Energy system final notes
- Energy is the capacity to do work in joule, J.
- Forms of energy:
1- Kinetic E.
2- Potential E.
3- Thermal E.
- Frist law of thermodynamic: energy cannot be destroyed.
- Power is the rate at which energy transformed.
- Temperature is degree of hotness an object is.
- Absolut zero is = -273.15◦C.
- Heat flow from hot to cold, high heat mean high capacity to do
work.
- Calorific Value: Amount of heat released on complete
combustion.
- Laws of thermodynamic:
1- 0: when 2 objects are in thermodynamic equilibrium with
third on, all of them are in thermodynamic equilibrium.
2- 1: energy cannot be created or destroyed.
3- 2: since the 1, the portion energy goes as waste.
4- 3: when the system reaches absolute 0, all processes case
and entropy reach minimum value.
- Entropy: energy per unit temperature that is unavailable to do
work.
- Thermodynamic cycle: a cycle that goes through changes to
pressure, temperature and volume while transferring heat and
returning to initial state.
- It depends on kelvin.
- Levelized cost: is the average cost of the lifetime of the planet.
- Advantages of electricity system:
1- Fast growing.
2- Can be generated easily from multiple sources.
3- Use power grid to transfer electricity.
- Fission: the process where nucleus of atoms breaks into lighter
nuclei-releases.
- Fusion: energy released when lighter elements combine.
- Advantages of fusion:
- Hydropower plant:
- P = power, n= coefficient of efficiency, p= density of
water(1000kg/m3), h = high difference, V= water flow rate, g=
9.81m/s
- Disadvantages of large dams:
1- Displacement of people.
2- Ecological impact.
3- Wildlife impact.
4- Climate impact.
- The causes of wind:
1- Heating of atmosphere by sun.
2- Rotation of earth.
3- Earth surface irregularities
- Wind rose: a diagram that summarises the wind speed and
direction.
- Wind measured by anemometers.
- Wind turbine convert wind’s kinetic energy to electricity.
- Curve of turbine power with speed.
- Impacts of wind turbine:
1- 0 emission.
2- Impact on bird through collision.
3- Visual.
4- Nosie and vibration.
5- Now cost effective.
- Solar energy is the energy that comes from sun light.
- Photovoltaics (PV): the process of converting sunlight to
electricity.
- Latitude: a measurement of distances, given in north or south
degree.
- Longitude: a measurement of distance given in east or west
degrees.
- Isc: the current through the solar cell when the voltage is 0.
- VOC: Maximum voltage at 0 current.
- PMP, VMP ,IMP: maximum power, voltage and current.
- Effect of temperature:
- The effect of heating on PV module:
- NOCT definition:
- The effect of light intensity:
- Solar radiation on tilted surface:
- Type of solar panels:
1- Monocrystalline: high efficiency and performance, high cost.
2- Polycrystalline: lower efficiency, performance and cost.
3- Thin -film: flexible, lower efficiency and performance, high
cost.
#: d is the day of the year, meaning that 1 of February is the day 32 of a hole year
since January has 31 days.
- Gyrothermal electricity use the heat of earth to produce steam
from driving turbine generators.
- Geothermal reservoirs: mostly in areas of geological activity,
plate tectonic.
- Geothermal energy to electricity:
- Ocean energy comes from the combination of sun’s gravity,
moon’s gravity and earth’s planetary activity.
- Types of ocean energy:
- Tidal energy tech:
- TRL:
- Wave energy is energy that come from wave action.
- OWC: compresses air to drive a turbine.
- OB: wave motion converted to electricity.
- OD: potential energy of water spill to drive turbine.
- Challenges faced:
- Bioenergy is energy that comes from biomass and biogas.
- Feedstock: sources of biomass.
- Biomass electricity:
- Generators for biomass electricity:
- Biogas: methane or combustible from biological materials.
- The duck curve plot net load over the course of the day.
- Solutions:
1- Energy storage.
2- Making the system flexible
3- Reduce energy use at night.
- Hybrid energy system:
- Power in AC circuits:
- Power factor is lagging when current lags the supply voltage and
power factor is leading when current leads voltage.
- Active and reactive currents:
- Types of connections in 3 phases system:
Tutorials
- In capacity factor, the maximum output is getting by × 24 × 365.
- One horse power is equal to 0.746 kW.
- To calculate the CO2:
- One kg is tone (÷1000).
- To calculate the saving in levelized cost:
Saving = energy produced × (unit rate – LOCE).
- Total cost with discount factor:
I = initial cost. M = maintenance d= discount rate n= days / year.
- Total energy with discount rate:
G = energy produced over a year.
- From km/h to m/s = × 0.277
- Sometimes the power of a solar PV can be calculated by:
𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝑖𝑛 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑡
Power = 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 /𝑚2
- The irradiance of a solar panel is the input energy.
- the angle of the horizontal plane is represented by B.
- The diagrams for AC circuits:
