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INTERIOR FURNISHING &SURFACE TREATMENT

FURNISHING
Furnishing includes the furniture, fittings and other
decorative accessories such as curtains, carpets,
upholstery etc of an interior.

SURFACE TREATMENT
INTERIOR FURNISHING & Surface treatments are those that affect the
appearance of the structural/non-structural elements
SURFACE TREATMENT in an interior like wall, floor or ceiling finishes.

Interior design

Role of furnishings & finish materials in creating

the desired atmosphere in an interior space: CEILING FINISHES

Functional Criteria Gypsum Board

It provides an uninterrupted ceiling
• Safety, health, and comfort surface that can be finished smooth,
textured, or painted.
• Durability in anticipated use It requires a supporting framework of
• Ease of cleaning, maintenance and repair wood or metal that is attached to or
suspended from the roof or floor
• Required degree of fire resistance framing.
• Appropriate acoustic properties
Aesthetic Criteria
• Color - natural or applied
• Texture
• Pattern
Economic Criteria
• Initial cost of acquisition and installation
• Life-cycle assessment of materials and products

CEILING FINISHES CEILING FINISHES

Metal
Wood Corrugated steel decking forms the Open-web steel joists & steel decking
Wood decking or planks can span the structural platform for thermal insulation defines ceilings with a linear, textural
spaces between beams to form the and the roofing material. It also provides quality, but can transmit impact noise
structural platform of a floor or roof. permanent formwork and reinforcement from the floor above.
The underside of the planks may be for concrete floor slabs.
left exposed as the finished ceiling.
The underside of steel decking can be
Wood planks typically have tongue-
and-groove joints. left exposed as the ceiling surface.

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CEILING FINISHES CEILING FINISHES

Modular Underside of roof/floor above

Modular ceiling materials are normally Ceiling height important to
supported on a metal grid suspended
from a roof or floor structure. room’s ambience
Acoustical ceiling tiles form a square or Since large unobstructed space,
rectangular grid pattern. it affects light, air movement,
Light fixtures, air diffusers, and other temperature and acoustics
equipment can be integrated into the
modular system.
Either the structural member
can be left to act as the ceiling,
or finish material can be
attached to or suspended from
it
Can also be painted and while
painting, keep in mind that
ceiling is the best light reflector.

CEILING FINISHES CEILING FINISHES

PAINTED CEILING: FALSE CEILING

While painting, it should be considered that ceiling is the best It may also be referred to as a drop ceiling, T-bar
light reflector. ceiling, false ceiling, or suspended ceiling
Light colors reflect more light, than dark colors. used as a secondary ceiling formed to conceal piping, wiring,
or ductwork, into an area called the PLENUM.
This is generally used for :
Acoustical
Environmental
Decorative purposes

CEILING FINISHES CEILING FINISHES

FALSE CEILING
Types of false ceilings (based on material)
Thermocol ceilings
Gypsum ceilings
Plaster-of-Paris
PVC ceiling
Wooden ceilings
Asbestos sheets, bamboo sheets, jute, coir-ply
Particle boards
Decorative aluminum panels, aluminum and plastic composite There are basically two types of ceilings - Grid and Plain. Grid
ceilings are those in which - channels, to which the ceiling materials
materials
are fixed can be seen.
In the plain ceilings, the grid work remains hidden.

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CEILING FINISHES CEILING FINISHES

Metal ceiling – Aluminium or

Galvanised steel

The types of grid ceiling tiles include:

Gypsum: For aesthetic appeal in grid tile format
Mineral Fibre: For applications that require moderate
acoustics
Metal: For areas that require high physical stability and
ease of maintenance

CEILING FINISHES CEILING FINISHES

gypsum plasterboard false ceilings

Woven Bamboo Board

Aluminium/Metal Strip Ceiling Panels

Wood ceiling

PVC ceiling

Wood ceiling

CEILING FINISHES WALL FINISHES

Wall finishes are used to increase a wall’s durability, sound absorption, light
reflectance or appearance.
COFFERED CEILING:
In addition to aesthetic factors such as color, texture and pattern, there are
A coffer is a sunken panel in the shape of a square, rectangle, or functional and economic considerations in selecting a wall material and
octagon that serves as a decorative device, usually in a ceiling. finish.
Wood or metal stud walls
can support a variety of
wall finishes like:
• Panels prefinished with
plastic laminate or
fabric
• Wood boards
• Ceramic tile etc.

