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24MA304-FOURIER ANALYSIS
AND PARTIAL DIFFERENTIAL
EQUATIONS

DEPARTMENT CE, EEE, ME

BATCH/YEAR 2024-2028 /II

DEPARTMENT OF
CREATED BY
MATHEMATICS
13.05.2025
DATE
Table of Contents
[Link] TITLE Page No

1 Course Objectives 7

2 Pre-Requisites 8

3 Syllabus 9

4 Course Outcomes 10

5 CO – PO/PSO Mapping 11

6 Lecture Plan 12

7 Activity Based Learning 13

8 Lecture Notes: Unit III-

3.1 Introduction 14

3.2 Formation of PDEs

3.2.1 Elimination of arbitrary constants 15

3.2.2 Elimination of arbitrary functions 19

3.3 Solutions of standard types of first order PDE

3.3.1 TYPE I 22

3.3.2 TYPE II 24

3.3.3 TYPE III 26

3.3.4 TYPE IV 31

3.3.5 TYPE V 33

3.3.6 TYPE VI 39

3.3.7 Lagrange’s linear first order PDE 42

5
[Link] TITLE Page No

9 Practice quiz 52

10 Assignments 54

11 Part A Questions and Answers 57

12 Part B Questions 63

13 Supportive Online Certification Courses 65

14 Real Time Applications 66

15 Content Beyond the Syllabus 67

16 Prescribed Textbooks & Reference Books 68

17 Mini Project 69

18 Assignment Schedule 71
COURSE OBJECTIVE

[Link] TOPICS

1 introduce the concepts of Fourier series and

hormonic analysis.

2 illustrate the concepts of Fourier integrals and

transforms.

3 understand various techniques for solving first

order partial differential equations.

4 acquire knowledge about the classification and

solution techniques for higher-order partial
differential equations.

5 understand the applications of partial differential

equations.
2. PREREQUISITES

[Link]. TOPICS COURSE NAME WITH CODE

1 Differentiation

2 Integration
Higher Secondary level

3 Partial Fraction

4 Knowledge in Algebra

8
 FOURIER ANALYSIS AND PARTIAL L T P C
DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS
24MA304
(Common to CE, EEE, ME) 3 1 0 4
(Theory Course)
⚫
UNIT I FOURIER SERIES 12

Dirichlet’s conditions - General Fourier series - Odd and even functions - Half
range sine and cosine series - Parseval’s identity - Harmonic analysis.

UNIT II FOURIER TRANSFORMS 12

Statement of Fourier integral theorem - Fourier transform pair - Fourier sine and
cosine transforms - Properties - Transforms of simple functions - Convolution
theorem - Parseval’s identity.

UNIT III FIRST ORDER PARTIAL DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS 12

Introduction - Formation of partial differential equations by eliminating arbitrary

constants and functions- Solutions of first order equations - Standard types and
equations reducible to standard types - Singular solutions - Lagrange‘s linear
equation.

UNIT IV HIGHER ORDER PARTIAL DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS 12

Linear partial differential equations of second and higher order with constant
coefficients of both homogeneous and non-homogeneous types. Classification of
PDE - Method of separation of variables.

APPLICATIONS OF PARTIAL DIFFERENTIAL

UNIT V 12
EQUATIONS

Solutions of one dimensional wave equation - One dimensional equation of heat

conduction - Steady state solution of two dimensional equation of heat
conduction (excluding insulated edges).

TOTAL: 60 PERIODS
Course Outcomes

Description Knowledge
Level
CO1 obtain the Fourier series of periodic functions. K2
.
CO2 analyze the harmonics using Fourier series. K3

CO3 compute the Fourier transform of prescribed K2

functions.
CO4 solve first order partial differential equations. K2

CO5 solve higher order partial differential K3

equations.

CO6 apply the concept of Fourier series to solve K3

wave and heat equations.
 CO-PO/PSO Mapping

CO PO1 PO2 PO3 PO4 PO5 PO6 PO7 PO8 PO9 PO10 PO11 PO12 PSO1 PSO2 PSO3

1
3 2 1 - - - - - - - - 1 - - -
2
3 2 1 - - - - - - - - - - - -
3
2 1 - 1 - - - - - - - 1 - - -
4
2 1 - 1 - - - - - - - - - - -
5
3 2 1 - - - - - - - - - - - -
6
3 2 1 1 - - - - - - - 1 - - -
LECTURE PLAN-UNIT III

