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Finals 2 - Earth Science 11

The document discusses geological processes occurring beneath the Earth's surface, including shearing, volcanism, and magmatism, which continuously reshape the Earth. It explains plate tectonic theory, detailing different types of plate boundaries: divergent, convergent, and transform, along with their effects such as earthquakes and mountain formation. Additionally, it references the Continental Drift Theory proposed by Alfred Wegener, highlighting evidence like fossil records that support the idea of a supercontinent called Pangea.

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marcgiandelacruz08
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10 views3 pages

Finals 2 - Earth Science 11

The document discusses geological processes occurring beneath the Earth's surface, including shearing, volcanism, and magmatism, which continuously reshape the Earth. It explains plate tectonic theory, detailing different types of plate boundaries: divergent, convergent, and transform, along with their effects such as earthquakes and mountain formation. Additionally, it references the Continental Drift Theory proposed by Alfred Wegener, highlighting evidence like fossil records that support the idea of a supercontinent called Pangea.

Uploaded by

marcgiandelacruz08
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

Endogenic Process Shearing

Cause masses of rock to slip


Geological processes that Plate Tectonic Theory
occur beneath the surface of The Earth has several
the Earth. structure called plates.

Volcanism Largest Plate - Pacific Plate


Primary forces that
continuously change the Smallest Plate - Philippine
Earth’s surface. Plate

Covers expulsion of gases,


lava, and solid materials from Plate Boundaries
the opening in the crust.  Divergent Boundaries
 Convergent Boundaries
Magmatism  Transform Fault
Process under the Earth’s Boundaries
crust where formation and
movement of magma occur. Divergent Boundaries
Also called spreading
Deformation of The Crust boundaries. These plates
move away from each other,
Forces leaving a gap in between.
 Compression
 Tension Earthquakes are common
 Shearing and magma (molten rock)
rises from the Earth’s mantle
Compression to the surface, solidifying to
Squeezes and shortens the create new oceanic crust.
layer of rock
 Rift Valley
Usually done in Convergent  New Ocean Basin
Boundary  Mature Ocean/Mid-
Ocean Ridge
Tension
Stretches the rock Internal Heat -> Amount of
Kinetic Energy
Usually done in Divergent
Boundary
Convergent Boundaries Evidences
Two plates come together.
The impact of colliding plates  Study of ancient climate
can cause the edges of one or paleoclimatology,
or both plates to buckle up fossil evidence, and rock
into a mountain ranges or layers on the east coast
one of the plates may bend of South America were
down into a deep seafloor similar to those found on
trench. west coast Africa.

 Oceanic - Oceanic  Geometrical fit of the


-> Island arc continents and also
 Oceanic - Continental made use of the
-> Trench; Volcanic arc matching of geological
 Continental-Continental features of oceans.
-> Mountain ranges
Folding
Transform Fault Fold can be defined as a
Boundaries bend in rock that is a
Two plates sliding past each response to compressional
other. Earthquakes shake the force. It can be likened to the
land when rocks move along waves in the ocean. Earth
a fault. The San Andreas has a crest or uphold and a
Fault in California is an trough or down fold. Folds
example. are most visible in rocks that
containing layering.
 Fault - are cracks in the
earth. Faulting
Faults form in rocks when the
Continental Drift Theory stresses overcome the
Alfred Wegener (1912), a internal strength of the rock
German meteorologist. He resulting in a fracture. It is
explained that there was defined as the displacement
once a supercontinent called of once connected blocks of
“Pangea” (Greek: “all the rocks along a fault.
land”) that existed.
At Mid-Oceanic Ridges
where the plates on opposite
sides of the rift valley are
moving away from each
other. As the plates move
apart, new material wells up
and cools onto the edges of
the plates.

Mesosaurus
Aquatic fish, catching reptile
found in black shales about
260 million years ago in
Eastern South America and
South Western Africa.
According to Wegener, this is
one of the confirmations that
South America and Africa
were once part of a large
land mass.

Stresses
 Compressionn
- compress rocks
 Tansion
- stretches rocks
 Shear
- acts in parallel but opposite
direction

 stress can cause rocks to


deform and leading to
fractures, fold or faults

Seafloor Spreading

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