CE-430

Foundation Engineering
Course Duration: One Semester
Credit Units: 02 Credit Hrs. (Contact Hrs. 02)
Level: 7th Semester (4th Year)
Medium of Instruction: English
Prerequisites: Geo-technical Engineering-I Lab

En g r. N a veed Ali
L e c tu rer,
U E T, P es h aw ar, J a lo z a i Ca mp u s

University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Jalozai Campus

 Course Aim

1. To estimate the bearing capacity of soils,

2. Determine the size of foundation (shallow and deep) which is
adequate for meeting bearing capacity and settlement criteria.

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 CLOs , Mapping with PLOs
and Assessment criteria
Program
Taxonomy
CLO Learning
CLO Domain
No. Outcomes

Explain foundations types and selection, foundation 1

loads, bearing capacities, different equations of bearing Engineering
1 C2
capacities, failure modes of soil, foundation settlement, Knowledge
field tests, and soil improvement techniques
Apply the bearing capacity equations, field tests data and 2
2 settlement formulas to estimate load carrying capacity of C3 Problem
shallow and deep foundations analysis
7
Evaluate different types of foundation systems according
Environment
3 to field conditions, also the stability of wall in terms of C5
and
translational, rotational, and bearing.
sustainability

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 Teaching and Learning
Activities (TLAs)
Course learning outcomes will • Self Study
be achieved through a
• Any other Suitable mean
combination of the following
teaching strategies. not covered above
• Mid-term major
• Quizzes examination
• In-class discussions • Instructor lead
• In-class activities presentations
• Homework assignments • Final comprehensive
• Group Assignments/projects examination
• Presentation by Students • Complex Engineering
• Reports Problem

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 Tentative Weekly Schedule
WEEK TOPIC
Introduction to course, Definition, Purpose and types of foundations, General requirement of
1
foundations, Steps in foundation design, Selection of foundation type, Loads on foundation
Definitions and types of bearing capacities, soil response to a loaded footing, Methods of obtaining
2
bearing capacity, collapse load using the limit equilibrium method
Terzaghi`s Bearing Capacity theory, Solved Examples on Terzaghi`s theory, Effect of water table,
3
Solved examples.
Meyerhof`s theory of bearing capacity, Effect of load eccentricity on bearing capacity, Inclined
4
loads, solved example
Total and Effective Stress (Bearing Capacity) Analysis
5
Foundation Design Philosophies: Allowable Stress design, Limit State Design, Solve examples.
6 Introduction, components of settlement: Immediate settlement: (i) Theory of Elasticity, Examples
Determination of Modulus of Elasticity using field and laboratory tests,
Allowable bearing capacity from Field Tests:
7
SPT: Corrections and correlations, Design N value, Examples
Plate Load Test
8 Solved Examples
9 MID TERM EXAM

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 Tentative Weekly Schedule
WEEK TOPIC
10 Primary Consolidation settlement and example
11 Time rate of settlement, solved example
Types of retaining walls and modes of failure, stability of rigid retaining walls, Solved
12
Examples
Solved Examples
13
Backfill Drainage
Types of pile foundations, Methods of construction pile foundations, Methods of load
14
capacity of piles, Driven Piles: Types of hammers, Selection of hammer
Static capacity of single bored/driven piles. Negative skin friction, Pile load test,
15
Examples
Efficiency of pile groups of driven/bored piles in cohesion less/cohesive soil, Group
16
capacity of piles, settlement of piles
Vibrocompaction, vibroreplacement, dynamic compaction, Lime/Cement/Fly-ash
17
stabilization, preloading, vertical drains, jet grouting
18 Final Term Exam

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 Week-1 Layout
Introduction to course,
Definition
Purpose and types of foundations
General requirement of foundations
Steps in foundation design
Selection of foundation type,
Loads on foundation

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 Introduction
A foundation is an integral part of the
structure which transfer the load of the
superstructure to the soil.
A foundation is that member of structure
which provides support for the structure,
and it's loads.

A foundation is provided for the following purposes:

1) To distribute the total load coming on the structure on a larger bearing area to
bring the intensity of load within the safe bearing capacity of soil.
2) To load the bearing surface at a uniform rate to avoid differential settlement.
3) To prevent the lateral movement of supporting material.