No. Proposed Actual CO Knowle Mode of

of Date Date dge Delivery
Topics to be peri level
[Link].
Recovered ods

PPT,
1 Introduction 1 CO4 K2 Chalk &
Board
PPT,
Eliminating arbitrary
2 1 CO4 K2 Chalk &
constant
Board
PPT,
Eliminating arbitrary
3 1 CO4 K2 Chalk &
function
Board
PPT,
4 Standard type 1 1 CO4 K2 Chalk &
Board
PPT,
5 Standard type 2 1 CO4 K2 Chalk &
Board
PPT,
6 Standard type 3 1 CO4 K2 Chalk &
Board
PPT,
7 Standard type 4 1 CO4 K2 Chalk &
Board
PPT,
Standard type 5
8 1 CO4 K3 Chalk &
Reducible equation
Board
PPT,
Lagrange's linear first
9 1 CO4 K2 Chalk &
order equation
Board
PPT,
10 Solving more problems 1 CO4 K2 Chalk &
Board
PPT,
11 Solving more problems 1 CO4 K2 Chalk &
Board
PPT,
12 Revision 1 CO4 K3 Chalk &
Board
ACTIVITY BASED LEARNING

Activity based learning enhances students’ critical thinking and

collaborative skills. Experiential learning being the core, various activities
such as quiz competitions, group discussion, etc. are conducted for all
the five units to enhance the learning abilities of students. The students
are the center of the activities, where student’s opinions are valued,
questions are encouraged, and discussions are done. These activities
empower the students to explore and learn by themselves.

SL. TOPICS ACTIVITY LINK

NO
1 PDE: Formation and [Link] [Link]
Lagranges quiz/5f9fa6f9445be3001b0
931ec/pde-formation-and-
lagranges
2 First order pde [Link] [Link]
quiz/5f3d78a19cf402001ef
699ba/first-order-pdes
3 Higher order pde [Link] [Link]
quiz/5f3e00c206549c001b8
10ab1/higher-order-pde
4 Second order pde [Link] [Link]
quiz/5e99a8f912f1ef001cf5
a462/second-order-linear-
differential-equations
 LECTURE NOTES
UNIT III: FIRST ORDER PARTIAL DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

3.1 Introduction:

A differential equation is an equation which involves differential coefficients of

differentials.

A differential equation categorized as two types i.e.,

(1) Ordinary differential equations

(2) Partial Differential Equations

An ordinary differential equation is that in which all the differential coefficients

(or derivatives) have reference to a single independent variable.

If 𝑧 is a function of only one variable say 𝑥, i.e., 𝑧 = 𝑓(𝑥), then

𝑑𝑧 𝑑2𝑧 𝑑𝑧 𝑑3𝑧
𝑑𝑥
+ 5𝑧 = 𝑥 2 , 𝑑𝑥2
+ 2 𝑑𝑥 − 4𝑧 = 𝑒 2𝑥 , 𝑑𝑥 3
+ 𝑛2 𝑧 = 0

are respectively I, II, III order ordinary differential equations.

[Here 𝑧 is a dependent variable and 𝑥 is a independent variable]

A partial differential equation is that in which there are two or more

independent variables and partial differential coefficients (or derivatives) with
respect to any of them.

If 𝑧 is a function of two variables say 𝑥 and y, i.e., 𝑧 = 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦), then

𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧
+ + 5𝑧 = 𝑥 2 − 𝑦,
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦

𝜕 2𝑧 𝜕 2𝑧 𝜕 2𝑧 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧
+ + −2 −2 − 4𝑧 = 𝑒 2𝑥 ,
𝜕𝑥2 𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 2 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
𝜕3𝑧 𝜕3𝑧 𝜕3𝑧 𝜕3𝑧
+ + + + 𝑛2 𝑧 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛( 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦)
𝜕𝑥 3 𝜕𝑥 2 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦 2 𝜕𝑦 3

are respectively I, II, III order partial differential equation.

[Here 𝑧 is a dependent variable and 𝑥, 𝑦 are independent variables]

Notations:

If 𝑧 is a function of two independent variables 𝑥 and 𝑦, then we shall use the

following notations for the partial derivatives of 𝑧:
 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧 𝜕2𝑧 𝜕2𝑧 𝜕2𝑧
= 𝑝, =𝑞 = 𝑟, =
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥 2 𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦𝜕𝑥
𝜕2𝑧
= 𝑠, 2 = 𝑡
𝜕𝑦
are I order partial are II order partial
derivatives derivatives

3.2 Formation of partial differential equations:

Partial differential equations can be formed

(1) By eliminating arbitrary constants

(2) By eliminating arbitrary functions

If the number of arbitrary constants to be eliminated is equal to the number of

independent variables, the partial differential equations that arise are of the first
order.