Concrete and masonry walls may

be left exposed or plastered.

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WALL FINISHES WALL FINISHES

Plain Painted Walls
WALL PAINTS
Color has to be chosen depending on:
Size of the Space
Function
User
Other Existing Elements
Importance of the wall

Patterns, Textures and

Murals

WALL FINISHES WALL FINISHES

Wood Wall Panels Plywood GLASS PANELING

Wood panelling consists of a series of thin sheets of wood framed together Plywood is a wood panel product Some time used to cover entire wall
by strips of wood. made by bonding veneers for strategic views and natural light
together under heat and pressure. Elegant look
Wood panelling includes solid lumber panelling, wood veneer panelling, Limitations to privacy
and plastic-laminate faced wood panelling. Wood panel products are
Stained glass/ textured glass/ glass
typically faced with either
Solid wood boards offer durability and create texture. blocks
decorative laminates/overlays
or wood veneers.
There are two types of wood
veneers, hardwood and
softwood
Hardwood is used for wall
finishes.

WAINSCOT

WALL FINISHES WALL FINISHES

Metal PANELING Cushion PANELING

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WALL FINISHES WALL FINISHES

FABRICS Fabric panelling PLASTER WALLS

A variety of fabric - cotton, velvet, printed Plaster is a composition of gypsum or
lime, water, sand.
cotton, calico, felt, satin, silk, polycotton etc.
Gypsum plaster is a durable,
Fabric wall panels make a big difference relatively lightweight, and fire-
when it comes to acoustics, too. resistant.
Plaster is applied in either two or
three layers.
Two-coat plaster uses a base coat
followed by a finish coat.

• Three-coat plaster is applied in three

successive coats, a scratch coat followed
by a brown coat and a finish coat.
• The total thickness of a plaster finish is
from 12 to 19 mm.
Fabric panel headboard

WALL FINISHES WALL FINISHES

GYPSUM BOARD WALLS Metal trim shapes are Ceramic tile may be applied with either the
required to finish and
TILED WALLS - Ceramic Wall Tile
Often called drywall or plasterboard - They provide a permanent, durable, thinset or the thickset process.
consists of a gypsum core surfaced with protect the edges and
paper or other covering material. corners of gypsum waterproof surface for interior walls.
It may be finished by painting or by the board surfaces. Specialty tiles include glass tiles,
application of ceramic tile or a flexible handmade and custom tiles, special
wall covering. sizes, and trim pieces.
Gypsum board may be bent, depending Grouts for wall tiles are available in a
on its thickness. wide variety of colors.
Helps lower building’s cost and weight.
Common types of gypsum board include the
following:
• Regular gypsum board for interior walls
and ceilings
• Moisture-resistant gypsum board used as a
backing for ceramic tile in high -moisture
conditions
• Fire-resistant (Type X) gypsum board used
in fire resistant construction

WALL FINISHES WALL FINISHES

Vinyl wall coverings

FLEXIBLE WALL COVERINGS WALL PAPERS

Wallpaper (is subject to soiling, Wide variety of materials and patterns available.
abrasion, and fading, and is not
tested for flame resistance.) Preferable to use wall papers on unbroken walls, without doors
Vinyl wall coverings are durable and windows.
and are tested for flame They gather dust and dirt easily, so frequent cleaning required.
resistance. They are easily cleaned
and resistant to fading and Types - can be basically divided into
abrasion. However, environmental
problems exist. Simply printed - very vulnerable to stains and physical
Fabric wall coverings

Fabrics such as wool, linen, cotton damage. Avoid this type except for ceilings and for walls in
etc may require flame-retardant protected locations.
treatment.
Washable or spongeable wallpapers - have a plastic coating

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Vinyl Wall paper

WALL FINISHES WALL FINISHES

Types of WALL PAPERS Blown Vinyl Wallpaper Types of WALL PAPERS

Vinyl Wallpaper - Vinyl Wall paper is composed Lining Paper - This plain smooth

Lining Paper
of a paper layer on which a printed vinyl film was paper is used to line walls that
pasted. contain a lot of cracks or are of
Blown Vinyl Wallpaper - vinyl surface layer of uneven porosity. It is hung
this wallpaper contains tiny air bubbles that Relief Wallpaper
horizontally with butted joints. It
expand its thickness and allow it to be embossed can also be used as an economy
in register with the surface design cover-up wallpaper and then
Relief Wallpaper - plain papers embossed with painted with emulsion paint.
regular or random designs. They are ideal for

Wallpaper Border
Borders - narrow rolls of printed
covering up defects such as cracks and lumps on
washable or vinyl wallpaper
wall and ceiling surfaces. Woodchip Wallpaper
used as a contrast to the rest of
Woodchip Paper- small chips of wood sandwiched the wall finish.
between two layers of paper, giving a surface
texture.

WALL FINISHES - Types of WALL PAPERS FLOOR FINISHES

FLOORING
Selection of flooring based on:
Durability
Ease of maintenance
Foot comfort
Slip resistance
Impact noise: Resilient flooring can cushion some impact noise.
Soft or porous flooring materials reduce impact and airborne
sound.
The dirt that normally collects on a floor can be disguised by a
mixture of neutral colors of middle value, a pattern that
camouflages any dirt and surface marks, or a material whose
natural color and texture is more noticeable than any dirt on the
floor.

FLOOR FINISHES FLOOR FINISHES

Role of floor in determining the character of a space through its FLOORING

color, pattern and texture:
Floor finish is usually separated into hard flooring such as wood,
A light colored floor will enhance the light level within a room, while a dark stone and tile; resilient flooring such as vinyl, linoleum or cork; and
floor will absorb much of the light falling on its surface.
soft floor coverings, which consist primarily of carpets and rugs.
A light color suggests spaciousness. A dark color gives a floor plane depth
and weight. There are various types of flooring, among that the commonly
Unlike the wall and ceiling surfaces of a room, a floor transmits its tactile used flooring in interiors are:
qualities - its texture and density - directly to us as we walk across its surface.
A neutral, pattern less floor can serve as a simple background for a room’s Stone flooring
occupants and furnishings.
Tiled flooring
The pattern can be used to define areas, suggest paths of movement, or
provide textural interest. Glass flooring
The flooring may appear warm if it has a soft texture, a middle-to-dark Timber flooring
value, or a warm hue
In warm climates, a cool floor surface would be more comfortable than a Carpet flooring
warm one. Synthetic flooring

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FLOOR FINISHES FLOOR FINISHES

WOOD FLOORING WOODEN FLOORING

Durable, close-grained species of hardwoods (Teak, Mahogany,
ebony, chestnut, white and red oak, maple, birch, beech, and pecan)
and soft woods (Southern pine, Douglas fir, Western larch, hemlock,
and others) are used for wood flooring.
The best grades are those which minimize or exclude defects such as
knots, streaks, checks and torn grain.
Rare or exotic species should be avoided.
Bamboo and antique/reclaimed wood flooring is also used.
Bamboo is technically a grass and its ability to regrow quickly after
harvesting makes it a sustainable material.
Solid wood flooring is available in strips and planks.
Laminated flooring assembles high-pressure laminates, including wood
veneers, into durable, acrylic-urethane sealed panels.

