MECHANICS - defined as that science which Coplanar Non-concurrent, Non-parallel: Forces
describes and predicts the conditions of rest or lie in the same plane but do not meet or run
motion of bodies under the action of forces. parallel.
STATIC - dealing with bodies at rest. Non coplanar force system;
DYNAMICS - dealing with bodies in motion.
Both bodies are assumed to be perfectly rigid. Non-coplanar concurrent forces - forces whose
line of action do not lie on the same plane but
MECHANICS OF DEFORMABLE BODIES - meet at one point.
actual structures and mechanics, however, are
Non-coplanar nonconcurrent forces- forces
never absolutely rigid and deform under the loads
whose line of action do not lie on the same plane,
to which they are subjected.
and do not meet at the same point.
Deformations are important as far as the RIGID BODY - a definite amount of matter, the
resistance of the structure to failure is concerned parts are fixed in position relative to each other.
and are studied in mechanics of materials.
FORCE - which changes or tends to change, the
MECHANICS OF FLUIDS - It is subdivided into state of motion of a body. Definition applies to the
the study of incompressible fluids and of external effect of the force.
compressible fluids.
1. Its magnitude
An important subdivision of the study of 2. The position of its line of action and
incompressible fluids is hydraulics, which deals 3. The direction in which the force acts its
with problems involving water. line of action
ENGINEERING MECHANICS - science which STATICS is formed on the basis of Newton's law
considers the effects of forces on rigid bodies. of motion, the validity of which is based on
experimental observation; these laws apply to the
STATIC - consider the effects and distribution of motion of a particle as measured from a non-
focus on rigid bodies caused by the forces acting accelerating reference frame.
upon them.
FIRST LAW. a particle that is originally at rest, or
moving in a straight line with constant velocity,
FORCE SYSTEMS - refers to a group of forces
tends to remain in this state provided the particle
acting on a body or structure. These forces can
is not subjected to an unbalanced force.
differ in magnitude, direction, and point of
application. Understanding how they interact is
SECOND LAW. A particle acted upon by an
essential in engineering mechanics, especially in
unbalanced force F experiences an acceleration
statics, where the goal is to analyze conditions
that has the same direction as the force and a
for equilibrium (no movement).
magnitude that is directly proportional to the
force. If F is applied to a particle of mass m, this
Any arrangement where two or more forces act
law may be expressed mathematically as
on a body or on a group of related bodies
THIRD LAW - The mutual forces of action and
Coplanar Collinear Force - All forces lie in the
reaction between two particles are equal,
same plane.
opposite and collinear
Coplanar Concurrent Force: Forces meet or
The principle of transmissibility of a force states
intersect at a single point.
that the external force on a body is the same for
all points of application along its line of action. It is
independent of the point of application.
Coplanar Parallel Force: Forces are parallel to
each other(weight on a beam) on the same plane.
AXIOMS OF MECHANICS
The principles of mechanics are postulated upon
several less self evident facts which cannot be
proven mathematically but can only be
demonstrated to be true.
The parallelogram law: the resultant of two
forces is the diagonal formed on the vectors of
these forces.
Two forces are in equilibrium only when equal
magnitude, opposite in direction and collinear in
action.
A set of forces in equilibrium may be added to
any stem of focus without changing the effect of
the original system.
Action and reaction forces are equal but
oppositely directed.
SCALAR AND VECTOR QUANTITIES
Scalar Quantities which possess magnitude only
and can be combined arithmetically are defined
as scalars common ex; area, energy, mass and
time.
Vectors are defined as quantities having both
magnitude and direction which combine
geometrically according to the parallelogram law.
Common examples of vectors are force, moment,
velocity.
FREE BODY DIAGRAM sketch of the isolated
body which shows only the forces acting upon the
body.
SYSTEMS OF MECHANICS
Length - meter (m)
Mass-kilogram(kg)
Time- seconds (s)
Force - Newton (N) defined as the force which
gives an acceleration of 1m/s2 to a mass of 1 kg
Weight - newton (N) the weight of a body, or the
force of gravity exerted on that body, should like
any other force.
COUPLE - two parallel forces that have the same point of rotation (in meters)
magnitude but opposite direction are known as
couples. ● Unit: Newton-meter (N·m)
Couple is unable to produce a straight line.
🔹 Direction:
COUPLE ARM perpendicular distance between
the lines of action of two and opposite parallel ● Clockwise → Negative moment
forces.
● Counterclockwise → Positive moment
🔹 Couple
A couple is a special type of moment produced
by two equal and opposite forces whose lines
of action do not coincide (they are parallel but not
colinear).
● It causes rotation only, without resulting
in any net force or translation.
● The net force = 0, but a pure moment
exists.
Formula for Couple Moment:
● F is the magnitude of one of the forces
● d is the perpendicular distance between
the forces (called the arm of the couple)
\
Moment (or Torque)
A moment is the measure of the tendency of a
force to rotate an object about a point or an axis.
Formula:
A body is in equilibrium when the net force and
net moment acting on it are both zero.
● F is the force applied (in Newtons)
● d is the perpendicular distance from the
line of action of the force to the axis or
