PROVISIONAL ANSWER KEY

Exam: KTU HEAT 2025

Date of Test 26-07-2025
Subject: Embedded Systems Technologies
2
Question1:-Given 𝑖 = − 1, what will be the evaluation of the definite integ
𝜋 / 2 cos⁡𝑥 + 𝑖 sin⁡𝑥
∫0 dx.
cos⁡𝑥 − 𝑖 sin⁡𝑥
A:-0
B:-2
C:-−𝑖
D:-𝑖
Correct Answer:- Option-D
Question2:-The general solution of 𝑑𝑦 / 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑘𝑦 is,
A:-𝑦 = 𝑘𝑥 + 𝐶
B:-𝑦 = 𝐶𝑒𝑘𝑥
C:-𝑦 = 𝑘𝑥2 + 𝐶
D:-𝑦 = 𝐶𝑥𝑘
Correct Answer:- Option-B
𝑑3 𝑦 𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
Question3:-The order of the differential equation 3 + 4 2 − 7 + 3𝑦 =
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
A:-1
B:-2
C:-3
D:-4
Correct Answer:- Option-C
Question4:-Laplace transform of 𝑓(𝑡) = 1 is,
 1
A:-
𝑠+1
1
B:- 2
𝑠
1
C:-
𝑠
D:-1
Correct Answer:- Option-C
Question5:-The function 𝑓(𝑥) = | 𝑥| is,
A:-Continuous and differentiable everywhere
B:-Continuous but not differentiable at 𝑥 =0
C:-Not continuous at 𝑥 =0
D:-Differentiable but not continuous
Correct Answer:- Option-B
Question6:-The Fourier series of a periodic function represents it as,
A:-A product of sines
B:-A sum of polynomials
C:-A sum of sines and cosines
D:-A product of cosines
Correct Answer:- Option-C
1
Question7:-The residue of 𝑓(𝑧) = 𝑧 at 𝑧 = 0 is,
A:-0
B:-2
C:-1
D:-∞
Correct Answer:- Option-C
Question8:-In a fair coin toss, the probability of getting two heads in two toss
 1
A:-
4
1
B:-
2
3
C:-
4
D:-1
Correct Answer:- Option-A
Question9:-If 𝐴 is a 3 × 3 matrix and det (𝐴) = 0, then
A:-𝐴 is invertible
B:-𝐴 is singular
C:-𝐴 has full rank
D:-𝐴 is orthogonal
Correct Answer:- Option-B
Question10:-For a standard normal distribution, the mean and variance are,
A:-1 and 1
B:-0 and 2
C:-0 and 1
D:-1 and 0
Correct Answer:- Option-C
sin⁡𝑥
Question11:-The function 𝑓(𝑥) = has which of the following properties
𝑥
A:-Discontinuous and undefined
B:-Removable discontinuity at 𝑥 =0
C:-Continuous and differentiable at 𝑥 =0
D:-Infinite discontinuity at 𝑥 =0
Correct Answer:- Option-B

Question12:-If 𝐴 is a 2 × 2 matrix with eigenvalues 3 and –1, then det (𝐴2

 A:-1
B:-9
C:--9
D:-0
Correct Answer:- Option-B
𝑠
Question13:-The inverse Laplace transform of is,
𝑠2 + 9
A:-sin⁡(3𝑡)
B:-cos⁡(3𝑡)

C:-𝑒−3𝑡

D:-3𝑒−𝑠𝑡
Correct Answer:- Option-B
Question14:-A continuous random variable 𝑋 is uniformly distributed in [0, 1
expected value 𝐸[𝑋2 ] is,
A:-0.5
B:-0.75
1
C:-
3
2
D:-
3
Correct Answer:- Option-C
Question15:-What is the variance of a constant random variable 𝑋 = 𝑐?
A:-𝑐2
B:-𝑐
C:-0
D:- Undefined
Correct Answer:- Option-C
Question16:-
What comes next in the series?

2, 6, 12, 20, 30, ?

A:-36
B:-40
C:-42
D:-44
Correct Answer:- Option-C
Question17:-
If in a certain language, MANGO is written as NZOHQ, how is APPLE written?

