9

MATHEMATICS
Quarter 3 – Module 5
Fundamental Theorems
of Proportionality

NegOr_Q3_Math 9_Module5_v2

NegOr_Q3_Math 9_Module5_v2
Mathematics – Grade 9
Alternative Delivery Mode
Quarter 3 – Module 5: Fundamental Theorems of Proportionality
Second Edition, 2021

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Published by the Department of Education

Secretary: Leonor Magtolis Briones
Undersecretary: Diosdado M. San Antonio

Development Team of the Module

Writer: Enrico John Tison
Editors: Nolan Ryan R. Alas-as & Florencio M. Bartolo Jr.
Reviewers: Teresita P. Bubole, Cheryl V. Acabal, & Melba S. Tumarong
Illustrator: Christian Even D. Santillan
Layout Artist: Christian Even D. Santillan
Management Team: Senen Priscillo P. Paulin CESO V Elisa L. Bagiuo EdD
Joelyza M. Arcilla EdD, CESE Rosela R. Abiera
Marcelo K. Palispis JD, EdD Maricel S. Rasid
Nilita L. Ragay, EdD Elmar L. Cabrera

Printed in the Philippines by ________________________

Department of Education –Region VII Schools Division of Negros Oriental

Office Address: Kagawasan, Ave., Daro, Dumaguete City, Negros Oriental

Tel #: (035) 225 2376 / 541 1117
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NegOr_Q3_Math 9_Module5_v2
Introductory Message
This Self-Learning Module (SLM) is prepared so that you, our dear learners,
can continue your studies and learn while at home. Activities, questions, directions,
exercises, and discussions are carefully stated for you to understand each lesson.

Each SLM is composed of different parts. Each part shall guide you step-by-
step as you discover and understand the lesson prepared for you.
Pre-tests are provided to measure your prior knowledge on lessons in each
SLM. This will tell you if you need to proceed on completing this module or if you need
to ask your facilitator or your teacher’s assistance for better understanding of the
lesson. At the end of each module, you need to answer the post-test to self-check your
learning. Answer keys are provided for each activity and test. We trust that you will be
honest in using these.
In addition to the material in the main text, Notes to the Teacher are also
provided to our facilitators and parents for strategies and reminders on how they can
best help you on your home-based learning.
Please use this module with care. Do not put unnecessary marks on any part
of this SLM. Use a separate sheet of paper in answering the exercises and tests. And
read the instructions carefully before performing each task.

If you have any questions in using this SLM or any difficulty in answering the
tasks in this module, do not hesitate to consult your teacher or facilitator.
Thank you.

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 I
This module was designed to provide you with fun and meaningful opportunities for
guided and independent learning at our own pace and time. You will be enabled to process the
contents of the learning resource while being an active learner.

The module is intended for you to describe a proportion and to apply the fundamental
theorems of proportionality to solve problems involving proportions

I
Pretest
I. Multiple Choice: Choose the letter of the correct answer (Answer on a
separate sheet of paper)
1. Which one of the following ratio is NOT equivalent to all the others?
2:5, 4:10, 6:15, 9:20, 10:25, 32:80
A. 4 : 10 B. 6 : 15 C. 9 : 20 D. 32 : 80
2. Which of the following is a proportion?
A. 1 : 2 = 3 : 4 B. 3 : 4 = 5 : 6 C. 3 : 5 = 10 : 15 D. 3 : 4 = 9 : 12
3. Which of the following is NOT proportion?
A. 2 : 5 = 6 : 15 B. 3 : 6 = 4 : 8 C. 1 : 5 = 5 : 25 D. 5 : 6 = 4 : 7

II. Matching Type

Solve each proportion in the column A and look for the correct answer in the column
B. Write the letter of the correct answer on a separate answer sheet.

