = 109

Pg 91 – Classwork solved in T.B.

DIVISIBILITY RULES

A number is divisible by Example

2 if the ones digit is 0, 2, 4, 6 or 8. 246, 6890
3 if the sum of the digits is Eg: 342  3 + 4 + 2 = 9 and 9 ÷ 3 = 3.
divisible by 3. So 342 is divisible by 3.
Eg: 789 7 + 8 + 9 = 24 and 24 ÷ 3 = 8.
So, 789 is divisible by 3.

5 if the ones digit is 0 or 5. 375, 2800

6 if the number is divisible by Eg: 432 is divisible by 2as ones digit is 2.
both 2 and 3. 432 4 + 3 + 2 = 9 is divisible by 3.
So, 432 is divisible by 3.
As 432 is divisible by 2 and 3, it is divisible by 6.

9 if the sum of digits is divisible Eg: 729  7 + 2 + 9 = 18 is divisible by 9.

by 9. So,729 is divisible by 9.

10 if the ones digit is 0. 5600, 460

Exe.6D – Pg 92 solved in T.B.

FACTORS

Eg:1) 7 × 9 = 63 Eg: 2) 3 × 7 = 21

Factors Product Factors Product

Eg: 3) 1 x 12 = 12; 2 x 6 = 12; 3 x 4 = 12.
The factors of 12 are 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 12.
The numbers which are multiplied to get the product are called factors of the product.
Eg: Find all the factors of 60.
60 = 1 x 60
= 2 x 30
= 3 x 20
= 4 x 15
= 5 x 12
= 6 x 10
Factors of 60 = 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 10, 12, 15, 20, 30, 60.
 Numbers that divide a number without leaving a remainder are known as the factors of that
number.
Eg: 4) 8 4 ( 21 Here R = 0. ∴ 4 and 21 are factors of 84.
- 8
0 4
84 ÷ 4 = 21 and 84 ÷ 21 = 4. ∴ Factors are divisors of a number.
- 4
0

Checking if one number is a factor of another number

To find if a number is a factor of another number, we check if the first number divides the
second number exactly or not. [i.e., the remainder is 0 or not]

Eg: 1) Is 9 a factor of 45? (2) Is 7 a factor of 51?

9) 45(5 7) 5 1(7
-45 -4 9
00 0 2
Here R = 0. Therefore 9 is a factor of 45. Here R = 2. So 7 is not a factor of 51.

Properties of Factors
Eg 1) Factors of 12 Eg 2) Factors of 18
1 x 12 = 12, 2 x 6 = 12, 3 x 4 = 1 x 18 = 18, 2 x 9 = 18, 3 x 6 =
12 18
Factors of 12 are 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 12. Factors of 18 are 1, 2, 3, 6, 9,
18.

 Every number has at least 2 factors – 1 and the number itself except 1.
[1 has only 1 factor namely 1]
 1 is a factor of every number. It is the smallest factor of a number.
 Every number is a factor of itself. It is the greatest factor of a number.
 Every number has a finite(limited) number of factors. Every factor other than the
number itself is less than the given number.
Activity:

Exe.6A
1. Is 3 a factor of 45?
3 ) 4 5 ( 15
- 3
1 5
- 1 5
0 0 Here R = 0. So, 3 is a factor of 45.

2. Is 9 a factor of 85?
9)85(9
- 81
0 4 Here R = 4. So, 9 is not a factor of 85.

3. Is 23 a factor of 115? 2 3 23
23 ) 1 1 5 ( 5 4 6 46
6 9 69
- 1 1 5 8 12 92
0 0 0 10 15 115
12 18 138
4. Find all the factors of:
(a) 14 (b) 20
14 = 1 x 14 20 = 1 x 20
=2x7 = 2 x 10
Factors of 14 = 1, 2, 7, 14. =4x5
Factors of 20 = 1, 2, 4, 5, 10, 20.
(c) 60
60 = 1 x 60
= 2 x 30
 (d) 42 (e) 56
42 = 1 x 42 56 = 1 x 56
= 2 x 21 = 2 x 28
= 3 x 14 = 4 x 14
=6x7 =7x8
Factors of 42 = 1, 2, 3, 6, 7, 14, 21, 42. Factors of 56 = 1, 2, 4, 7, 8, 14, 28, 56.