A:- BQQMF
B:- BQQMD
C:-BQPMF
D:- AQOLG
Correct Answer:- Option-A
Question18:-
A number is increased by 20% and then decreased by 20%. What is the net change?

A:- 0%
B:-4% increase
C:-4% decrease
D:-2% decrease
Correct Answer:- Option-C
Question19:-
Despite facing several setbacks, she remained ______ and continued working toward her goal.

A:-indifferent
B:-resilient
C:-arrogant
D:-reluctant
Correct Answer:- Option-B
Question20:-
A person walks 10 m north, then 10 m east, then 10 m south. How far is he from the starting point?

A:-
0m

B:-
10 m

C:-20 m
D:-14.14 m
Correct Answer:- Option-B
Question21:-The 2’s complement representation of the decimal number -27 in an 8-bit system is
A:-00011011
B:-11100100
C:-11100101
D:-10011011
Correct Answer:- Option-C
Question22:-Which of the following is an improved version of the basic current mirror?
A:-Wilson Current Mirror
B:-Cascaded Current Mirror
C:-Darlington Pair Mirror
D:-Differential Amplifier
Correct Answer:- Option-A
Question23:-What is the primary reason for the low power consumption of CMOS circuits?
A:- Low resistance of transistors
B:- High switching frequency
C:-Absence of static power dissipation
D:-Low voltage operation
Correct Answer:- Option-C
Question24:-Why are differential amplifiers used in biomedical instrumentation?
A:-High gain requirement
 B:-Low power operation
C:-Excellent common-mode noise rejection
D:-Compact size
Correct Answer:- Option-C
Question25:- Which technique is commonly used to compensate for stability issues in high-gain op-amps?
A:-Positive feedback
B:-Pole-zero cancellation
C:-Emitter degeneration
D:-Negative feedback
Correct Answer:- Option-B
Question26:- For an op. amp. having slew rate 2 V/µsec. what is the maximum closed-loop voltage gain that can be used when the input signal varies by 0.5 in 10 µs
A:- 40
B:- 4
C:-20
D:- 10
Correct Answer:- Option-A
Question27:- Which diode is used in RF and microwave frequency generation?
A:-PIN diode
B:-Schottky diode
C:-Varactor diode
D:-Gunn diode
Correct Answer:- Option-D
Question28:-Why are MOSFETs preferred over BJTs in high-frequency applications?
A:-Lower switching losses
B:-Higher gain
C:-Lower output impedance
D:-Better thermal stability
Correct Answer:- Option-A
Question29:- In MOSFET circuits, what does “body effect” refer to?
A:- Reduction in threshold voltage due to gate voltage
B:-Increase in threshold voltage due to source-bulk voltage
C:- Decrease in drain current
D:- Reduction of pinch-off voltage due to an increase in gate voltage
Correct Answer:- Option-B
Question30:-Which of the following is NOT an application of current mirrors?
A:- Biasing circuits
B:- Signal amplification
C:-Voltage stabilisation
D:-Differential amplifiers
Correct Answer:- Option-C
Question31:-A coil is represented by a series combination of 𝐿 = 50 mH and 𝑅 = 25 Ω. What is the quality factor at 10 kHz?
A:- 250
B:- 125
C:- 0.008
D:-12500
Correct Answer:- Option-B
Question32:-For maximum power transfer, the load resistance must be:
A:-
zero

B:-
Infinite

C:-
Equal to the source resistance

D:-Half the source resistance

Correct Answer:- Option-C
Question33:-
If the frequency of the AC source is increased in an RC series circuit, the impedance will be
 A:-
Increases

B:-
Decrease

C:-
Remain the same

D:-Become zero
Correct Answer:- Option-B
Question34:-
A current impulse 5𝛿(𝑡) is forced through a capacitor 𝐶. The voltage 𝑣𝐶 (𝑡) across the capacitor is given by

A:-
5t

B:-
5t/C

C:-
5u(t)-C

5
D:-
𝐶
𝑢(𝑡 )
Correct Answer:- Option-D
Question35:-
An RC-based band-pass filter is designed with a centre frequency 𝑓0 = 5 kHz and a bandwidth of 500 Hz. If the inductor value is 10 mH, what should be the value of the capacito

A:-
100 pF

B:-
1 nF

C:-
10 nF

D:-100 nF
Correct Answer:- Option-A
Question36:-A resistor and a capacitor are connected in series with a variable inductor. When the circuit is connected to a 230V, 50Hz supply, the maximum current o
the voltage across the capacitor is 200V. What is the capacitance value of the circuit?