Column A Column B

10 2 a. x = -12
1. =
𝑥+9 4

6 8 b. x = -8.5
2. =
𝑥−8 3
c. x = -3
2 12
3. =
7 𝑥+1
d. x = 10.25
2 8
4. =
𝑥+9 𝑥 e. x = 11
𝑥 𝑥+2
5. = f. x = 41
6 2

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 ’s In

RECALL:
Ratio is used to compare two or more quantities. Quantities involved in ratio are of
the same kind so that ratio does not make use of units. However, when quantities are of
different kinds, the comparison of the quantities that consider the unite is called rate (Bryant
et al. 2014).
Example: Number of hits by a baseball player to the number of times he is at bat
11 hits : 20 bats
11 is to 20
11
20

Exercise 1: The figures that follow show ratios or rates that are proportional. The table that
follows indicates proportional quantities on the appropriate column. From some of the figures
below, two or more proportions can be formed.

(Bryant et al. 2014)

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 Fig. Ratios or Rates Proportional Quantities
3 ft : 36 in = 4 ft : 48 in
A Feet : Inches
1 ft :12 in = 2 ft : 24 in
B Shorter Segment : Thicker Segment 4:8=2:4
3 min : 60 m = 6 min : 120 m
C Minutes : Meters
4 min : 80 m = 5 min : 100 m
1 : 80 pesos = 3 : 240 pesos
D Kilograms of Mango : Amount Paid
2 : 160 pesos = 5 : 400 pesos
(Padilla 2015)

’s New

The following are terms related to proportion. Let us define them.

Means are inner/middle terms of a proportion.

Extremes are outer terms of a proportion.

Then try answering the following:

Exercise 2. State the means and the extremes in the following statement.
3:7 = 6:14
Solution:
The means are 7 and 6 while the extremes are 3 and 14.

Let’s explore more:

Exercise 3. Consider the following proportions:

4 8
1. 4:5 = 6:8 2. 7 = 4

In no. 1, what is the product of the means? The extremes?

Is the product of the means equal to the product of the extremes?

In no. 2, what is the product of the means? The extremes?

Is the product of the means equal to the product of the extremes?

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 is It

Definition of Proportion

The equality of two ratios is called a proportion. If the ratios a:b and c:d are equal,
𝒂 𝒄
then we write a:b = c:d or 𝒃 = 𝒅 (where b and d are nonzeros).
It is reads as “a is to b as c is to d”.

Each number in a proportion is called a term. In the proportion a:b = c:d, the terms a
and d are called the extremes while the terms b and c are called the means.
𝒂 𝒄
Consider now the equal ratios = 𝒅. If both sides of the equation are multiplied by
𝒃
bd, we have
𝑎 𝑐
(𝑏𝑑 ) = (𝑏𝑑)
𝑏 𝑑
ad = bc
We now summarize the above result as a theorem.

Theorem
In a proportion, the product of the extremes is equal to the product of the means .

Illustrative examples:

Exercise 4. Based on this theorem, which of the following shows a proportion?

4 8
1. 4:5 = 6:8 2. =
7 4

Let us discuss the answers:

Consider the two ratios 4:5 = 6:8.

The product of the means is 5(6) = 30, and the product of the extremes is 4(8) =32
Since the product of the means is not equal to the product of the extremes; the two ratios do
not form a proportion.

4 8
How about =4
7
This can be expressed as 4:7 = 8:4.
The product of the means is 7(8) = 56, and the product of the extremes is 4(14) =56.
Since the product of the means is equal to the product of the extremes; the two ratios form a
proportion.

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Application of the Fundamental Theorems of Proportionality

Here are some properties that show several ways of rewriting proportions that do not
alter the meaning of their values.

Fundamental Rule of Proportion:

𝑤 𝑦
If w: x = y:z , then = provided that x ≠ 0 , z ≠ 0.
𝑥 𝑧

Properties of proportion:

Cross- multiplication Property:

𝑤 𝑦
If = 𝑧 =, then wz = xy; x ≠ 0 , z ≠ 0.
𝑥

Alternation Property:
𝑤 𝑦 𝑤 𝑥
If = 𝑧 , then = 𝑧 ; x ≠ 0, y ≠ 0, z ≠ 0.
𝑥 𝑦

Inverse Property:
𝑤 𝑦 𝑥 𝑧
If = 𝑧 , then = 𝑤; w≠ 0 , x ≠ 0, y ≠ 0, z ≠ 0.
𝑥 𝑤

Addition Property:
𝑤 𝑦 𝑤+𝑥 𝑦+𝑧
If = 𝑧 , then = ; x≠ 0 , z ≠ 0
𝑥 𝑥 𝑧

Subtraction Property:
𝑤 𝑦 𝑤−𝑥 𝑦−𝑧
If = , then = ; x≠ 0 , z ≠ 0
𝑥 𝑧 𝑥 𝑧

Inverse Property:
𝑢 𝑤 𝑦 𝑢 𝑤 𝑦 𝑢+𝑤+𝑦
If 𝑣 = 𝑥 = 𝑧 , then = = = = 𝑘; ; where k is a constant at
𝑣 𝑥 𝑧 𝑣+𝑥+𝑧
proportionality and v ≠ 0, x ≠ 0, z ≠ 0.

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To illustrate further the properties of proportion, let us perform the following:

Exercise 5: Rewrite the given proportions according to the property indicated in the table and
find out if the ratios in the rewritten proportions are still equal.
Note: In the third column, use the cross multiplication property to verify that ratios are equal.
Simplify if necessary.
Solution:
𝑦 𝑎
Original Proportion = 4y = 3a
3 4
Alternation Property of the 𝑦 3
= 4y = 3a
Original Equation 𝑎 4
Inverse Property of the Original 3 4
= 4y = 3a
Equation 𝑦 𝑎
4(𝑦 + 3) = 3 (𝑎 + 4)
Addition Property of the Original 𝑦+3 𝑎+4
= 4y +12 = 3a + 12
Equation 3 4 4y = 3a
𝑦−3 𝑎−4 4(𝑦 − 3) = 3 (𝑎 − 4)
Subtraction Property of the
Original Equation = 4y -12 = 3a - 12
3 4 4y = 3a

Exercise 6. Solve the following using the Theorems of Proportionality

1. 2:4 = 8:x
Solution:
Equate the product of the means and extremes 2(x) = 4(8)
Simplify 2x = 32
Divide each part by 2 x = 16

3 24
2. = 40
𝑥
Solution:
by cross multiplication 24(x) = 40(3)
Simplify 24x = 120
Divide each part by 24 x=5
2 5
3. = 𝑥−2
𝑥+1
Solution:
by cross multiplication 2(x-2) = 5(x + 1)
Simplify 2x - 4 = 5x + 5
2x – 5x = 5 + 4
-3x = 9
Divide each part by -3 x = -3

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4. Matt and Phoebe obtained 36 and 45 points, respectively, in their math quiz.
Express the scores of Matt and Phoebe as a ratio.
Solution:
36 4
. 45 = 5
4
= 4:5
5

5. The measures of two consecutive angles of parallelogram are in the ratio

5:7. Find their measures.
Solution:
Let 5x and 7x be the measures of the consecutive angles of the
parallelogram. Recall that any two consecutive angles of a parallelogram
are supplementary, that is, the sum of their measures is 1800.
5x + 7x = 180
12x = 180
x = 15
Substitute the value of x into the given measures.
5(15) = 75
7(15) = 105
Therefore, the measure of two consecutive angles are 750 and 1050.

6. An angle is 400 more than its supplement. Find the ratio of the angle to its
supplement.
Solution:
. Let x be the measure of the supplement of the angle and let x + 40 be the
measure of the angle.
x + x + 40 = 180
2x + 40 = 180
2x = 180 – 40
2x = 140
x = 70

The measures of the angle and its supplement are 1100 and 700,
respectively.
110 11 11
Thus, their ratio is = and = 11:7
70 7 7

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 ’s More

Activity 1: Rewrite the given proportions according to the property indicated in the table and
find out if the ratios in the rewritten proportions are still equal.
Note: In the third column, use the cross multiplication property to verify that ratios are
equal. Simplify if necessary. One is done for you
𝑚 2
Original Proportion = 5m = 2n
𝑛 5
Alternation Property of the Original
Equation
Inverse Property of the Original
Equation
Addition Property of the Original
Equation
Subtraction Property of the Original
Equation

Activity 2: Solve the following:

1. x:4 = 5:10
2 𝑥
2. =
3 12

3. 8:4 = (3 + x):x
16 𝑥−8
4. =
𝑥+8 5

5. Lolo Miling uses a feed composed of ground corn and palay mixed in the ratio 3 : 5.
How much of each are there in 800 kg feed?