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 Introduction
4) To give enough stability to the structures against various disturbing forces, such as
wind (pushes the buildings laterally), earthquake ( move with the ground in an
earthquake) and Flood ( can wash away supporting soil) etc.
5) To prepare a level surface for concreting and masonry work

Due to variety of natural soil, rock and water conditions which are encountered
below the surface of the ground, different foundation systems/types are proposed in
different situations.
Following are the various types of Foundations.

❑ Shallows Foundations
❑ Deep Foundations

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 Shallows Foundations
Shallow foundations are those
foundations where the foundation
depth (Df) is less than the width (B) of
the footing. Shallow foundations are
used when surface soils are sufficiently
strong and stiff to support the imposed
loads; they are generally unsuitable in
weak or highly compressible soils,
such as poorly-compacted fill, peat,
and alluvial soil deposits, etc.

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 Shallows Foundations
Shallow foundations can be further subdivided into:
❑ Spread Footing (Isolated)
❑ Strap Footing
❑ Strip/continuous footings
❑ Combined Footing
❑ Mat or Raft footings

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 Shallows Foundations
Spread (Isolated) Footing:
It is circular, square or rectangular slab of uniform thickness. Sometimes, it
is stepped to spread the load over a larger area. When footing is provided to
support an individual column, it is called “isolated footing”.

Isolated Footing

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 Shallows Foundations
Strap Footing:
It consists of two isolated footings connected with a structural strap or a lever, as
shown in figure. The strap connects the footing such that they behave as one unit.
The strap simply acts as a connecting beam. A strap footing is more economical than
a combined footing when the allowable soil pressure is relatively high and distance
between the columns is large.

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 Shallows Foundations
Combined Footing:
It supports two columns as shown in figure
below. It is used when the two column are so
close to each other that their individual
footings would overlap.
A combined footing is also provided when
the property line is so close to one column
that a spread footing would be eccentrically
loaded when kept entirely within the
property line.
By combining it with that of an interior
column, the load is evenly distributed. A
combine footing may be rectangular or
trapezoidal in plan.
Trapezoidal footing is provided when the
load on one of the column is larger than the
other column.

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 Shallows Foundations
Strip Footing:
It is another type of spread footing which is
provided for a load bearing wall.
A strip footing can also be provided for a row
of columns which are so closely spaced that
their spread footings overlap or nearly touch
each other.
In such cases, it is more economical to provide
a strip footing than to provide a few spread
footings in one line.
A strip footing is also known as continuous
footing.
Strip footing is a footing in which length is
much greater than the width of the footing.

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 Shallows Foundations
Mat footing/Raft footing:
It is a large slab supporting several columns
and walls under entire structure or a large
part of the structure.
A mat is required when the allowable soil
pressure is low or where the columns and
walls are so close that individual footings
would overlap or nearly touch each other.
Mat foundations are useful in reducing the
differential settlements on non-
homogeneous soils or where there is large
variation in the loads on the individual
columns.

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 Shallows Foundations
Necessary Design Considerations for Shallow foundation:
1. Foundation must not settle excessively.
2. Must be placed at depth sufficient to prevent damage from surface
environmental effects (frost, swelling and shrinkage, erosion (refers to a general
lowering of the ground surface over a wide area) and scour (refers to a localized
loss of soil, often around a foundation element).
3. Must not cause failure of supporting soil (Bearing Capacity criteria).

Advantages Disadvantages
1. Cost (affordable) 1. Settlement
2. Construction Procedure (simple) 2. Irregular ground surface (slope, retaining
3. Materials (mostly concrete) wall)
4. Labor (does not need expertise) 3. Foundation subjected to pullout, torsion,
moment.

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 Deep Foundations
❑ Deep foundations are those foundations where the depth of the footing (Df) is
greater or equal to the width (B) of the footing.
❑ Deep Foundation is used Where the bearing capacity of the soil is very low.
❑ The load coming from the superstructure is further transmitted vertically to the
soil.

Deep foundations are used in the following cases:

1. Huge vertical loads with respect to soil 5. For fills having very large depth.
bearing capacity. 6. Uplift situations (expansive
2. Very weak soil or problematic soil. zones)
3. Huge lateral loads e.g., Tower, chimneys 7. Urban areas for future large and
etc. huge construction near the
4. Scour depth criteria. existing building.