A:-31.8µF
 B:- 27.6 µF
C:- 15.9 µF
D:-63.6 µF
Correct Answer:- Option-A
Question37:-Which is not a necessary condition for the transfer function
A:- The coefficients of the numerator and denominator polynomials of the network function must be real
B:- Complex or imaginary poles and zeros must occur in conjugate pairs.
C:- The degree of the numerator and denominator polynomials may differ by zero or one only.
D:- The numerator polynomial may have missing terms between the lowest and highest degree.
Correct Answer:- Option-C
Question38:- For a two-port network to be reciprocal
A:-Z 11 = Z22

B:-y21 = y22
C:- h21 = – h12
D:- AD – BC = 0
Correct Answer:- Option-C
Question39:-If the connection of two two-port networks is such that the transmission matrix of the overall network is the product of the transmission matrices of the
connection is it?

A:-Series Connection
B:-Parallel Connection
C:- Cascade Connection
D:-Series-Parallel Connection
Correct Answer:- Option-C
Question40:-If the circuit is driven by a unit impulse source, then the response is equal to
A:-Transfer function
B:- Zero
C:- One
D:- Inverse of the transfer function
 Correct Answer:- Option-D
Question41:-All poles and zeros of a driving point impedance function of an L-C network
A:-Should lie on the left half of s-plane
B:-Should lie on the imaginary axis
C:-Should lie on the positive real axis
D:- Should lie on the negative real axis
Correct Answer:- Option-B
Question42:- logic circuit with inputs A, B, and C produces an output of 1 when an odd number of inputs are 1. Which gate best describes this behaviour?

A:- XOR
B:- XNOR
C:-NAND
D:- NOR
Correct Answer:- Option-A
Question43:-Simplify the Boolean expression: ―
(𝐴 + 𝐵)(𝐴 + 𝐵)

A:- A
B:-AB
C:-A+B
D:-𝐵
Correct Answer:- Option-A
Question44:- A mod-6 counter is designed using JK flip-flops. What is the minimum number of flip-flops required?

A:-2
B:-3
C:-4
D:-6
Correct Answer:- Option-C
Question45:- A 4-bit synchronous counter uses flip-flops with a propagation delay of 10 ns each. What is the maximum clock frequency the counter can operate at

A:- 10 MHz
B:-25 MHz
C:-50 MHz
D:-100 MHz
Correct Answer:- Option-C
Question46:- How many selection lines are required for a 32:1 multiplexer?
A:- 4
B:- 5
C:- 6
D:- 8
Correct Answer:- Option-B
Question47:- A 4K × 8 memory chip has how many address lines?
A:-10
B:-11
C:-12
D:-13
Correct Answer:- Option-C
Question48:- A 10-bit ADC operates with a 5V reference voltage. What is the minimum voltage step that it can measure?
A:- 5 mV
B:- 10 mV
C:-4.88 mV
D:- 2.44 mV
Correct Answer:- Option-C
Question49:-Which of the following digital circuits can be implemented using a PLA (Programmable Logic Array)?
A:-Only combinational circuits
B:- Only sequential circuits
 C:-Both combinational and sequential circuits
D:-None of these
Correct Answer:- Option-C
Question50:- A microcontroller has a 16-bit address bus. What is the maximum amount of memory it can address?
A:-16 KB
B:-32 KB
C:-64KB
D:-128 KB
Correct Answer:- Option-C
Question51:-Which law states that the total electric flux through a closed surface is equal to the charge enclosed divided by the permittivity?

A:-Coulomb's Law
B:-Gauss's Law
C:-Faraday's Law
D:-Ampère's Law
Correct Answer:- Option-B
Question52:-What is the unit of magnetic flux density?