6. The ratio of the male to female students in a junior high school is 13 : 17. Find the total
population of the school if there are 715 male students.

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 I Have Learned

The solution in the table that follows shows that corresponding quantities are
proportional. In short, they form a proportion because the ratios are equal.
Solution:
3 4
36
? 48
3 4
3 ft : 36 in. = 4 ft. : 48 in. ?
3(12) 4(12)
1 1
=
12 12

With the aforementioned explanation, complete the following definition of

proportion.

Proportion is the ______________________________ of two ratios

I Can Do

Scales and Map Problems:

Drawn many times smaller than the original land, a map represents a piece of land that
has been drawn to a certain scale. Map scale provides the reader with important information
regarding linear relations on the map (Definition of Map Elements n. d.)
Scales are usually expressed in the form of ratio such as 1:30,000, which means that 1
cm on the map represents 30,000 cm on the ground. While distance are drawn proportionately,
angles remain the same. Any figure or picture can be drawn to a scale, that is, the figure or the
picture will have the same shape as the original. They are said to be similar
Illustrative Example: If a map us drawn to the scale 1 cm to 190 km and the distance between
towns A and B measures 6 cm on the map, what is the approximate distance between the two
towns?
𝑥 190
Solution: =
6 1

x = 190 (6)
x = 1140
Answer: The actual distance is approximately 1140 km.

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Activity 3:
1. A map has a scale of 1 inch: 4 miles. On the map, the distance between two towns is 2.5
inches. What is the actual distance between the two towns? Include units in your answer.

Multiple Choice. Choose the letter of the correct answer.

1. Which of the following ratios is equivalent to 7:4?
A. 28:16 B. 8:14 C. 21:9 D. 35:16

2. Which pair of ratios forms a proportion?

10 14 10 14 15 30 15 30
A. = 28 B. = 18 C. = D. = 18
18 28 18 9 9

8 𝑏−1
3. Find the value of the b in the proportion = .
12 𝑏+6
A. 15 B. 9 C. 12 D. 14

2𝑥 + 2 10
4. What value of x satisfies the proportion = ?
𝑥 + 13 9
A. 6 B. 14 C. 18 D. 21

5. The ratio of two supplementary angles are 1:3. What is the measure of the smaller angle?
A. 300 B. 450 C. 600 D. 750

6. In a right triangle, the ratio of the measures of the two acute angles is 7:11.
What is the measure of the larger angle?
A. 500 B. 550 C. 580 D. 620
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7. The length and width of a rectangle are 12cm and 8cm, respectively.
Find the ratio between the length and the perimeter of the rectangle?
A. 8:12 B. 2:3 C. 1:5 D. 3:10

8. The lengths of the sides of a triangle are in the ratio 2:3:4. Find the length of the smaller
side if the perimeter of the triangle is 72 cm
A. 12 cm B. 16 cm C. 24 cm D. 32 cm

9. The ratio of the angles of a triangle is 1:2:5. Find the measure of the smallest angle.
A. 150 B. 22.50 C. 28.50 D. 320

10. The angles of a quadrilateral are in the ratio 3:5:7:9. What is the measure of the largest
angle?
A. 900 B. 1200 C. 1350 D. 1700

11. An angle measures 100 less than its complement. Find the ratio of the angle to its
complement.
A. 5:4 B. 4:5 C. 1:8 D. 8:1

12. The angles of a triangle are in the ratio 4 : 5 : 6. Find their measures.
A. 240, 300, 360 C. 480, 600, 720
B. 120, 240, 480 D. 400, 500, 600

13. A rope that is 10 cm long will be divided in the ratio 2 : 3. What will be the length of the
longest part?
A. 2 cm B. 4 cm C. 6 cm D. 5 cm

