7.
Assistant Scientific Officer, Documents
➤ Introduction to Forensic science: Definition and Scope of Forensic
Science, History and development of Forensic science, Need and Principle,
Police and, Forensic science laboratories/institutions in India and responsibility
of Forensic Scientists. Crime scene management techniques, types of crime
scenes, crime scene ethics, role of the first arriving officer, crime scene
documentation, searching, collection, packaging and forwarding of physical
evidences, Maintaining the chain of custody, and Reconstruction of scene of
crime.
➤ Expert testimony in
court of law: admissibility of forensic evidence, laws
and Acts relevant to forensic science.
➤ The metric system: Unit of measurement-SI units. Measuring devices,
Accuracy, sensitivity and precision of measuring instruments. Errors in
measurement, Significant Figures.
➤ Mechanics: Laws of motion, Linear and rotational motion, Friction,
Elasticity, Magnetism and Electricity and its Basic properties, Holography:
importance of coherence, Principle of holography and characteristics, recording
and reconstruction, classification of hologram and application, non-destructive
testing.
➤ Laser: Production, properties of laser beams such as intensity,
monochromaticity, coherence, directionality and brightness. Basic laser systems
Gas Lasers: (i) Molecular gas lasers- CO2 laser & N2 (ii) ionic gas laser Ar -
laser (iii) gas dynamic laser (iv) high pressure pulsed gas laser Solid State
Laser: (i) Nd: YAG laser, (ii) Nd: Glass laser, comparison of performances (iii)
Tunable, solid state laser: Ti: sopphire laser; Alexandrite laser Chemical Laser:
HF laser, HCI laser, COIL. Excimer laser; Color centre laser; free electron laser;
semiconductor diode laser, Laser Beam Propagation: Laser beam propagation,
properties of Gaussian beam, resonator, stability, various types of resonators,
resonator for high gain and high energy lasers, Gaussian beam focusing.
➤ Basic concept of Spectroscopy: Atomic, molecular spectroscopy, imaging
spectroscopy. Interaction of radiation with matter and its consequences.
Reflection, absorption, transmission, scattering, emission, fluorescence,
phosphorescence.
➤ Fluorescence and phosphorescence spectrophotometry: Types of sources,
structural factors, instrumentation, comparison of luminescence and UV-visible
absorption methods. Infrared spectrophotometry: Dispersive and Fourier
transform spectrophotometry (FTIR). Sample handling and preparation,
quantitative analysis and interpretation of IR spectra, forensic applications.
➤ Advanced microscopy: The compound microscope, comparison
microscope, stereomicroscope, polarizing microscope, micro-
spectrophotometer, scanning electron microscope. Detectors: photographic
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2detectors, thermal detectors, photoelectric: detectors, PMT and semiconductor
detectors.
➤ Chromatography and Electrophoresis; General Principles and types of
chromatographic techniques: Paper chromatography, column chromatography,
thin layer chromatography, adsorption chromatography, partition
chromatography, Gas chromatography, Gas-liquid chromatography, Ion
exchange chromatography, Exclusion (permeation) chromatography, affinity
chromatography, HPLC, HPTLC, Capillary Chromatography and
Electrophoresis.
➤ Statistics: Statistical evaluation of data obtained by instrumental methods.
Tests of hypothesis-tests of significance of attributes, Z-test of significance and
coefficient of correlation, small sample test, T-test, paired test, chi-square test,
F-test for equality of variance, large sample test, normal test.
➤ Forensic Document Examination: Legal aspects of forensic document
examination, 293Crpc, Section 45 evidence act, definition of expert. Indian
Penal Code Under sections viz, 29, 463, 405, and 420. Classification of
documents, Care, handling, preservation of documents; Preliminary
examination of case documents, Principle of handwriting examination;
Importance of natural variations, Holographic documents, Comparison of
handwriting, principle of fundamental divergence, natural variations in
handwriting, nature and types of forgeries, characteristics of genuine and forged
signatures, their detection, artificial and natural tremor. basic tools needed for
forensic documents examination and their significance.
➤ Alterations in documents: addition, deletion, obliterations, substitutions,
overwriting, built up documents, determination of sequence of intersecting
strokes, Ink examination, chemical composition of different types of inks,
destructive and non-destructive techniques involved in differentiation of ink.
Writing instruments, working of fountain pen, ball pen, gel pen, writing inks,
Printing inks and printing toners. Viscosity, Surface tension, Capillary rise.
➤ Paper examination: Physical comparison, chemical composition, sizing &
loading materials, tensile strength, comparison techniques: destructive & non-
destructive, Examination of printed labels, wrappers, rubber seal impressions,
Facsimile document, Photocopy and scanned documents: process of scanning.
Indented writings, Charred documents: preservation and examination techniques
involved.
➤ Printed document examination: Printing technology, examination of type-
script, classification of printers: identification of printed matter, different
printing technologies, Examination of computer printouts, Concept of e-
documents and digital signature.
> Examination of security documents: Currency notes, Passport, Visa,
Various identity cards, Stamp papers, travel documents. OVI ink, thermal ink,
Examination of credit, debit and other plastic cards.
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