5.

Oscillations
 What common thing do you
observe in all these examples …..
 In these cases the motion is
repeated after a certain interval
of time, which is mostly to and fro
or up and down
 Periodic Motion
• Any motion which repeats itself after a definite interval of time is
called periodic motion
• A body performing periodic motion repeats the same set of motion
again and again
• The time taken by this movements is called as period or periodic
movements
• Few examples of UCM are the examples of periodic motion also like,
moon around the earth, motion of electrons around the nucleus.
• Another type of motion is to and fro called as oscillatory or vibratory
motion.
• The simplest oscillatory motion is periodic motion in which every
particle moves to and fro about its mean position.
Spring mass Oscillator
 Differential Equation of S.H.M
• In a SHM , the force is directly proportional to the 𝒅𝟐 𝒙
m 𝟐 = −𝒌𝒙
mean position and its magnitude is directly 𝒅𝒕
proportional to the displacement of body from
mean position…. 𝒅𝟐 𝒙 𝒌
+ x = 0 ……(4)
f = -k x ……… (1) 𝒅𝒕𝟐 𝒎

According to newton’s law f = ma …….(2)

𝒌
Substituting = 𝝎𝟐 ,
𝒎
From eq (1) and (2) we get, where 𝜔 is angular frequency
-kx = ma …… (3)
𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝟐 𝒙
But velocity is given by , v= + 𝝎𝟐 x = 0 ……(5)
𝒅𝒕 𝒅𝒕𝟐
𝒅𝒗 𝒅𝟐 𝒙
And its acceleration is given by a = = eq 4 gives the Differential equation of SHM
𝒅𝒕 𝒅𝒕𝟐
Substituting ‘a’ in eq (3)
 Acceleration (a) of SHM

• Consider differential equation of SHM ,

𝒅𝟐 𝒙 𝟐x = 0
+𝝎
𝒅𝒕𝟐
𝒅𝟐 𝒙 𝟐
= - 𝝎 x
𝒅𝒕𝟐
𝒅𝟐 𝒙
But a = 𝟐 is the acceleration of particle performing SHM
𝒅𝒕

a = - 𝝎𝟐 x
This is the expression for acceleration.
 Velocity of SHM
Consider acceleration equation of SHM
 Displacement of SHM
• Consider the velocity of SHM v = ± 𝜔 𝐴2 − 𝑥 2 • Case (1) If the particle starts SHM from mean
𝑑𝑥
position,
Substituting v = , we get
𝑑𝑡 we have x = 0 and t = 0
𝑑𝑥
= ± 𝜔 𝐴2 − 𝑥 2 𝑥
𝑑𝑡 We get , ∅ = sin−1 ( 𝑎 ) = 0 or 𝜋
𝑑𝑥
= 𝜔 dt Substituting this in the equation (1) , we get
𝐴2 − 𝑥 2
Integrating both the sides we get, x = ±A sin (𝝎𝒕) ……(2)
𝑑𝑥
= 𝜔 dt
𝐴2 − 𝑥 2

Case (2) IF the particle starts SHM from the extreme

𝑥
sin−1 ( ) = 𝜔𝑡 + ∅
position,
𝑎
we have x = ± A and t =0
Where ∅ is the constant of proportionality
𝑥 𝜋 3𝜋
X = A sin (𝝎𝒕 + ∅ ) ………(1) ∅ = sin−1 ( 𝑎 ) = 2 𝑜𝑟 2
𝜋 3𝜋
x = A sin (𝜔𝑡 + 2 ) or x = A sin (𝜔𝑡 + )
2
This is the general expression for displacement of SHM. x = ±A cos (𝝎𝒕) ……(3)
 Extreme values

• Displacement : x = A sin (𝜔𝑡 + ∅ ) • Velocity : v = ± 𝐀𝝎𝐜𝐨𝐬 (𝝎𝒕 + ∅ )

At mean position, x = 0
At mean position, 𝒗𝒎𝒊𝒏 = ±𝑨𝝎
(𝜔𝑡 + ∅ ) = 0 or 𝜋 At extreme position , x = ± A
𝒙𝒎𝒊𝒏 = 0 𝒗𝐦𝒂𝒙 = 𝟎

At extreme position , • Acceleration : a = -A 𝜔2 sin (𝜔𝑡 + ∅ )

𝜋 3𝜋
(𝜔𝑡 + ∅ ) = 2 𝑜𝑟
2
𝜋 At mean position, x = 0
𝑥 = 𝐴 sin
2
𝒂𝒎𝒊𝒏 = 0
𝒙𝐦𝒂𝒙 = ±A
At extreme position , x = ± A
𝒂𝐦𝒂𝒙 = ± 𝜔2 𝐴
 Graphical Representation of SHM
Mean Position Extreme Position
 Graphical Representation of SHM

• Mean Position:
• X = A sin (𝜔𝑡)
• V = A 𝜔 cos(𝜔𝑡)
• a = - A𝜔2 sin (𝜔𝑡)
• Extreme Position:
• X = A cos (𝜔𝑡)
• V = -A 𝜔 sin(𝜔𝑡)
• a = - A𝜔2 cos (𝜔𝑡)
 Composition of two SHM’s
Consider two SHM, 𝑥1 = 𝐴1 sin(𝜔𝑡 + ∅1 ) • Resultant Amplitude ,
𝑥2 = 𝐴2 sin(𝜔𝑡 + ∅2 )
𝑅= (𝑅𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛿)2 +(𝑅𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛿)2
The resultant displacement at any instant(t) is given by
Substituting eq(1) and (2) in the above equation we
𝑥 = 𝑥1 + 𝑥2
get,
𝑥 = 𝐴1 sin 𝜔𝑡 + ∅1 + 𝐴2 sin(𝜔𝑡 + ∅2 ) 𝑅2 = 𝐴12 + 𝐴22 + 2𝐴1 𝐴2 cos(∅1 − ∅2 )

𝑹= 𝑨𝟐𝟏 + 𝑨𝟐𝟐 + 𝟐𝑨𝟏 𝑨𝟐 𝒄𝒐𝒔(∅𝟏 − ∅𝟐 ) ….(4)

𝑥 = [𝐴1 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜔𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑠∅1 + 𝐴1 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜔𝑡𝑠𝑖𝑛∅1 +
𝐴2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜔𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑠∅2 + 𝐴2 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜔𝑡𝑠𝑖𝑛∅2 ] Dividing eq (2) by eq (1) we get,

𝑅𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛿 [𝐴1 𝑠𝑖𝑛∅1 + 𝐴2 𝑠𝑖𝑛∅2 ]

𝑥 = [𝐴1 𝑐𝑜𝑠∅1 + 𝐴2 𝑐𝑜𝑠∅2 ]sin𝜔𝑡 + =
𝑅𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛿 [𝐴1 𝑐𝑜𝑠∅1 + 𝐴2 𝑐𝑜𝑠∅2 ]
[𝐴1 𝑠𝑖𝑛∅1 + 𝐴2 𝑠𝑖𝑛∅2 ]cos𝜔𝑡
Substituting 𝑅𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛿 = [𝐴1 𝑐𝑜𝑠∅1 + 𝐴2 𝑐𝑜𝑠∅2 ]…(1)
[𝐴1 𝑠𝑖𝑛∅1 + 𝐴2 𝑠𝑖𝑛∅2 ]
𝑅𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛿 = [𝐴1 𝑠𝑖𝑛∅1 + 𝐴2 𝑠𝑖𝑛∅2 ]….(2) 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝜹 =
[𝐴1 𝑐𝑜𝑠∅1 + 𝐴2 𝑐𝑜𝑠∅2 ]

𝑥 = 𝑅 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜔𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛿 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜔𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛿

[𝑨𝟏 𝒔𝒊𝒏∅𝟏 + 𝑨𝟐 𝒔𝒊𝒏∅𝟐 ]
𝒙 = 𝑹 𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝝎𝒕 + 𝜹 )…….(3) 𝜹 = 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 … … (5)
[𝑨𝟏 𝒄𝒐𝒔∅𝟏 + 𝑨𝟐 𝒄𝒐𝒔∅𝟐 ]
 Resultant Amplitude
Special cases: 2) If the two SHM ‘s are out of phase,

1) If the two SHM ‘s are in phase, (∅𝟏 − ∅𝟐 ) = 9𝟎𝟎 , 𝐜𝐨𝐬(∅𝟏 − ∅𝟐 ) = 0

(∅𝟏 − ∅𝟐 ) = 𝟎𝟎 , 𝐜𝐨𝐬(∅𝟏 − ∅𝟐 ) = 1 𝑹= 𝑨𝟐𝟏 + 𝑨𝟐𝟐 + 𝟐𝑨𝟏 𝑨𝟐 𝒄𝒐𝒔(∅𝟏 − ∅𝟐 )

𝑹= 𝑨𝟐𝟏 + 𝑨𝟐𝟐 + 𝟐𝑨𝟏 𝑨𝟐 𝒄𝒐𝒔(∅𝟏 − ∅𝟐 ) 𝑹= 𝑨𝟐𝟏 + 𝑨𝟐𝟐

𝑹= 𝑨𝟐𝟏 + 𝑨𝟐𝟐 + 𝟐𝑨𝟏 𝑨𝟐

𝑹 = ±(𝑨𝟏 + 𝑨𝟐 ) Further if 𝑨 = 𝑨𝟏 = 𝑨𝟐 𝒃𝒐𝒕𝒉 𝒂𝒎𝒑𝒍𝒊𝒕𝒖𝒅𝒆𝒔 𝒂𝒓𝒆 𝒆𝒒𝒖𝒂𝒍

Further if 𝑨 = 𝑨𝟏 = 𝑨𝟐 𝒃𝒐𝒕𝒉 𝒂𝒎𝒑𝒍𝒊𝒕𝒖𝒅𝒆𝒔 𝒂𝒓𝒆 𝒆𝒒𝒖𝒂𝒍 then , 𝑹 = 𝟐𝑨
then , 𝑹 = 𝟐𝑨
3) If the two SHM ‘s are out of phase,
(∅𝟏 − ∅𝟐 ) = 𝟏𝟖𝟎𝟎 , 𝒄𝒐𝒔(∅𝟏 − ∅𝟐 ) = -1

𝑹= 𝑨𝟐𝟏 + 𝑨𝟐𝟐 + 𝟐𝑨𝟏 𝑨𝟐 𝒄𝒐𝒔(∅𝟏 − ∅𝟐 )