14. Two towns are 20 km part. What is the distance between these towns on a map which has
a scale of 5 cm to 1 km?
A. 100 km B. 4 km C. 0.25 km D. 5 km

15. A map has a scale of 1cm : 4 kilometers. The actual distance between two cities is 52
kilometers. What is the distance between the cities on the map?
A. 208 cm B. 13 cm C. 520 cm D. 40 cm

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Let’s apply the concept of proportion to segments

Proportional Segments

Consider segment AB and DE(figure below), C divides segment AB, while F divides
segment DE into two segments. Segment AB and DE are said to be divided proportionally by
𝑨𝑪 𝑫𝑭
point C and F, respectively, if = or AC:CB = DF:FE
𝑪𝑩 𝑭𝑬

A C B
● ● ●
D F E
● ● ●

Remember
Corresponding segments are proportional if the segments of one
figure have the same ratio as the segments of the other.

Activity 4: Assume that the pairs of segments below are divided proportionally. Find the
length of the indicated part. One is done for you.
a. 10 x b. 7 4
● ● ● ● ● ●
6 9 x 6
● ● ● ● ● ●

Solution:

10 6 b.
a. =9
x Write your answer on
6x = 90 another sheet of paper
x = 15

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 NegOr_Q3_Math 9_Module5_v2
13
What I Know
I. 1. C 2. D 3. D
II. 1. e 2. d 3. f 4. a 5. c
What’s More
Activity 1
𝑚 2
Original Proportion = 5m = 2n
𝑛 5
𝑚 𝑛
Alternative Property of the Original Equation = 5m = 2n
2 5
𝑛 5
Inverse Property of the Original Equation = 5m = 2n
𝑚 2
5 (m + n) = n (2 + 5)
5m + 5n = n (7)
𝑚+𝑛 2+5
Addition Property of the Original Equation = 5m + 5n = 7n
𝑛 5 5m = 7n – 5n
5m = 2n
5 (m - n) = n (2 - 5)
𝑚−𝑛 2−5 5m -5n = n (-3)
Subtraction Property of the Original Equation = 5m – 5n = -3n
𝑛 5 5m = 5n – 3n
5m = 2n
Activity 2
1. x = 2 2. x = 8 3. x = 3 4. x = 12, -12
5. corn feed is 300 kg and palay feed is 500 kg 5. 1,650
What I Can Do
Activity 3
1. The actual distance between the two towns is 10 miles
Additional Activities
Activity 4
21
𝑏. 𝑜𝑟 10.5
2
Assessment:
1. A 2. D 3. A 4. B 5. B
6. B 7. D 8. B 9. B 10. C
11. B 12. C 13. C 14. A 15. B
References
Bryant, et al. 2014. Mathematics 9 Learners’ Materials. DepEd-IMC

Definition of Map Elements. Updated 2016. GITTA-Geograhic Information Technology

Training Alliance. Gitta.info

Similarity. EASE Module 1 for Third Year. Dep Ed

n.d. http://www.collaborativelearning.org/ratio.pdf.

2021. May 2. https://brainly.ph/question/14178313.

2021. May 01. https://www.gauthmath.com/solution/Let-us-define-the-following-terms-

related-to-proportion-Means-are-outer-terms-of-1698795867514901.

n.d. https://www.coursehero.com/file/p24vp1fm/the-means-In-the-proportion-a-b-cd-the-
extremes-are-a-and-d-and-the-means-are-b/.

n.d. http://www.macw.ac.in/downloads/files/n5e86a47680e4b.pdf.

n.d. https://www.gauthmath.com/solution/Definition-of-Proportion-The-equality-of-two-
ratios-is-called-a-proportiow-If-th-1698795866696709.

2021. May 1. https://www.gauthmath.com/solution/Definition-of-Proportion-The-equality-of-

two-ratios-is-called-a-proportiow-If-th-1698795866696709.

2021. May 17. https://www.gauthmath.com/solution/What-s-In-Ratle-is-ssed-to-compare-

two-or-more-quantities-Proportion-is-the-equa-1700246278686725.

Padilla, E. 2015. March 23. https://www.slideshare.net/lhadieedilissa24/math-9-module-6/.

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