Collection and Presentation of Data

Objectives:

Be skilled in presenting the data using presentation tools.

Sources of Data

⦿ Primary Data – These are data or information which were gathered from the original
source.

Example: Diary, Autobiography, result of an experiment

⦿ Secondary Data – These are data that were taken from published or unpublished
materials.

Example: Books, News, Magazine, internet, information in research conducted

Methods of Data Collection

⦿ Direct or Interview Method – A face to face contact between the source of information
and the one who gathers the information. This method will give us precise and
consistent information because clarifications can be made.

⦿ Indirect or Questionnaire Method – To obtain the information or data needed in a

research work. A questionnaire is prepared to solicit the information or data needed .
This method requires less time and is inexpensive.

⦿ Registration Method – Data or information needed in the research study were properly
kept and recorded by private and government agencies authorized by the law to be
responsible for safe keeping

⦿ Observation Method – This is a method, which observes the behavior of individuals or

organizations in the study. This method of data gathering oftentimes used when the
subject cannot speak or write.

⦿ Experiment Method – This method of data gathering can only be succeeded by

performing series of experiment on some controlled and experimental variable.

Sampling Techniques

⦿ Probability Sampling – The method of choosing the sample where in each member of
the populace was given the opportunity to be selected and become a part of the sample

Probability Sampling

- Simple Random
 - Stratified Random
- Systematic Random
- Cluster Random

⦿ Simple Random Sampling – A process of selecting a sample size in the population

through lottery sampling
A. Lottery Sampling – In lottery sampling, samples were chosen by drawing lots or called
the fishbowl method.

⦿ Stratified Random Sampling – In this method, the population is first divided into groups
according to similarity of characteristics in order to avoid selecting samples coming only
from one group.

⦿ Systematic Random Sampling – When samples are randomly chosen following some
rules set by the researchers. This involves choosing the kth member of the population,
but there should be a random start. We say we choose every kth member in this
example, K= 3 Every third member of the population is selected.

⦿ Cluster Random Sampling – Also known as area sampling and usually applied when
population is large. The group or cluster instead individual units or groups and randomly
select one or more units

Non-Probability Sampling - This methodology does not give equal opportunity for all members
of the population to be chosen to form part of the sample

Examples:

- Purposive Sampling
- Quota Sampling
- Convenience Sampling
- Snowball Sampling
- Voluntary Sampling
- Judgement sampling

⦿ Purposive Sampling – The samples were chosen based on the purpose of the
research work.

⦿ Quota Sampling – This is very inexpensive and quick. Once the quota is reached the
sampling procedures automatically terminates

⦿ Convenience Sampling – This sampling technique was applied where the researchers
find it most easy and convenient in choosing his samples.
 ⦿ Snowball Sampling – it is a technique in which one more members of the population
are located and used to lead the researchers to other members of the population.

⦿ Voluntary Sampling – Sample are composed of respondents who are self-select to the
study who have strong interest in the topic of the study.

⦿ Judgement Sampling – This sampling technique is applied when the researcher relies
on his/her personal judgement in choosing to participate in the study.

Methods of Presenting Data

⦿ Textual Form of Presentation – Makes use of words, sentences and paragraphs in
presenting data collected.
Examples:
The Philippine population reached 100 million persons in the last quarter of 2015,
according to figures released by Philippine Statistics Authority.

⦿ Graphical Form of Presentation - An illustrative description of the data by using

graphs, symbols or visual aids.
Example: Bar Graph, Line Graph, pie graph

⮚ Bar Graph – it is a graph applicable to nominal or ordinal scale of grouped data. The
horizontal axis represents the grouped data. While the vertical axis represents the
frequencies.
⮚ Line Graph – it is a line segment applicable to nominal or ordinal scale of grouped data.
The horizontal axis represents the grouped data while the vertical axis represents the
frequencies
⮚ Pie Chart – it is used to describe the parts of a whole. The pieces of pie represent the
proportions of the total that fall into each category

⦿ Tabular Form of Presentation – Another method of presenting data is tabular form. A

way of classifying related numerical facts in horizontal arrays called lines or rows and
vertical arrays
Frequency Distribution Table

Objectives: Interpret frequency distribution and percentiles.

The frequency distribution table (fdt) - A frequency distribution table is a statistical table
showing the frequency or number of observations contained in each of the defined classes or
categories.

Parts of a frequency distribution table

A. Table Heading – includes the table number and the title of the table

B. Stub or Classes – They give the classifications or categories into which the figures
fall and usually found at the left most side of the table

C. Caption or Box Heading – This gives the designation of the columns or identifies the
figures found in that column. Usually found at the top most of the column

D. Body – Constitutes the main part of the table and contains figures to be presented.

Types of frequency distribution table

⦿ Qualitative or Categorical Frequency Distribution Table – a frequency distribution

table where the data are grouped according to some qualitative characteristics. Data are
grouped into non-numerical categories

⦿ Quantitative Frequency Distribution Table - a frequency distribution table where the

data are grouped according to some numerical or quantitative characteristics.

Important terms in fdt

CLASS LIMITS

⦿ a. Lower Class Limits – are the smallest numbers that can actually belong to different
classes

⦿ b. Upper Class Limits - are the largest numbers that can actually belong to different
classes

CLASS BOUNDARIES

⦿ a. Lower Class Boundaries – Lower Class Boundaries = Lower Class limits + 0.5

⦿ b. Upper Class Boundaries – Upper Class Boundaries = Upper Class limits + 0.5
CLASS MIDPOINT/CLASS MARKS (X) -Class midpoints can be found by adding the lower
class limit to the upper class limit and dividing it into 2.

Percentage (P) – The proportion of observation falling in a class and is expressed in % P=

Class Frequency/Sum of all frequencies

CUMULATIVE FREQUENCY

⦿ Less than cf (cf) – Total number of observations whose values do not exceed
the upper limit of the class

⦿ Greater than cf (cf) - Total number of observations whose values are not less
than the lower limit of the class.

Steps to Construct a Frequency Distribution Table

1. Construct an Array of Raw Data. Arrange the raw data for highest to lowest or vice
versa
2. Choose the Number of Classes (K). The maximum number of classes is 15-20 no
matter how many observations there are. The ideal number of class interval is from 5-15
3. Calculate the Range (R). Find the range by getting the difference between the
maximum value and the minimum value in the set of data
4. Calculate the Class Width or Class Interval (C). Determine the class size by dividing
range by the desired number of classes. Finally, round up to a convenient number (next
integer)
5. Determine Class Limits. The lower class limits is the lowest date value that belongs in
a class and the upper class limits is the highest. Use the minimum value as the lower
class limit in the first class. The upper class limit is determined by the size of the class
interval minus 1. Subsequent Classes shall be obtained in the same manner
6. Determine the Class Frequencies (f). Mark a tally I in appropriate class for each data
value. After all data value are tallied. Count all the tallies in each class for the class
frequencies.
7. Compute for values in other columns of the FDT as deemed necessary.
Sample Problem:

Make a frequency distribution table with 5 classes

Minutes Spent on a phone for one month

102 124 108 86 103 82

71 104 112 118 87 95

103 116 85 122 87 100

105 97 107 67 78 125

109 99 105 99 101 92

Solution:

Step 1. Array of Data

67 86 97 102 105 116

71 87 99 103 107 118

78 87 99 103 108 122

82 92 100 104 109 124

85 95 101 105 112 125

Step 2. Number of Classes K=5

Step 3. Range (R) = 125-67 = 58

Step 4. Class Interval, C = R/K = 58/5 11.6 or 12

Step 5 and 6. Class Limits and Class Frequency