⚙️ Physics Reviewer
📏 I. Measurement and Units
A. SI Base Units
Quantity Unit Symbol
Length meter m
Mass kilogram kg
Time second s
Temperature kelvin K
Electric Current ampere A
Amount of mole mol
substance
B. Scalars vs Vectors
● Scalar: Magnitude only (e.g., speed, mass)
● Vector: Magnitude + direction (e.g., velocity, force)
🚗 II. Kinematics (Motion)
A. Basic Equations (assuming constant acceleration)
Formula Description
v = u + at Final velocity
s = ut + Displacement
½at²
v² = u² + Velocity-displacement relation
2as
●
u: initial velocity
● v: final velocity
● a: acceleration
● s: displacement
● t: time
B. Graph Interpretation
● Slope of position-time: velocity
● Slope of velocity-time: acceleration
● Area under velocity-time: displacement
🧲 III. Forces and Newton’s Laws
Newton’s Laws of Motion:
1. Inertia: An object in motion stays in motion unless acted upon.
2. F = ma: Force = mass × acceleration
3. Action-Reaction: For every action, there's an equal and opposite reaction.
Common Forces:
● Gravity: F = mg
● Friction: opposes motion
● Normal force: support force from a surface
● Tension: force in a string or rope
🌀 IV. Work, Power, and Energy
A. Work
● W = Fd cos(θ)
(Force × distance × cosine of angle between them)
B. Power
● P = W/t (Work / Time)
C. Energy
● Kinetic Energy (KE) = ½mv²
● Potential Energy (PE) = mgh
● Mechanical Energy = KE + PE
● Conservation of Energy: Total energy remains constant (ignoring friction)
🔁 V. Momentum and Collisions
● Momentum (p) = mv
● Impulse = Ft = Δp
● Law of Conservation of Momentum:
○ In a closed system: total momentum before = total momentum after
Types of Collisions:
● Elastic: KE conserved
● Inelastic: KE not conserved (objects may stick)
🌊 VI. Waves and Sound
A. Wave Properties
Property Symbol Unit
Wavelength λ meter (m)
Frequency f hertz (Hz)
Speed v m/s
●
v = fλ
B. Types of Waves
● Transverse: Particles move perpendicular to wave direction (e.g., light)
● Longitudinal: Particles move parallel (e.g., sound)
💡 VII. Light and Optics
● Reflection: Angle in = angle out
● Refraction: Bending of light (Snell’s Law: n₁sinθ₁ = n₂sinθ₂)
● Lenses/Mirrors: Use 1/f = 1/do + 1/di
○ f = focal length, do = object distance, di = image distance
⚡ VIII. Electricity and Magnetism
A. Ohm’s Law
● V = IR (Voltage = Current × Resistance)
B. Power
● P = IV
● P = I²R or P = V²/R
C. Circuits
● Series: One path
○ Current same, voltage splits
● Parallel: Multiple paths
○ Voltage same, current splits
🧪 IX. Thermodynamics
● Temperature: Average kinetic energy
● Heat (Q): Energy transfer due to temperature difference
● Specific Heat Formula:
○ Q = mcΔT
Laws of Thermodynamics:
1. Energy is conserved.
2. Heat flows from hot to cold.
3. Absolute zero is unattainable.
🛰 X. Circular Motion & Gravitation
A. Uniform Circular Motion
● Centripetal force: F = mv²/r
B. Newton’s Law of Universal Gravitation:
● F = G(m₁m₂)/r²
