LECTURE NOTES

ON

ELECTRICAL MACHINE (Chapter 4)

BRANCH- ELECTRONICS AND

TELLECOMMUNICATION

4th Semester

Department of Electrical Engineering

S. K. D. A. V. GOVERNMENT POLYTECHNIC

ROURKELA 12

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COURSE CONTENTS

CHAPTER-4

AC CIRCUITS
4.1 State Mathematical representation of phasors, significant of operator “J”
4.2 Discuss Addition, Subtraction, Multiplication and Division of phasor quantities.
4.3 Explain AC series circuits containing resistance, capacitances, Conception of active,
reactive and apparent power and Q-factor of series circuits & solve related problems.
4.4 Find the relation of AC Parallel circuits containing Resistances, Inductance and
Capacitances Q- factor of parallel circuits.

Phasor Algebra :
The ‘Phasor’ is defined as “The complex number in the polar form with which we can
analyze the circuit”. It is a vector quantity. In this vector representation we use Cartesian
plane.

A vector quantity can be expressed in terms of

(i) Rectangular or Cartesian form
(ii) Trigonometric form
(iii) Exponential form
(iv) Polar form

(i) Rectangular or Cartesian form

In the rectangular form, the phasor is divided up into a real part, x and an imaginary
part, y forming the generalised expression Z= x + jy
Where x = A cosθ is the active part and y = A sinθ is the reactive part
j is an operator which shift the phasor by an angle of 90ᵒ in counter-clock wise direction.

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(ii)Trigonometric form
Z = A(cosθ + j sinθ )

(iii) Exponential form :-

𝑦
Z= A ejθ where θ= tan-1𝑥 and A=√(𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 )

(iv) Polar form :- Z= A∠𝜽

Complex Addition and Subtraction

Multiplication and Division of Complex Numbers

Multiplication in Polar Form

Multiplying together 6 ∠30o and 8 ∠– 45o in polar form gives us.

Division in Polar Form

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Example1: Find | − 1 + 4i|.
Sol: | − 1 + 4i| = √ 1 + 16 = √ 17
Examples2. Write the following complex numbers in trigonometric form:
(a) −4 + 4i
To write the number in trigonometric form, we need A and θ.

A = √−42 + 42 = √ 32 = 4√ 2
4
tan θ = = −1
−4

hence θ = 3π /4 Then, −4 + 4i = 4√ 2 ( cos 3π/ 4 + j sin 3π/ 4)

2√3
(b) 2 - 𝑗 3

2√3 4√3
E= √[22 + ( )] =
3 3

2√3
−
tan θ = 3
= − √ 3/ 3 hence θ = 11π /6 ,
2

4√3
Then, the trigonometric form is (cos 11π/6 + j sin 11π/ 6 )
3

Purely Resistive Circuit

In a purely resistive circuit whole of the applied voltage is utilized in overcoming the ohmic
resistance of the circuit. A purely resistive circuit is also known as the non-inductive circuit.

From the expression of instantaneous applied voltage and instantaneous current it is evident
that in a purely resistive circuit, the applied voltage and current are in phase with each other.

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It is seen from the power curve for purely resistive circuit no part of power cycle becomes
negative at any time i.e. in the purely resistive circuit power is never zero. This is so because
instantaneous values of voltage and current are always either positive or negative and hence
the product is always positive. The frequency of power cycle is double that of the voltage and
current waves.

The power factor of the purely resistive circuit (cos φ) is 1.

Purely Inductive Circuit

A pure inductive coil is that which has no ohmic resistance and hence no I 2R loss.

From the expression of instantaneous applied voltage and instantaneous current flowing
through the purely inductive circuit, it is observed that the current lags behind the voltage by
π/2.

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The power curve for the purely inductive circuit is shown in above figure. It is clear that
average power in a half cycle is zero as the negative and positive loop area under power
curve is the same.

In a purely inductive circuit, during the first quarter cycle, what so ever energy (or power) is
supplied by the source that is stored in the magnetic field set-up around the coil. In the next
quarter cycle, the magnetic field collapses and the energy (or power) stored in the magnetic
field is returned to the source. Hence, no power is consumed in a purely inductive circuit.

Purely Capacitive Circuit

When an alternating voltage is applied to a purely capacitive circuit, the capacitor is charged
first in one direction and then in the opposite direction.

From the expression of instantaneous applied voltage and instantaneous current flowing
through the purely capacitive circuit, it is observed that the current leads the voltage by π/2.

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 The power curve for the purely capacitive circuit is shown in the figure. It is clear that
average power in a half cycle is zero as the negative and positive loop area under power
curve is the same.