𝑹= 𝑨𝟐𝟏 + 𝑨𝟐𝟐 − 𝟐𝑨𝟏 𝑨𝟐

𝑹 = ∣ (𝑨𝟏 - 𝑨𝟐 ) ∣
Further if 𝑨 = 𝑨𝟏 = 𝑨𝟐 𝒃𝒐𝒕𝒉 𝒂𝒎𝒑𝒍𝒊𝒕𝒖𝒅𝒆𝒔 𝒂𝒓𝒆 𝒆𝒒𝒖𝒂𝒍

then , 𝑹=𝟎
 Energy of SHM
Consider an particle of mass m, performing a linear The total work done on the particle from moving it
SHM along a path MN about the mean position O, from O to P is given by,
𝑥 𝑥 1 2
𝑊= 0
𝑑𝑊 = 0
𝑘𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = k𝑥
2
This should be the P.E of the particle at displacement
𝟏 𝟏
Velocity of particle is given by v, displacement by x , x, P.E = 𝟐 k𝒙𝟐 = 𝟐 𝒎𝝎𝟐 𝒙𝟐 ……..(2)
and amplitude by a.
The total energy of the particle is given by,
Kinetic energy is given by
1 1 1
E = K.E +P.E
𝐾. 𝐸 = 𝑚𝑣 2 = 𝑚𝜔2 (𝐴2 2
−𝑥 ) = 𝐾 2 2
(𝐴 − 𝑥 ) 1 1
2 2 2
E = 2 𝑚𝜔2 (𝐴2 − 𝑥 2 ) + 2 𝑚𝜔2 𝒙𝟐
𝟏
K.E = 𝑲 𝑨𝟐 − 𝒙𝟐 … … . . (𝟏) 1 1 1
𝟐
E = 2 𝑚𝜔2 𝐴2 = 2 𝐾𝐴2 = 2 𝑚𝑣𝑚𝑎𝑥
2 ….(3)
This is the K.E at displacement x.
As m,𝜔 , and A are constant , we can say that energy
The restoring force acting on the particle at point P is given in SHM is conserved. Now 𝜔 = 2𝜋𝑛
by f = -kx, Further if the particle is displaced by an distance
1
dx against the restoring force f. E = 2 𝑚(2𝜋𝑛)2 𝐴2
The external work done during this displacement is 𝑬 = 𝟐𝝅𝟐 𝒏𝟐 𝑨𝟐 𝒎
dW = -kx (-dx) = kx dx 𝟏
𝑬 = 𝟐𝝅𝟐 𝑻𝟐 𝑨𝟐 𝒎
 Diagrammatical representation of SHM
3) As the particle oscillates the energy changes
between kinetic and potential. At the mean position,
the energy is entirely kinetic, while at the extreme
positions , it is entirely potential . At the other
positions the energy is partly kinetic and partly
potential. However, the total energy is always
conserved.
1) At mean position, x = 0 and velocity is max
𝟏
K.E = 𝟐 𝒎𝝎𝟐 𝑨𝟐 P.E = 0
4) If 𝑬𝒌 = 𝑬𝒑
𝟏 𝟏
𝑲 𝑨𝟐 − 𝒙𝟐 = 𝟐 𝒎𝝎𝟐 𝒙𝟐
𝟐
2) At extreme condition, velocity is max and 𝑨
x =±
𝟐
𝟏
K.E = 0 P.E = 𝟐 𝒎𝝎𝟐 𝑨𝟐 Thus at this value of ‘x’ K.E will be equal to P.E
 Simple Pendulum
Definition:
An ideal simple pendulum is a heavy particle suspended by a massless, inextensible , flexible string from a
rigid support.
The forces acting on the string are
• Force ‘T’ due to tension in string directed towards the rigid support and
along the string.
• Weight mg , in the vertically downwards direction
• At extreme positions, there should not be any net force along the string,
only the component mg can balance the force due to tension
• Thus, mg is resolved into two components,
a. mg cos𝜽 along the string , which is balanced by the tension T
b. mg sin𝜽, perpendicular to string is the restoring force acting on mass m
tending to bring return it to the equilibrium position.
restoring force f = -mg sin𝜃 , if 𝜃 is very small, then f = mg𝜃
𝑥
for small angle, 𝜃 =
𝐿
𝑥
f = -mg 𝐿 ………..(1)
∴ 𝑓 ∝ -x ,
thus for small displacement, the restoring force is directly proportional to displacement.
 Period of Simple Pendulum
The Period T of Oscillation of a pendulum of is given by,
2𝜋 2𝜋
T= ==
𝜔 𝑎𝑐𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡
Using equation (1),
𝑥
f = - mg
𝐿
𝑥
ma = - mg ……(∵ 𝑓 = 𝑚𝑎)
𝐿
𝑥
a=-g
𝐿
𝑎 𝑔 𝑔
=− = (in magnitude)
𝑥 𝐿 𝐿
substituting the expression for T,
𝑳
T = 2𝝅
𝒈

This is the expression for the time period of a simple pendulum.

 Seconds’s Pendulum
A simple pendulum whose period is two seconds
called second's pendulum.

𝑳
Time period of simple pendulum T = 2𝝅
𝒈

𝑳
For a second's pendulum , 2 = 2𝝅
𝒈

where 𝐿𝑠 is the length of second’s pendulum, having

Period T = 2s
𝒈
∴ 𝑳𝒔 =
𝝅𝟐
Difference between conical and simple pendulum
 Angular SHM

• The given figure shows a metallic disc attached centrally to a

thin wire hanging from a rigid support. IF the disc is slightly twisted
about the axis, and released , it performs a rotational motion, in clock
wise and anticlockwise direction. Such Oscillations are called angular
SHM or torsional Oscillation.
• As similar to the linear SHM, here also the motion is
governed by restoring torque, which is in the opposite direction of
angular displacement, which we call it as angular SHM.
 Differential equation - Angular SHM
In angular motion, the restoring torque acting on the depends upon angular displacement, but in opposite
body , for angular movement, 𝜃 is given by , direction. Hence this Oscillatory motion is called as
angular SHM.
𝜏 = - c 𝜃 , c is constant of proportionality
The time period of angular SHM is given by
We also know, if I is the moment of inertia acting on
2𝜋
the body , then torque is given by , T= 𝜔