A:-Tesla
B:- Weber
C:- Henry
D:-Farad
Correct Answer:- Option-A
Question53:-According to Faraday's Law of Electromagnetic Induction, an electromotive force is induced in a conductor when

A:- The conductor is stationary in a static magnetic field

B:-There is a change in magnetic flux linking the conductor
C:-The conductor moves parallel to magnetic field lines
D:-The temperature of the conductor changes
 Correct Answer:- Option-B
Question54:-In an electromagnetic wave, the electric and magnetic fields are

A:-Parallel to each other and to the direction of wave propagation

B:-Perpendicular to each other and to the direction of wave propagation
C:-Parallel to each other but perpendicular to the direction of wave propagation
D:-Perpendicular to each other but parallel to the direction of wave propagation
Correct Answer:- Option-B
Question55:-The speed of electromagnetic waves in a vacuum is approximately
A:- 3 × 10^6 meters per second
B:-3 × 10^10 meters per second
C:-3 × 10^8 meters per second
D:-3 × 10^12 meters per second
Correct Answer:- Option-C
Question56:-Which of the following is not a Maxwell's equation?
A:- Ohm's Law
B:- Gauss's Law for Electricity
C:-Faraday's Law of Induction
D:-Ampère's Law with Maxwell's addition
Correct Answer:- Option-A
Question57:-The phenomenon where a changing electric field produces a magnetic field is described by:
A:- Gauss's Law
B:- Faraday's Law
C:- Maxwell's Equations
D:- Coulomb's Law
Correct Answer:- Option-C
Question58:-The intrinsic impedance of free space (vacuum) is approximately:
A:-50 ohms
 B:-377 ohms
C:-150 ohms
D:-600 ohms
Correct Answer:- Option-B
Question59:- What is the value of load impedance ZL so that the power absorbed by it is maximum in the following circuit

A:- 10 – j10
B:-50 – j10
C:-8 – j20
D:-8 + j20
Correct Answer:- Option-D
Question60:-In a series RLC circuit at resonance, the impedance is

A:-Maximum and Purely resistive

B:-Minimum and Purely resistive
C:-
Capacitive

D:-Inductive
Correct Answer:- Option-A
Question61:-An RLC series circuit has a resistance of 20 ohm , and the current lags behind the applied voltage by 45∘. If the voltage across the inductor is twice
value of the inductive reactance?

A:-
10 ohms

B:-
20 ohms

C:-40 ohms
D:-60 ohms
 Correct Answer:- Option-C
Question62:-
The voltage applied to an R-L circuit at 𝑡 = 0 when switch is closed is 100cos(100𝑡 + 30∘ ). The circuit resistance is 80 Ω and inductance is 0.6 H (in which initial current is

through the circuit?

A:-1 A
B:-2 A
C:-5 A
D:-
10 A

Correct Answer:- Option-A

Question63:-
A series R-C circuit with R = 3 Ω and 𝑋𝐶 = 4 Ω at 50 Hz is supplied with a voltage 𝑉 = 50 + 141.4sin314𝑡. What is the RMS value of the current flowing through the circui

A:-
5A
B:-
10 A
C:-
20 A
D:-22.36 A
Correct Answer:- Option-D
Question64:-Thevenin’s voltage of the following network is

A:-3 V
B:- 2 V
C:-2.5 V
D:- 0.1 V
Correct Answer:- Option-C
Question65:-In the context of Norton's Theorem, the Norton equivalent of a linear electrical network as seen from two terminals consists of:
A:-A current source in series with a resistor
B:-A voltage source in parallel with a resistor
C:-A current source in parallel with a resistor
D:-A voltage source in series with a capacitor
Correct Answer:- Option-C
Question66:- In a two-terminal circuit, the open-circuit voltage measured at the given terminals by an electronic voltmeter is 100 V. A short-circuit current measured
negligible resistance is 5 A. If a load resistor of 80 Ω is connected at the same terminals, the current in the load resistor will be

A:- 1 A
B:-1.25 A
C:- 6 A
D:- 6.25A
Correct Answer:- Option-A
Question67:-Superposition theorem is not applicable to network containing
A:-Transformers
B:- Nonlinear elements
C:- Dependent sources
D:-All of the above
Correct Answer:- Option-B
Question68:-In control systems, what is the primary purpose of a feedback loop?