In the purely capacitive circuit, during the first quarter cycle, what so ever energy (or power)
is supplied by the source is stored in the electric field set-up between the capacitor plates. In
the next quarter cycle, the electric field collapses and the energy (or power) stored in the
electric field is returned to the source. This process is repeated in every alternation. Hence, no
power is consumed in the purely capacitive circuit.

AC through RL series circuit

When an AC supply voltage V is applied the current, I flows in the circuit. I R and IL will be
the current flowing in the resistor and inductor respectively, but the amount of current
flowing through both the elements will be same as they are connected in series with each
other.

Where,

 VR – voltage across the resistor R

 VL – voltage across the inductor L

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 V – Total voltage of the circuit

VR = I R= RMS value of voltage across resistor

VL = IXL = RMS value of voltage across inductor

where XL = 2πfL Ω= inductive reactance
From the phasor diagram:

where
Z is the total opposition offered to the flow of alternating current by an RL Series circuit and
is called impedance of the circuit. It is measured in ohms (Ω).
From the phasor diagram it is clear that current lags behind the voltage by an angle (ф) less
than 90ᵒ.

The equation for current is

The instantaneous power is given by the equation
P = vi

The average power consumed in the circuit over one complete cycle is given by the equation
shown below

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Where cosϕ is called the power factor of the circuit.

Putting the value of V and cosϕ from the above equation the value of power will be

From the above equation it can be concluded that the inductor does not consume any power
in the circuit.
The waveform and power curve of the RL Series Circuit is shown below

RC Series Circuit
A circuit that contains pure resistance R ohms connected in series with a pure capacitor of
capacitance C farads is known as RC Series Circuit. A sinusoidal voltage is applied to and
current I flows through the resistance (R) and the capacitance (C) of the circuit.The RC Series
circuit is shown in the figure below

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 Where,

 VR – voltage across the resistance R

 VC – voltage across the capacitor C
 V – total voltage across the RC Series circuit

Now VR = I R= RMS value of voltage across resistor

VL = IXL = RMS value of voltage across inductor

where XL = 2πfL Ω= inductive reactance

From the phasor diagram of a RC series circuit

Where

Z is called impedance of the circuit. It is measured in ohms (Ω).

From the phasor diagram shown above it is clear that the current in the circuit leads the
applied voltage by an angle ϕ and this angle is called the phase angle.

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Thus the expression of instantaneous value of current through RC series circuit is given by

The instantaneous power is given by the equation

P = vi
By putting the value of v and i

The Average power consumed in the circuit over a complete cycle is given by

Where, cosϕ is called the power factor of the circuit.

Putting the value of V and cosϕ from the above equation the value of power will be

From the above equation it is clear that the power is actually consumed by the resistance
only and the capacitor does not consumes any power in the circuit.
The waveform and power curve of the RC Circuit is shown below

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 The power is negative between the angle (180◦ – ϕ) and 180◦ and between (360◦ -ϕ) and 360◦
and in the rest of the cycle the power is positive. Since the area under the positive loops is
greater than that under the negative loops, therefore the net power over a complete cycle is
positive.

RLC Series Circuit

The RLC Series Circuit is defined as when a pure resistance of R ohms, a pure inductance
of L Henry and a pure capacitance of C farads are connected together in series combination
with each other. As all the three elements are connected in series so, the current flowing in
each element of the circuit will be same. RLC series circuit is shown below:

In the RLC Series Circuit

XL = 2πfL and XC = 1/2πfC

When the AC voltage is applied through the RLC Series Circuit the resulting current I flows
through the circuit, and thus the voltage across each element will be

 VR = IR that is the voltage across the resistance R and is in phase with the current I.

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 VL = IXL that is the voltage across the inductance L and it leads the current I by an angle of
90 degrees.
 VC = IXC that is the voltage across the capacitor C and it lags the current I by an angle of 90
degrees.

The phasor diagram of the RLC Series Circuit when the circuit is acting as an inductive
circuit that means (VL>VC) is shown below and if (VL< VC) the circuit will behave as a
capacitive circuit.

Hence from phasor diagram

Where

From the phasor diagram, the value of phase angle will be

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 The product of voltage and current is defined as power (since power only consumed by
resister)

Where cosϕ is the power factor of the circuit and is expressed as

The three cases of RLC Series Circuit

 When XL > XC, the phase angle ϕ is positive. The circuit behaves as a RL series circuit in
which the current lags behind the applied voltage and the power factor is lagging.
 When XL < XC, the phase angle ϕ is negative, and the circuit acts as a series RC circuit in
which the current leads the voltage by 90 degrees.
 When XL = XC, the phase angle ϕ is zero, as a result, the circuit behaves like a purely
resistive circuit. In this type of circuit, the current and voltage are in phase with each other.
The value of power factor is unity.