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 Deep Foundations
Deep foundations are of the following types:
1. Piles
2. Piers
3. Caissons /Well foundations

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 Deep Foundations
Pile Foundation:
It is deep foundation with Depth (D) >
Breadth (Width of foundation)
Pile foundation are always more expensive
than shallow foundations, but it can
overcome problems of soft surface soils by
transferring loads to stronger, deeper
stratum, thereby reducing settlements.
In this type of foundation, the load is
transmitted by a vertical member. This
vertical member is known as a pile. These weak
piles are generally made of steel, concrete and soil
wooden. These days precast members are
used but we can create these members on site
as well. bed rock
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 Deep Foundations
Pile Foundation:
Bearing piles
According to function
Friction piles

Concrete pile

Wooden/Timber pile
According to material
Steel pile

Composite pile

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 Deep Foundations
Pile Foundation:
Piles may be classified by their basic design function (end-bearing, friction or a
combination) or by their method of Installing (replacement (bored) or displacement
(driven)).
End bearing pile:
Loads are transferred to the competent strata. It rests on a relative firm soil . The load
of the structure is transmitted through the pile into this firm soil or rock because the
base of the pile bears the load of the structure, this type of pile is called end bearing.
Friction pile:
Load supported by frictional resistance between the pile and the earth/soil. It is
driven into soil of uniform consistency and the tip is not seated in a hard layer; the
load-carrying capacity of the pile is developed by skin friction. The load is
transferred to the adjoining soil by friction between the pile and the surrounding soil.

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 Deep Foundations
Displacement Piles:
Piles which are driven are termed as ‘Displacement Piles’ because their installation
methods displaces laterally the soils through which they are introduced. Installation
techniques.

Dropping weight technique.

The dropping weight or drop
hammer is the most used method
of insertion of displacement
piles.

Example
Steel pile, Precast Concrete Piles ,
Timber piles

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 Deep Foundations
Replacement Piles / Bored Piles
Replacement Piles that are formed by creating a borehole, into which the pile is then
cast or placed, are referred to as ‘Replacement Piles’ because existing material which
is soil is usually removed as part of the process.

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 Deep Foundations
Pier foundation:
A pier foundation is a collection of large
diameter cylindrical columns used to support
the superstructure and transfer large super-
imposed loads to the firm strata below. It stood
several feet above the ground. It is also known
as “post foundation”.

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 Deep Foundations
Caissons Foundations:

Caissons are hollow substructures

designed to be constructed on or
near the surface and then sunk as a
single unit to their required level.

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 Steps in Selection of
Foundation Types
1. Obtain the required information concerning the nature of the superstructure
and the loads to be transmitted to the foundation.
2. Obtain the subsurface soil conditions and obtain bearing capacity of soil.
3. Explore the possibility of constructing any one of the types of foundation
under the existing conditions by considering (i) the bearing capacity of the soil
to carry the required load, and (ii) the adverse effects on the structure due to
differential settlements. Eliminate in this way, the unsuitable types.
4. Once one or two types of foundation are selected based on preliminary
studies, make more detailed studies. These studies may require more accurate
determination of loads, subsurface conditions and footing sizes. It may also be
necessary to make more refined estimates of settlement in order to predict the
behavior of the structure.
5. Estimate the cost of each of the promising types of foundation and choose the
type that represents the most acceptable compromise between performance
and cost.

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 Requirements of a Good
Foundation
Basically, a satisfactory foundation must satisfy three criteria:
1. It must be sufficiently deep to be free from seasonal climatic effects such as frost damage
including possible thawing in permafrost areas, damage from adjacent construction or
possible scour from water flow. The foundation must also be located below any topsoil,
other organic material, or any unconsolidated soil such as filled in areas, abandoned
garbage dumps, etc.
2. It must be safe from breaking into the ground (bearing capacity failure) and, the
settlement of the structure must be kept within tolerable limits to minimize the angular
distortion of the parts of the structure, to minimize the possibility of excessive tilting,
particularly of buildings with a high aspect ratio and to prevent damage to adjacent
buildings or attached services, etc.
3. The first condition varies of course with each individual case but generally in cold
regions a minimum foundation depth of about 1.0m to 1.5m is used to place exterior
footings below the frost line. In the hot regions, where frost is not a problem, minimum
depth of foundation is governed by the depth of erosion due to surface water runoff to
prevent possible loss of support. This in practice is about 1 m.

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 Assignments
What are the several types of caisson foundation? Explain each in detail

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