If the number of arbitrary constants to be eliminated is more than the number of

independent variables, the partial differential equations obtained are of second or
higher order.

If the number of arbitrary functions to be eliminated is equal to 1, the partial

differential equations that arise are of the first order.

If the number of arbitrary functions to be eliminated is more than 1, the partial

differential equations that arise are of the I or II order.

Example 1:

Form partial differential equation from the following equations by eliminating the
arbitrary constants:

(i) z = ax + by + ab (ii) 𝑧 = 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑎2 𝑦 2 + 𝑏
𝑥2 𝑦2
(iii) 𝑧 = 𝑥2 + 𝑎 𝑦2 + 𝑏 (iv) 2𝑧 = + 𝑏2
𝑎2
𝑥2 𝑦2 𝑧2
(v) 𝑎2
+ 𝑏2 + 𝑐2 = 1

Solution:

𝜕𝑧
(i) Differentiating z partially w.r.t. x : 𝜕𝑥 = 𝑝 = 𝑎
𝜕𝑧
Differentiating z partially w.r.t. y : =𝑞=𝑏
𝜕𝑦
 (i)  z = px + qy + pq,
 which is a partial differential equation of the first order.

𝜕𝑧
(ii) Differentiating z partially w.r.t. x : 𝜕𝑥 = 𝑝 = 𝑎
𝜕𝑧
Differentiating z partially w.r.t. y : 𝜕𝑦 = 𝑞 = 2𝑎2 𝑦
Eliminating ‘a’ between above two results, we get 𝑞 = 2𝑝2 𝑦, which is a partial
differential equation of the first order.

𝜕𝑧
(iii) Differentiating z partially w.r.t. x : 𝜕𝑥 = 𝑝 = 2𝑥 𝑦 2 + 𝑏
𝑝
 2𝑥
= 𝑦2 + 𝑏
𝜕𝑧
Differentiating z partially w.r.t. y: = 𝑞 = 2𝑦 𝑥 2 + 𝑎
𝜕𝑦
𝑞
 = 𝑥2 + 𝑎
2𝑦
𝑞 𝑝
 (iii)  z = 2𝑦 2𝑥
 pq = 4xyz
which is a partial differential equation of the first order.

𝜕𝑧 2𝑥 1 𝑝
(iv) Differentiating z partially w.r.t. x : 2 𝜕𝑥 = 𝑎 2  𝑎2
=𝑥

𝜕𝑧 2𝑦 1 𝑞
Differentiating z partially w.r.t. y: 2 =  =
𝜕𝑦 𝑏2 𝑏2 𝑦
 (iv)  2 z = px + qy
which is a partial differential equation of the first order.

(v) Here the number of arbitrary constants (a, b, c) is greater than the number of
independent variables (x, y), which leads higher order derivatives

Differentiating partially w.r.t. x:

2𝑥 2𝑧 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧
𝑎2
+ 𝑐 2 . 𝜕𝑥 = 0  𝑐 2 𝑥 + 𝑎2 𝑧. 𝜕𝑥 = 0 (1)

Differentiating partially w.r.t. y:

2𝑦 2𝑧 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧
𝑏2
+ 𝑐 2 . 𝜕𝑦 = 0  𝑐 2 𝑦 + 𝑏 2 𝑧. 𝜕𝑦 = 0 (2)

Again differentiating (1) partially w.r.t. x, we get

𝜕𝑧 2 𝜕 2𝑧 𝑐2 𝜕𝑧 2 𝜕2𝑧
𝑐 2 + 𝑎2 𝜕𝑥
+ 𝑎2 𝑧 𝜕𝑥 2 = 0 𝑎2
+ 𝜕𝑥
+ 𝑧 𝜕𝑥 2 = 0

𝑐2 𝑧 𝜕𝑧
Substituting 𝑎2
= − 𝑥 𝜕𝑥 from (1), we have
𝑧 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧 2 𝜕 2𝑧 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧 2 𝜕 2𝑧
− + +𝑧 = 0 −𝑧 +𝑥 + 𝑥𝑧 =0
𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 2 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 2
𝑥𝑧𝑟 + 𝑥𝑝 – 𝑧𝑝 = 0 2

which is a partial differential equation of the second order.

Note:

Instead of differentiating (1) partially w.r.t. 𝑥, if we differentiate (2) w.r.t. 𝑦

𝑐2
and substitute for ,
𝑏2
we get ,
𝑦 𝑧 𝑡 + 𝑦 𝑞 2 – 𝑧 𝑞 = 0, which is a p.d.e. of second order.

