3.
System Analisis and Design
Munawar, PhD
Elements of a System
• Outputs and Inputs
• Processor
• Control
• Feedback
• Environment
• Boundaries and Interface
Types of System
• Physical – These are tangible entities that may be static or
dynamic in operation. For example- parts of a computer
center are the desks, chairs etc.
• Abstract System – These are conceptual or non physical
entities. For example- the abstract conceptualization of
physical situations.
• Deterministic System – It operates in a predictable manner
and the interaction between parts is known with certainty. For
example: Two molecules of hydrogen and one molecule of
oxygen make water.
• Probabilistic System – It shows probable behavior. The exact
output is not known. For example: weather forecasting
• Social System- It is made up of people. For example: social
clubs, societies
• Natural System- The system which is natural. For example-
Solar system, Seasonal System.
• Manufactured System- System made by man is called
manufactured system. For example- Rockets, Dams, and
Trains.
Types of System (cont’d)
• Permanent System- Which persists for long time. For
example- policies of business.
• Temporary System- Made for specified time and after that
they are dissolved. For example- setting up DJ system.
• Adaptive System- responds to change in the environment in
such a way to improve their performance and to survive.
• Non Adaptive System-The system which doesn‘t respond to
the environment. For example- Machines
• Open System – It has many interfaces with its environment. It
interacts across its boundaries, it receives inputs from and
delivers outputs to the outside world.
• Closed System – It is isolated from the environmental
influences. A completely closed system is rare.
Case Tools
• CASE tools stand for Computer Aided Software
Engineering tools
• Computer based programs to increase the
productivity of analysts
• They permit effective communication with users as
well as other members of the development team.
• They integrate the development done during each
phase of a system life cycle.
• They assist in correctly assessing the effects and
cost of changes so that maintenance cost can be
estimated.
Advantages of case tools
• they integrate the development done during
each phase of system development
• they permit effective communication with users
• they are useful as communication aids with
users of the system
Disadvantages of case tools
• Some tools are expensive
• All software engineers need to be trained to
use these tools
• A lot of time is wasted in using the tools
• Software developed using CASE tools are of
poor quality
System Flow Chart
• System flowcharts are a way of displaying how
data flows in a system and how decisions are
made to control events.
• To illustrate this, symbols are used. They are
connected together to show what happens to
data and where it goes.
DFD
• The Data Flow Diagram (DFD) is a graphical
representation of the flow of data through an
information system.
• It enables you to represent the processes in your
information system from the viewpoint of data.
• The DFD lets you visualize how the system
operates, what the system accomplishes and how
it will be implemented, when it is refined with
further specification.
Types of DFD
• Logical data flow diagrams - are implementation-
independent and describe the system, rather than
how activities are accomplished.
• Physical data flow diagrams - are implementation-
dependent and describe the actual entities
(devices, department, people, etc.) involved in the
current system.
ER Model
An entity–relationship model (ER model) is a data
model for describing the data or information
aspects of a business domain or its process
requirements, in an abstract way that lends itself
to ultimately being implemented in a database
such as a relational database
Development Methodologies
• Waterfall models
• Spiral models
• Iterative models
• Object Oriented/ UML
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System Development Life Cycle
Waterfall Development-based Methodology
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Adaptation of the Unified Process Phased Development
Methodology: Example of RAD
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Major object-oriented modeling techniques include:
Use Case diagrams
Class diagrams
Sequence diagrams
Statechart diagrams
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Integration of four UML Diagrams
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Munawar, PhD