A:-To amplify the input signal

B:-To reduce the error between the desired and actual output
C:-To increase the system's bandwidth
D:-To introduce nonlinearity into the system
Correct Answer:- Option-B
Question69:-Which of the following represents a system's behaviour in the time domain?
A:- Bode plot

B:- Nyquist plot

C:- Impulse response

D:-Frequency response
Correct Answer:- Option-C
Question70:- Given a system defined by the input-output relationship:
y(t) = x(t - 2) + 3x(t + 1)

Is the system casual?

A:- Yes
B:-No
C:-casual for t is greater than zero
D:- cannot be determined
Correct Answer:- Option-C
Question71:-The transfer function of a system is defined as the ratio of the Laplace transform of the __________ to the __________, assuming all initial cond
A:-input; output
B:-output; input
C:-feedback; input
D:-input; feedback
Correct Answer:- Option-B
Question72:-Which plot is used to determine the stability of a system by analyzing the frequency response and plotting gain and phase margins?
A:-Root locus
B:-Bode plot
C:-Pole-zero plot
D:-Signal flow graph
Correct Answer:- Option-B
Question73:-In a Nyquist plot, encirclements of the point (-1,0) are used to assess
A:-System's time response
 B:-Closed-loop stability
C:- System's bandwidth
D:- Damping ratio
Correct Answer:- Option-B
Question74:-The root locus plot provides information about:

A:-Frequency response of the system

B:- Location of system poles as a parameter varies
C:-Time-domain specifications
D:-Zero locations of the system
Correct Answer:- Option-B
Question75:-State-space representation of a system is particularly advantageous because it:
A:-Is limited to single-input, single-output systems
B:-Can model multiple-input, multiple-output systems
C:- Only applies to linear systems
D:- It is based solely on output equations
Correct Answer:- Option-B
Question76:-A PID controller combines which three types of control actions?
A:-Proportional, Inductive, Derivative
B:- Proportional, Integral, Differential
C:- Proportional, Integral, Derivative
D:- Proportional, Inverse, Direct
Correct Answer:- Option-C
Question77:- A control system is said to be stable if:
A:- All poles of the transfer function lie on the right half of the s-plane
B:-The output remains bounded for every bounded input
C:-It has at least one pole on the imaginary axis
D:-The gain margin is negative
 Correct Answer:- Option-B
Question78:-In a Bode plot, the phase margin is defined as the difference between the phase angle and -180 degrees at the frequency where the gain is:
A:-0 dB
B:- Unity (1)
C:- -1
D:-Infinity
Correct Answer:- Option-B
Question79:- The characteristic equation of a control system is obtained from the denominator of the:
A:-Open-loop transfer function
B:-Closed-loop transfer function
C:-Feedforward path
D:-State-space model
Correct Answer:- Option-B
Question80:-
Which of the following logic gates can be used to build all other logic gates?

A:- AND
B:- OR
C:- XOR
D:-NAND
Correct Answer:- Option-C
Question81:-Which memory type requires periodic refreshing to maintain its data?
A:- SRAM
B:- DRAM
C:- EEPROM
D:-Flash Memory
Correct Answer:- Option-B
Question82:-Which memory is typically used for cache due to its high speed?
A:- DRAM
 B:- SRAM
C:- EEPROM
D:- Flash Memory
Correct Answer:- Option-B
Question83:- Which memory type is byte-addressable and allows individual bytes to be erased and reprogrammed?

A:-Flash Memory
B:- EEPROM
C:-
D:-DRAM
Correct Answer:- Option-B
Question84:-
The inverse Fourier transform of the Power Spectral Density (PSD) of a wide-sense stationary (WSS) random process gives:

A:-The energy of the signal

B:-The instantaneous power
C:-The autocorrelation function
D:-The phase response of the signal
Correct Answer:- Option-C
Question85:- Which peripheral is used to convert an analog signal into a digital signal?

