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Physics

The document provides an overview of fundamental concepts in physics, including its definition, branches, physical quantities, laws of motion, work, energy, power, gravitation, light, electricity, magnetism, and modern physics. It also includes key formulas for quick reference. The content serves as a foundational guide for understanding the principles governing matter and energy interactions.

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74 views4 pages

Physics

The document provides an overview of fundamental concepts in physics, including its definition, branches, physical quantities, laws of motion, work, energy, power, gravitation, light, electricity, magnetism, and modern physics. It also includes key formulas for quick reference. The content serves as a foundational guide for understanding the principles governing matter and energy interactions.

Uploaded by

madxxgamerz
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

📘 Class Notes: Physics (Fundamentals)

🔹 1. What is Physics?

Physics is the study of matter, energy, and the interactions between them. It helps us
understand how the universe behaves.

🔹 2. Branches of Physics

Branch What It Studies

Mechanics Motion and forces

Thermodynamics Heat and temperature

Electromagnetism Electric and magnetic fields

Optics Light and vision

Waves & Sound Vibrations and wave motion

Modern Physics Quantum theory, atoms, nuclear science

🔹 3. Physical Quantities & Units

📌 Types of Quantities:

 Scalar: Has only magnitude (e.g., speed, mass, temperature)

 Vector: Has both magnitude and direction (e.g., velocity, force)

📌 SI Units:

Quantity Unit Symbol

Length metre m

Mass kilogram kg

Time second s

Temperature kelvin K

Current ampere A

Force newton N

Energy joule J
Quantity Unit Symbol

Power watt W

🔹 4. Laws of Motion (Newton's Laws)

1. First Law (Inertia):


An object remains at rest or in uniform motion unless acted on by a force.

2. Second Law:
Force = Mass × Acceleration

F=maF = maF=ma

3. Third Law:
For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction.

🔹 5. Work, Energy, and Power

 Work (W) = Force × Displacement × cos(θ)


Unit: Joule (J)

 Kinetic Energy (KE) = 12mv2\frac{1}{2}mv^221mv2

 Potential Energy (PE) = mgh

 Power (P) = Work / Time


Unit: Watt (W)

🔹 6. Laws of Gravitation

Newton’s Law of Gravitation:

F=Gm1m2r2F = G \frac{m_1 m_2}{r^2}F=Gr2m1m2

Where:

 F is gravitational force

 G is the gravitational constant

 m₁, m₂ are masses

 r is the distance between them


🔹 7. Light & Optics

 Reflection: Bouncing of light from a surface.

 Refraction: Bending of light when it enters a new medium.

 Lens & Mirror formulas:

1f=1v−1u\frac{1}{f} = \frac{1}{v} - \frac{1}{u}f1=v1−u1

(Sign convention applies.)

🔹 8. Electricity Basics

 Current (I) = Flow of electric charge


Unit: Ampere (A)

 Voltage (V) = Potential difference


Unit: Volt (V)

 Resistance (R) = Opposition to current

V=IR(Ohm’s Law)V = IR \quad \text{(Ohm's Law)}V=IR(Ohm’s Law)

 Power (P) = V × I = I²R

🔹 9. Magnetism

 Magnets have two poles: North and South.

 Like poles repel, unlike poles attract.

 A current-carrying wire generates a magnetic field.

🔹 10. Modern Physics

 Atoms & Nuclei: Structure of atom, isotopes, radioactivity

 Nuclear Reactions: Fission and Fusion

 Photoelectric Effect: Light can cause electrons to eject from a surface (basis of
quantum theory)

🔹 Bonus: Formula Sheet (Quick Recall)


Concept Formula

Speed Distance / Time

Acceleration Change in velocity / Time

Force F = ma

Work W = F × d × cos(θ)

Kinetic Energy KE = ½ mv²

Potential Energy PE = mgh

Power P = Work / Time

Ohm's Law V = IR

Lens Formula 1/f = 1/v - 1/u

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