𝜏 = I 𝛼 , where 𝛼 is angular acceleration 𝟐𝝅

T=
𝒂𝒄𝒄𝒆𝒍𝒂𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒑𝒆𝒓 𝒖𝒏𝒊𝒕 𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒖𝒍𝒂𝒓 𝒅𝒊𝒔𝒑𝒍𝒂𝒄𝒆𝒎𝒆𝒏𝒕
We get, I𝛼=-c𝜃
Definition:
𝑑2 𝜃
I =-c𝜃
𝑑𝑡 2 Angular SHM is defined as the oscillatory motion of a
−c𝜽 𝑑2 𝑥 body in which the torque for angular acceleration is
𝜶= ( ∵ 𝑑𝑡 2
=𝛼)
𝑰 directly proportional to the angular displacement and its
Since C and I are constants, angular acceleration direction is opposite to that of angular displacement.
 Magnet vibrating in Uniform magnetic field
Let 𝜇 be magnetic dipole moment
B be the magnetic field
In a deflected position, a restoring torque acts on a
magnet, that tends to bring back to its equilibrium
position. Since 𝜇 , B , I are constant ,above equation shows
Magnitude of torque is given by 𝜏 = 𝜇 Bsin 𝜃 that, angular acceleration is directly proportional to
angular displacement.
𝜏 =𝜇B𝜃
The period of vibration of magnet is given by
For clockwise angular displacement 𝜃, the restoring 2𝜋
T=
torque is in the anticlockwise 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑎𝑐𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡
2𝜋
𝜏 = 𝐼𝛼 = −𝜇 B 𝜃 T = 𝛼
𝜃
Where I = moment of inertia , 𝛼 = angular
acceleration 𝑰
T = 2𝝅
𝜇𝐵 𝝁 B
𝛼= - ( ) 𝜃
𝐼
 Damped Oscillations
Definition : The nature of the damping force depends upon
Periodic Oscillations of gradually decreasing amplitude are the speed v of the vane and the block,𝐹𝑑 = −𝑏𝑣
called damped harmonic oscillation and the Oscillator is called Where f is the damping force constant and
damped harmonic Oscillator .
-ve sign says that 𝐹𝑑 opposes the velocity,
IF the amplitude of an oscillator decreases by application The spring constant K is given by 𝐹𝑠 = −𝑘𝑥
of an external force , the oscillator is called damped.
The gravitational force is negligible as
Eg. Motion of an simple pendulum, goes on decreasing due to
the force exerted by the air. compared to the other forces, the force

Damped Oscillator: acting on the mass is given,

𝑓 = 𝑓𝑑 + 𝑓𝑠
In the below figure you can see a block of mass m, which can
𝑚𝑎 = −𝑏𝑣 − 𝑘𝑥
move up and down with the help of spring.
𝑚𝑎 + 𝑏𝑣 + 𝑘𝑥 = 0
From the block a rod extends to the vane, which is submerged
in the water. 𝒅𝟐 𝒙 𝑑𝑥
𝑚 𝒅𝒕𝟐
+ b 𝑑𝑡 + kx = 0
This equation describes the motion of the block under
damping force.
 Graphical Representation

• The above figure , as the time proceeds, the amplitude

goes on decreasing.
 Free Oscillations ,Forced Oscillations, Resonance

• If an object is allowed to oscillate on its own , it does with its natural frequency.
𝟏 𝒈
• Ex, a bob of simple pendulum if displaced and released, it will oscillate with the frequency, n = 𝟐𝝅 𝑰

which is called its natural frequency and the Oscillations are called as free Oscillations
• However by applying an external force, it can be made to oscillate with an different frequency called as driver
frequency and Oscillations will be Forced Oscillations
• Ex, Transfer of vibrational energy through the string
• A – free Oscillations
• B,C,D – forced Oscillations
• A and C have the same length so Pendula C Oscillates with equal frequency,
as pendula A by absorbing maximum energy from source.
This is said to be in resonance with the source
 Resonant Frequency
 If the activity is replaced for a set of pendula of different lengths and squares of their amplitude are
plotted against their natural frequencies, the plot will be similar to that shown in the figure.

 The peak occurs when the forced frequency matches with the natural frequency .