Impedance Triangle of RLC Series Circuit

The impedance triangle of the RLC series circuit, when (XL > XC) is shown below

If the inductive reactance is greater than the capacitive reactance then the circuit reactance is
inductive giving a lagging phase angle.

The impedance triangle of the RLC series circuit, when (XL< XC) is shown below:

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When the capacitive reactance is greater than the inductive reactance the overall circuit
reactance acts as a capacitive and the phase angle will be leading.

Power Triangle :
Power triangle for RLC series circuit is shown below when (XL > XC)

Where:
P = I2R or Real power that performs work measured in watts (W).
Q = I2X or Reactive power measured in volt-amperes reactive(VAr)
S = I2Z or Apparent power measured in volt-amperes (VA)
Φ is the phase angle in degrees. The larger the phase angle, the greater the reactive
power
Cos(Φ) = P/S = W/VA = power factor, p.f.
Sin(Φ) = Q/S = VAr/VA
Tan(Φ) = Q/P = VAr/W
Hence the power factor is calculated as the ratio of the real power to the apparent power.

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RLC series circuit Example No1
A series RLC circuit containing a resistance of 12Ω, an inductance of 0.15H and a capacitor
of 100uF are connected in series across a 100V, 50Hz supply. Calculate the total circuit
impedance, the circuits current, power factor and draw the voltage phasor diagram.

Solution: Inductive reactance:

Capacitive Reactance:

Circuit Impedance:

Circuits Current:

Voltages across the Series RLC Circuit, VR, VL, VC.

Circuits Power factor and Phase Angle, θ.

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Phasor Diagram.

Since the phase angle θ is calculated as a positive value of 51.8o the overall reactance of the
circuit must be inductive. Hence the current “lags” the source voltage by 51.8o

RLC series circuit Example No2

A wound coil that has an inductance of 180mH and a resistance of 35Ω is connected to a
100V 50Hz supply. Calculate: a) the impedance of the coil, b) the current, c) the power
factor, and d) the apparent power consumed.
Also draw the resulting power triangle for the above coil.
Data given: R = 35Ω, L = 180mH, V = 100V and ƒ = 50Hz.
(a) Impedance (Z) of the coil:

(b) Current (I) consumed by the coil:

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(c) The power factor and phase angle, Φ:

(d) Apparent power (S) consumed by the coil:

(e) Power triangle for the coil:

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 Parallel RLC Circuit

All the variable shown in the diagram are RMS quantities.

Here:

Impedance of a Parallel RLC Circuit

Where

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1 1 1 1
= Y= admittance, = G= conductance, = BL = inductive susceptance, = BC =
𝑍 𝑅 𝑋𝐿 𝑋𝐶
capacitive susceptance.

Admittance Triangle for a Parallel RLC Circuit is shown below:

Giving us a power factor angle of:

Parallel RLC Circuit Example No1

A 1kΩ resistor, a 142mH coil and a 160uF capacitor are all connected in parallel across a
240V, 60Hz supply. Calculate the impedance of the parallel RLC circuit and the current
drawn from the supply.

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Solution: R = 1kΩ
Inductive Reactance, ( XL ):

Capacitive Reactance, ( XC ):

Impedance, ( Z ):

Supply Current, ( Is ):

Parallel RLC Circuit Example No2

A 50Ω resistor, a 20mH coil and a 5uF capacitor are all connected in parallel across a 50V,
100Hz supply. Calculate the total current drawn from the supply, the current for each branch,
the total impedance of the circuit and the phase angle. Also construct the current and
admittance triangles representing the circuit.

1). Inductive Reactance, ( XL ):

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2). Capacitive Reactance, ( XC ):

3). Impedance, ( Z ):

4). Current through resistance, R ( IR ):

5). Current through inductor, L ( IL ):

6). Current through capacitor, C ( IC ):

7). Total supply current, ( IS ):

8). Conductance, ( G ):

9). Inductive Susceptance, ( BL ):

10). Capacitive Susceptance, ( BC ):

11). Admittance, ( Y ):

12). Phase Angle, ( φ ) between the resultant current and the supply voltage:

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Current and Admittance Triangles

Q- Factor: Quality factor is defined as the reciprocal of power factor i.e

1
Q-factor = 𝑐𝑜𝑠ф

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