SQL Basics - Hinglish Translation
What is SQL?
- SQL ka matlab hai Structured Query Language. Ye RDBMS (Relational Database Management System)
me data ko store aur manage karne ke liye use hoti hai.
- Ye ek standard language hai relational database ke liye, jisse user database create, read, update aur delete
kar sakta hai.
- MySQL, Oracle, MS Access, SQL Server jaise sabhi RDBMS systems SQL use karte hain.
SQL ke Rules:
- SQL case sensitive nahi hoti, par keywords usually uppercase me likhe jaate hain.
- SQL statement ek ya zyada lines me likha ja sakta hai.
- SQL ka base hota hai relational algebra aur tuple relational calculus.
SQL Process:
- Jab SQL command execute hoti hai, tab SQL engine best way decide karta hai query ko chalane ka.
- Process me Optimization Engine, Query Dispatcher, Classic Engine jaise components shamil hote hain.
SQL ke Fayde:
- High speed
- Coding ki zarurat nahi
- Portability
- Multiple data view
- Interactive Language
- Standards defined hain
SQL Data Types:
- Column me kis type ka data store hoga, usko define karta hai.
SQL Commands:
1. DDL (Data Definition Language): Table structure banata hai ya badalta hai.
- CREATE: Nayi table banane ke liye
- ALTER: Column add ya modify karne ke liye
- DROP: Table hataane ke liye
- TRUNCATE: Table ke sabhi rows delete karta hai
2. DML (Data Manipulation Language): Data insert/update/delete karta hai.
- INSERT: Data daalne ke liye
- UPDATE: Existing data badalne ke liye
- DELETE: Data hataane ke liye
3. DCL (Data Control Language): User ko access dena ya wapas lena.
- GRANT: Permissions dena
- REVOKE: Permissions wapas lena
4. TCL (Transaction Control Language): Transactions control karta hai.
- COMMIT: Changes save karta hai
- ROLLBACK: Changes undo karta hai
- SAVEPOINT: Transaction ke ek point ko save karta hai
5. DQL (Data Query Language): Data fetch karne ke liye use hota hai.
- SELECT: Data ko retrieve karta hai
SQL Operators:
- Arithmetic: +, -, *, /, %
- Comparison: =, !=, <>, >, <, >=, <=
- Logical: AND, OR, NOT, BETWEEN, IN, LIKE
Views:
- Virtual table hoti hai jo table ke selected data ko dikhati hai.
- CREATE VIEW, DROP VIEW commands use hoti hain.
Index:
- Data ko fast retrieve karne ke liye use hota hai.
- CREATE INDEX, DROP INDEX commands se banaya jata hai.
Subqueries:
- Query ke andar query.
- SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE ke saath use hoti hain.
Clauses:
- GROUP BY: Similar data group karta hai
- HAVING: Grouped data filter karta hai
- ORDER BY: Result ko sort karta hai
Aggregate Functions:
- COUNT(): Kitni rows hain yeh batata hai
- SUM(): Total nikalta hai
- AVG(): Average nikalta hai
- MAX(): Maximum value
- MIN(): Minimum value
SQL Joins:
- INNER JOIN: Dono tables ke matching data ko dikhata hai
- LEFT JOIN: Left table ka sab data aur right ka matching
- RIGHT JOIN: Right table ka sab data aur left ka matching
- FULL JOIN: Dono table ka sabhi data
Set Operations:
- UNION: Dono queries ka combined result
- INTERSECT: Common rows
- MINUS: First query ke rows jo second me nahi hain
Ye Hinglish summary aapko SQL ke har topic ko samajhne me madad karegi.