5. Find out whether the first number is a factor of the second number:
(d) 16, 112 (c) 28, 476
16 ) 1 1 2 ( 7 28 ) 4 7 6 ( 17
- 11 2 - 28
00 0 19 6
Here R = 0. So 16 is a factor of 112. - 19 6
00 0
(b) 27, 190 Here R = 0. So 28 is a factor of 476.
27 ) 1 9 0 ( 7
- 18 9 (a) 15, 230
00 1 15 ) 2 3 0 ( 11
Here R = 1. So 27 is not a factor of - 1 5
190. 0 8 0
- 0 7 5
00 5
Here R = 5. So 15 is a factor of 476.

PRIME and COMPOSITE NUMBERS

Prime numbers Composite numbers

Numbers which can be divided only Numbers which can be divided by 1,
by 1 and itself are called Prime itself and other numbers are called
numbers. composite numbers.
Numbers having 1 and itself as Numbers having more than 2 factors.
factors. Eg: 4, 6, 8, 9, 12, 14, 15, 16, 21
Eg: 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17……… ………..
Prime numbers between 1 to 100 are: 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19, 23, 29, 31, 37, 41, 43, 47,
53, 59, 61, 67, 71, 73, 79, 83, 89, 97.

 1 is neither a prime nor composite number. It is a unique number.

 2 is the only even prime number.
 All odd numbers are NOT prime numbers.

Ex 6B in Textbook pg.87

PRIME FACTORISATION
Factorisation means breaking the given number into its factors.
When a number is written as a product of prime numbers, it is called Prime factorisation.
PRIME FACTORISATION

Factor tree method Division method

1. Factor tree method
Eg: Prime factorisation of 16 Prime factorisation of 15
1
1
6
5

2 8
3 5

2 4
15 = 3 x
5
18 = 2 2x 3 x 3 2 16 = 2 x 2 x 2
x2

Note: 1 is not written in a factor tree since 1 is not a prime number.

Pg 88 – ClassWork solved in T.B.

Activity: Prime factorization

Prime factorise the following numbers using factor tree method:
a) 24 b) 36 c) 75 d) 81

2. Division method
Steps to be followed in this method are:
Step 1: Divide the given number by the smallest prime number that exactly divides it.
Step 2: Divide the quotient further by a prime number that exactly divides it.
Step 3: Continue the repeated division till the quotient is 1.
Eg: (a) Find the prime factors of 24. (b) Find the prime factors of 63.

2 24 3 24 7 63
2 12 OR 2 8 3 9
2 6 2 4 3 3
3 3 2 2 1
1 1
24 = 2 x 2 x 2 x 3 63 = 3 x 3 x 7

Pg 89 - Class Work done in the T.B.

Prime factorise the following by division method:
a) 30 b) 30 c) 54 d) 90

Common Factors and Highest Common factor (HCF)

A number is said to be a common factor of two or more numbers if it is a factor of each

of the given numbers.

Eg:1) Find the common factors of 12 and 15.

12 = 1 x 12 15 = 1 x 15
=2x6 =3x5
=3x4

Factors of 12 are 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 12. Factors of 15 are 1, 3, 5, 15.

Common Factors of 12, 15 = 1, 3.
H.C.F of 12, 15 = 3.
 Note: Highest Common Factor of two or more numbers is the greatest common factor
of the numbers.
Eg: 2) Find the H.C.F of 16, 24.
16 = 1 x 16 24 = 1 x 24
=2x8 = 2 x 12
=4x4 =3x8
=4x6

Factors of 16 are 1, 2, 4, 8, 16. Factors of 24 are 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 12, 24.

Common factors of 16, 24 = 1, 2, 4, 8.
H.C.F of 16, 24 = 8.

Remember!!
Numbers having only 1 as their common factor are called CO-PRIME
numbers.
Eg: (4, 5), (7, 8), etc.
Prime numbers having a difference of 2 are called TWIN PRIMES.
Eg: (3, 5), (5, 7), (11, 13), (17, 19), (29, 31)

1) Find the common factors of: (a) 9, 12

(a) 9, 12
9=1x9 12 = 1 x 12
=3x3 =2x6
Factors of 9 = 1, 3, 9 =3x4
Factors of 12 = 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 12
Common factors of 9, 12 = 1, 3
HCF of 9, 12 = 3
2) Find the H.C.F of : (a) 7, 21
Factors of 7 = 1, 7
Factors of 21 = 1, 3, 7, 21
Common factors of 7, 21 = 1, 7
HCF of 7, 21 = 7.

MULTIPLES
The word “Multiple” means a mathematical product obtained by multiplying two numbers.
Eg: 6 x 2 = 12

Factors Multiple
Note: In order to write the multiples of a number, multiply the given number by 1, 2,
3, 4,… .. and so on. The products are called the multiples of the given number.