FLOOR FINISHES FLOOR FINISHES

WOODEN FLOORING WOODEN FLOORING

Pros: Wood flooring is finished with
Doesn't retain dust and is warm. clear polyurethane, varnish or a
penetrating sealer.
Works with many interior design and
styles. Ideally, the finish should enhance
the durability of the wood and its
Available in many shapes and grains. resistance to water, dirt, and Wood floor Stain
May be stained different colors to fit staining, without concealing the
the era or mood. wood’s natural beauty.
Simple cleanup with broom and Stains are used to add color to
damp cloth. the natural color of the wood

Painted wood
Cons: without obscuring the wood grain.
Marks and dent comes easily when Wood flooring can also be
frequently vacuumed or swept. waxed, painted or stenciled, but
Tapping effect painted surfaces require more
maintenance.
dents

FLOOR FINISHES FLOOR FINISHES

WOODEN FLOORING
Parquet flooring
Flooring composed of
wooden blocks arranged
in a geometric pattern.
Parquet patterns are
entirely geometrical and
angular -
squares, triangles, lozenge
s.
They feel warmer
underfoot. However they
do little to absorb sounds
such as walking.
Laminate flooring

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INTERIOR SURFACE TREATMENT FLOOR FINISHES

GLASS FLOORING TILE & STONE FLOORING

Used only on special Tile flooring
occasions. Ceramic tiles, vitrified tiles.
Stone flooring
Slate, Marble, Granite etc.
To add drama and a
sense of adventure Tile flooring
Tile and stone flooring materials are solid and durable.
Ceramic tiles are units of natural clay. They have natural earthy look
To exaggerate the height (can be glazed) comparatively weaker & low priced, Low resistance to
element of the floor or to stains, high water absorption rate etc.
highlight the space Vitrified tiles are made of a mixture of clay with elements like silica,
underneath the flooring quart and feldspar, is Smooth and glossy, Stronger, High resistance to
stains, low water absorption rate, Comparatively expensive

FLOOR FINISHES FLOOR FINISHES

TILE FLOORING • Tile installations are

Other flooring tiles are – mosaic tiles,
Mosaic tile

either thinset or thickset.

clay/terracotta tiles etc. • Thinset installation uses
adhesive to attach the
The Athangudi tiles are popular tile.
handmade decorative floor tiles,
originating from a village called Athangudi
• Thickset installation is
in Chettinadu, Tamil Nadu. used over floors subject
to bending and
Ceramic tile
Athangudi tile

deflection.

FLOOR FINISHES FLOOR FINISHES

STONE FLOORING MARBLE

It is available in tile, sheet,
There are many varieties of block and in a variety of
stone. colors and intrinsic patterns.
Marble has patterns of dark
Every different stone will have veins running through it,
different properties in terms of formed from mineral
impurities. Marble
use, color and strength.
Marble is durable and
Some example are lime stone, commonly used.
sand stone, marble etc Marble naturally becomes
duller.
Stone floor consists of thin slabs GRANITE
on concrete bedding Granite is a stronger and
Slabs may be in square or harder stone than marble.
Marble's "softness" is far Granite
rectangle shape easier to stain and damage
than granite.

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FLOOR FINISHES FLOOR FINISHES

SLATE KOTA stone

Available in sheet and tile. Kota Stone is a fine-grained
Found in darker, muted colors variety of limestone, quarried
at Kota district, Rajasthan.
without much color pattern.
Available in greenish-blue, brown,
Available in natural grain and black, pink, grey, beige colours.
polished finishes. Used in exteriors, pathways,
Due to fragile nature, it is good corridors, driveways, balconies,
for interior use only commercial buildings etc.

FLOOR FINISHES FLOOR FINISHES

SHAHABAD & KADAPA stones SANDSTONE

Shahabad

Shahabad Stone is a variety It is a natural flooring material in

of limestone, quarried
at Gulbarga district, Karnataka. a choice of colors.
Available generally in grey Unique and beautiful.
shades. One of the most
economical stones for tiling. It lasts Less durable than granite and
long without surface blemishes slate.
and is easy to maintain
Sandstone flooring being a
Kadapa black stones are
limestone quarried at Andhra relatively porous material, is
Kadapa

Pradesh are long-lasting and can vulnerable to damage from liquid

also withstand any exposure. It stains, mold, micro-bacteria, and
has a near-black colour. even warping in extreme cases.
Easy to work with and economical,
traditionally both these stones it is subject to scratches
been popular in public buildings.

FLOOR FINISHES FLOOR FINISHES

BRICKS OTHER HARD FLOORING

Concrete can be used as a finish floor surface if smooth and level
Available in a wide range of colors
enough. It should be sealed against stains and grease.
such as soft orange-reds and
Concrete can be painted, stained, or integrally colored when cast.
browns.
Pavers (flooring bricks) are great
for areas that see a lot of traffic or
moisture.
Bricks can be laid in a number of
different patterns.

Wall pattern Basket weave Herring bone

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FLOOR FINISHES FLOOR FINISHES

OTHER HARD FLOORING EPOXY FLOORING

Terrazzo/mosaic is a special type of exposed aggregate finish with Epoxy is a thermo setting resin.
mosaic-like patterns created by marble chips. Epoxy flooring/epoxy floor
It is available in poured or precast forms. paint have excellent water and
chemical resistance and
durability.
Can be used over repaired or
patched concrete
Ideal for use in high traffic
areas
Difficult to install

FLOOR FINISHES FLOOR FINISHES

RESILIENT FLOORING SYNTHETIC FLOORING

Resilient flooring materials provide an economical, dense, non PVC/VINYL FLOORING
absorbent flooring surface with relatively good durability and ease of Pros:
maintenance
Vinyl tile is a simple, inexpensive way to cover a floor. Vinyl
Linoleum and vinyl sheets come in rolls and are also available as tiles, flooring comes in either tile or sheet form. Available in many
typically 12 inches (304mm) square. colors and styles. Softer and flexible than other floors.
Resilient flooring types: Can be installed directly over the subfloor
• Rubber tile, vinyl sheet, linoleum, and cork products offer best Cons:
resilience. Manufactured using polyvinyl chloride (PVC) and will emit volatile
• Leather tiles are comparatively expensive. organic compounds (VOC)
Vinyl sheet is difficult to install than sheet vinyl tile.
Frequent mopping (like in the kitchen) also tend to soak more
water into tiles and the tiny cracks between tiles gather dust and
debris that's hard to clean out.

FLOOR FINISHES FLOOR FINISHES

SYNTHETIC FLOORING SYNTHETIC FLOORING

VINYL FLOORING RUBBER FLOORING
Durable - rubber floor tiles are
used in commercial situations,
where high traffic is there.
Easy to clean - As flooring, rubber
is chemically resistant, so most
types of cleaners can be used.
Easy to lay-Just stick the tiles down
using adhesive suitable for rubber
flooring, easy to cut with a knife.

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FLOOR FINISHES FLOOR FINISHES

SOFT FLOOR COVERINGS

Two major categories of soft floor
coverings - Carpeting and Rugs.
CARPET FLOORING
Carpeting absorb sound, reduce
impact noise and provide a
comfortable and safe surface to
walk on.
Carpeting is easier to install than hard floor coverings, and is fairly easy to
CARPET FLOORING
maintain. Absorbs noise
Carpeting is most often manufactured in 12-foot wide rolls, referred to as Luxury
broadloom.
Wall to wall carpet creates impression of large rooms
Broadloom carpet is cut to fit and installed or glued down using an adhesive.
Woven carpet is typically used in residential installations.
Carpeting normally is installed wall-to-wall, covering the entire floor of a room.
Carpet tiles are modular pieces of carpet

FLOOR FINISHES

RUGS
Rugs are floor coverings manufactured or cut to standard sizes, often
with a finished border
Area rugs are effective in zoning of large spaces

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