A:-DAC
B:-ADC
C:- PWM
D:- GPIO
Correct Answer:- Option-B
Question86:- Which timer mode allows a microcontroller to generate a precise time delay?

A:-Timer Mode
B:-Counter Mode
 C:- PWM Mode
D:-Capture Mode
Correct Answer:- Option-A
Question87:-Which serial communication protocol is asynchronous and typically uses two wires for transmission and reception?

A:- UART
B:- SPI
C:- I2C
D:- CAN
Correct Answer:- Option-A
Question88:-A series RLC circuit has 𝑅 = 10 Ω, 𝐿 = 1 H, and 𝐶 = 100 𝜇F. What type of damping does the system exhibit for a step input?
A:-Underdamped
B:-
Critically damped

C:-
Overdamped

D:-Oscillatory without damping

Correct Answer:- Option-A
Question89:-
The Fourier Transform of 𝑥(𝑡) = 𝑒−2𝑡 𝑢(𝑡) is:

A:-
1
2 + 𝑗𝜔

B:-
2
2 + 𝑗𝜔

C:-
1
𝑗𝜔 − 2

D:- 1
𝑗𝜔 + 2

Correct Answer:- Option-A

Question90:-
For an RLC series circuit, if the current lags the voltage and the inductor voltage is double the capacitor voltage, what does it indicate?

A:- Inductive reactance equals capacitive reactance

B:-Circuit is purely resistive
C:-Inductive reactance is greater than capacitive reactance
D:-Capacitive reactance is greater than inductive reactance
Correct Answer:- Option-C
Question91:-
In a CMOS inverter, when the input is logic high ('1'), which of the following is true?

A:- Both NMOS and PMOS transistors conduct

B:-Both NMOS and PMOS transistors are off
C:-PMOS conducts and NMOS is off
D:-NMOS conducts and PMOS is off
Correct Answer:- Option-D
Question92:-
One of the main advantages of CMOS technology over NMOS or PMOS technologies is:

A:-Higher static power consumption

B:-
Lower noise margin

C:-Lower static power dissipation

D:-Requirement of only one type of transistor
Correct Answer:- Option-C
Question93:-

A signal starts at zero and decays smoothly over time. What kind of system response is this?

A:-Critically damped
B:-Underdamped
C:-Overdamped
 D:-Unstable
Correct Answer:- Option-C
Question94:-
Which technique determines the gain margin for stability without solving the time-domain response?

A:-Routh-Hurwitz
B:-Bode Plot
C:-Root locus
D:-Nyquist table
Correct Answer:- Option-B
Question95:-Why is the collector resistor value crucial in a common-emitter amplifier?
A:-It defines the base current
B:-It controls feedback
C:-It sets the output swing and gain
D:- It reduces distortion only
Correct Answer:- Option-C
Question96:-
Which of the following statements correctly describes a causal system?

A:- The output depends only on future input values

B:- The output depends on both past and future input values

C:-The output depends only on past and present input values

D:-The output is independent of the input
Correct Answer:- Option-C
Question97:-
In a Pulse Code Modulation (PCM) system, increasing the number of quantisation levels will:

A:-
Decrease the bandwidth required

B:-
Increase the quantisation noise

C:-
Improve the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR)
 D:-Reduce the number of bits per sample
Correct Answer:- Option-C
Question98:-Why does a quarter-wavelength shorted transmission line appear open at the input?
A:-Current leads voltage
B:-Voltage becomes zero at input
C:-Impedance gets transformed to infinity
D:-Magnetic field cancels
Correct Answer:- Option-C
Question99:-In a band-limited system, how is noise power related to bandwidth?
A:-Inversely proportional
B:-Constant
C:- Proportional to bandwidth
D:-Proportional to square root of bandwidth
Correct Answer:- Option-C
Question100:-Why does EM energy travel perpendicular to both electric and magnetic fields?
A:-Due to reflection
B:-It satisfies Ohm’s law
C:-It follows Poynting vector direction
D:-It’s guided by electric field
Correct Answer:- Option-C