Eg: 1) Find the first seven multiples of 13.

13 x 1 = 13, 13 x 2 = 26, 13 x 3 = 39, 13 x 4 = 52, 13 x 5 = 65, 13 x 6 = 78,
13 x 7 = 91.
The first 7 multiples of 13 are: 13, 26, 39, 52, 65, 78, 91.

Eg: 2) Find all multiples of 9 greater than 20 and less than 60.
Multiples of 9 = 9, 18, 27, 36, 45, 54, 63, …….
Multiples of 9 greater than 20 and less than 60 are: 26, 36, 45, 54.

Eg: 3) Find the difference between the 7th multiple of 9 and the 5th multiple of 7.
7th multiple of 9 = 7 x 9 = 63
5th multiple of 7 = 5 x 7 = 35
Difference of multiples = 63 – 35 = 28.
Eg: 4) Is 96 a multiple of 8?
8 ) 9 6 ( 12
- 8
1 6
- 1 6
0 0 Here R = 0. So, 96 is a multiple of 8.

Properties of Multiples
Eg: 1) Multiples of 3 Eg: 2) Multiples of 7
Multiples of 3 are 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18, 21, 24, Multiples of 5 are 7, 14, 21, 28, 35, 42,
27, 30, 33, …… 49,56, 63, 70, 77, ……..
  Every number is a multiple of 1.
 Every number is a multiple of itself.
 The smallest multiple of a number is the number itself.
 Every multiple of a number is greater than or equal to that number.
 The number of multiples for a given number are infinite.
Activity

Exe.6C

Q1. Solved in the T.B. – Pg 90.

Q2. Write the multiples of 8 which are less than 100 and end in 8.
Multiples of 8 = 8, 16, 24, 32, 40, 48, 56, 64, 72, 80, 88, 96, 104, 112…………..
Multiples of 8 less than 100 and that end in 8 are : 8, 48, 88.

Q3. Find the product of the tenth multiple of 2 and the fifth multiple of 8.
10th multiple of 2 = 10 x 2 = 20
5th multiple of 8 = 5 x 8 = 40
Product of the multiples = 20 x 40 = 800.

Q4. Write three multiples of:

(a) 9 just after 45
Multiples of 9 = 9, 18,27, 36, 45, 54,63, 72, 81, 90, 99, 108…………..
3 multiples of 9 just after 45 are: 54, 63, 72.

(b) 4 between 80 and 100

Multiples of 4 = 4, 8, 12, 16, 20, 24, 28, 32, 36, 40, 44, 48, 52, 56, 60, 64, 68, 72, 76,
80, 84, 88, 92, 96, 100, 104………….
Multiples of 4 between 80 and 100 are: 84, 88, 92, 96.

(c) 15 between 28 and 80

Multiples of 15 = 15, 30, 45, 60, 75, 90, 105, 120, 135, 150,……….
Multiples of 15 between 28 and 80 are: 30, 45, 60, 75.

Q4. Circle the multiples of 12 among the following:

 16 32 44 92

Q5. Is 104 a multiple of 14?

14 ) 1 0 4 ( 7
- 98
0 0 6 Here R = 6. Therefore, 104 is not a multiple of 14.

Q7. Solved in T.B. – Pg 91

Common Multiples and Least Common Multiple (LCM)
The multiples which are common to two or more numbers are known as common
multiples.
Least Common Multiple (L.C.M) of two or more numbers is the smallest common
multiple of the given numbers.

1) Find the first three common multiples of:

(a) 5, 10
Multiples of 5 = 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60…………
Multiples of 10 = 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90……………..
Common multiples of 5, 10 = 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60……….

2) Find the L.C.M. of:

(a) 8, 9
Multiples of 8 = 8, 16, 24, 32, 40, 48, 56, 64, 72, 80, 88, 96………….
Multiples of 9 = 9, 18, 27, 36, 45, 54, 63, 72, 81, 90, 99, 108….……..
Common multiples of 8, 9 = 72, 144,…..
LCM of 8, 9 = 72.

HOTS – Refer Pg 92 in T.B.

1. 29 = 5 + 7 + 17, 29 = 5 + 11 + 13

2. Multiples of 30 = 30, 60, 90, 120, 150, 180, 210, 240, 270, 300…………
Multiples of 75 = 75, 150, 225, 300, 375, 450, 525, 600, 675………….
Common multiples of 30, 75 = 150, 300, 450……
LCM of 30, 75 = 150.