Example 2:

Find the PDE of all plane having equal intercept on the x and y axis

Solution:
𝑥 𝑦 𝑧
Intercept form of the plane equation is 𝑎
+𝑏 +𝑐 =1
Given: 𝑎 = 𝑏
𝑥 𝑦 𝑧
𝑎
+𝑎 +𝑐 =1 (1)

Diff pa (1) w.r. to x and y

1 1 𝜕𝑧 1 1 𝜕𝑧
+0+ =0 + =0
𝑎 𝑐 𝜕𝑥 𝑎 𝑐 𝜕𝑦
1 1 1 1
+ 𝑝 =0 + 𝑞=0
𝑎 𝑐 𝑎 𝑐
1 1 1 1
=− 𝑝-------(2) =- - 𝑞--------(3)
𝑎 𝑐 𝑎 𝑐
1 1
From (2) & (3) - 𝑐 𝑝= -𝑐 𝑞
𝑃=𝑞
which is the required partial differential equation.

Example 3:

Form the partial differential equation of all the spheres whose centers are on
the line 𝑥 = 𝑦 = 𝑧.

Solution:

The equation of all the spheres having their centre on the line
𝑥 = 𝑦 = 𝑧 ( = ‘𝑎’ ) and radius ‘𝑏’ is given by

(𝑥– 𝑎) 2 + (𝑦– 𝑎)2 + (𝑧 – 𝑎) 2 = 𝑏 2 (1)

Differentiate (1) partially w.r.t. x and y respectively,

𝜕𝑧
2( 𝑥– 𝑎) + 2(𝑧– 𝑎) 𝜕𝑥
= 0
𝜕𝑧
 ( 𝑥– 𝑎) + (𝑧– 𝑎) = 0
𝜕𝑥
(𝑥– 𝑎) + (𝑧– 𝑎)𝑝 = 0
 (x +zp)
𝑎(1 + 𝑝) = (𝑥 + 𝑧𝑝) 𝑎 = (2)
(1+𝑝)
𝜕𝑧
2(𝑦– 𝑎) + 2(𝑧– 𝑎) = 0
𝜕𝑦
𝜕𝑧
 (𝑦– 𝑎) + (𝑧 – 𝑎) 𝜕𝑦 = 0
 (𝑦– 𝑎) + (𝑧– 𝑎)𝑞 = 0
 𝑎(1 + 𝑞) = (𝑦 + 𝑧𝑞)
(y +zq)
𝑎= (3)
(1+𝑞)
Equating (2) & (3) ,we get
(x +zp) (y +zq)
𝑎= =
(1+𝑝) (1+𝑞)
𝑥(1 + 𝑞) – 𝑦(1 + 𝑝) + 𝑧(𝑝– 𝑞) = 0

Example 4:

Form the partial differential equation by eliminating the arbitrary constants a

and b from
2𝑧 = (𝑎𝑥 + 𝑦 )2 + 𝑏
Solution:

2𝑧 = (𝑎𝑥 + 𝑦 )2 + 𝑏 (1)
Differentiate (1) partially w.r.t. x and y respectively,
𝜕𝑧
2 = 2𝑎(𝑎𝑥 + 𝑦)
𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝑧
 𝑝= 𝜕𝑥
= 𝑎(𝑎𝑥 + 𝑦)
 𝑎2 𝑥 + 𝑎𝑦 – 𝑝 = 0
(-y ± 𝑦 2 +4𝑥𝑝 )
Solving for ‘a’, a= 2𝑥
(2)
𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧
2 𝜕𝑦 = 2(𝑎𝑥 + 𝑦) 𝑞 = 𝜕𝑦
= (𝑎𝑥 + 𝑦)
(-y ± 𝑦 2 +4𝑥𝑝 )
𝑞 = 𝑥 +𝑦
2𝑥
−𝑦 ± 𝑦 2 + 4𝑥𝑝
𝑞= +𝑦
2
Taking LCM, we get
2𝑞 = −𝑦 ± 𝑦 2 + 4𝑥𝑝 + 2𝑦

⇒2𝑞 = 𝑦 ± 𝑦 2 + 4𝑥𝑝

2𝑞 − 𝑦 = ± 𝑦 2 + 4𝑥𝑝

Squaring on both sides

2𝑞 − 𝑦 2
= 𝑦 2 + 4𝑥𝑝

4𝑞 2 − 4𝑞𝑦 + 𝑦 2 = 𝑦 2 + 4𝑥𝑝
 𝑥𝑝 + 𝑞𝑦 = 𝑞 2

This is the required PDE

3.2.2 Elimination of arbitrary Functions
Example 1:
Form the partial differential equation by eliminating the function ‘f’ and ‘g’ from the
relations:

(i) 𝑧 = 𝑥𝑓 𝑥 + 𝑡 + 𝑔 𝑥 + 𝑡
(ii)𝑧 = 𝑓 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑡 + 𝑔 𝑥 − 𝑖𝑡 , 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑖 = −1

Solution:

(i) Given 𝑧 = 𝑥𝑓 𝑥 + 𝑡 + 𝑔 𝑥 + 𝑡

Differentiating partially w.r.t. x:

𝜕𝑧
= 𝑝 = 𝑓 𝑥 + 𝑡 + 𝑥𝑓 ′ 𝑥 + 𝑡 + 𝑔′ 𝑥 + 𝑡
𝜕𝑥
𝜕 2𝑧
𝜕𝑥 2
= 𝑟 = 𝑓 ′ 𝑥 + 𝑡 + 𝑓 ′ 𝑥 + 𝑡 + 𝑥𝑓 ′′ 𝑥 + 𝑡 + 𝑔′′ (𝑥 + 𝑡)
𝜕2𝑧
𝜕𝑥 2 = 𝑟 = 2𝑓 ′ 𝑥 + 𝑡 + 𝑥𝑓 ′′ 𝑥 + 𝑡 + 𝑔′′ (𝑥 + 𝑡) (1)

Differentiating z partially w.r.t. t:

𝜕𝑧 𝜕 2𝑧
𝜕𝑡
= 𝑥𝑓 ′ 𝑥 + 𝑡 + 𝑔′ 𝑥 + 𝑡 ,𝜕𝑡 2 = 𝑥𝑓 ′′ 𝑥 + 𝑡 + 𝑔′′ (𝑥 + 𝑡) …(2)

Subtracting (2) from (1)

𝜕 2𝑧 𝜕 2𝑧
− = 2𝑓 ′ 𝑥 + 𝑡 …(3)
𝜕𝑥 2 𝜕𝑡 2
𝜕2𝑧
Also 𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑡
= 𝑓 ′ 𝑥 + 𝑡 + 𝑥𝑓 ′′ 𝑥 + 𝑡 + 𝑔′′ (𝑥 + 𝑡)
1 𝜕 2𝑧 𝜕 2𝑧 𝜕 2𝑧
=
2 𝜕𝑥 2
− 𝜕𝑡 2 + 𝜕 𝑡 2 [using (2) and (3)]
𝜕 2𝑧 𝜕 2𝑧 𝜕2𝑧
or
𝜕𝑥 2
− 2 𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑡 + 𝜕 𝑡 2 = 0, which is a p.d.e. of the second order.

(ii) Given 𝑧 = 𝑓 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑡 + 𝑔 𝑥 − 𝑖𝑡 , 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑖 = −1

Differentiating ‘z’ twice partially w.r.t. x:

𝜕𝑧 𝜕2𝑧
𝜕𝑥
= 𝑓 ′ 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑡 + 𝑔′ 𝑥 − 𝑖𝑡 , 𝜕𝑥 2 = 𝑓 ′′ 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑡 + 𝑔′′ (𝑥 − 𝑖𝑡) (1)

Differentiating ‘z’ twice partially w.r.t. t:

𝜕𝑧 𝜕2𝑧
= 𝑖𝑓 ′ 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑡 − 𝑖𝑔′ 𝑥 − 𝑖𝑡 , = −𝑓 ′′ 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑡 − 𝑔′′ (𝑥 − 𝑖𝑡) (2)
𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑡2

𝜕 2𝑧 𝜕 2𝑧
Adding (1) and (2), we get + 𝜕𝑡 2 = 0
𝜕𝑥 2
which is a p.d.e. of the second order.
Example 2:

Form the PDE by eliminating the arbitrary function 𝑓from 𝑓(𝑧 − 𝑥𝑦, 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 ) = 0.

Solution:

Given 𝑓(𝑧 − 𝑥𝑦, 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 ) = 0, let 𝑢 = 𝑧 − 𝑥𝑦, 𝑣 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2

The PDE is given by

𝑢𝑥 𝑣𝑥 𝑝 − 𝑦2𝑥
𝑢𝑦 𝑣𝑦 = 0 ⇒ 𝑞 − 𝑥2𝑦 = 0
2𝑦𝑝 − 2𝑦 2 − 2𝑥𝑞 + 2𝑥 2 = 0
𝑦𝑝 − 𝑦 2 − 𝑥𝑞 + 𝑥 2 = 0
⇒ 𝑦𝑝 − 𝑥𝑞 = 𝑦 2 − 𝑥 2

Example 3

𝑦
Form a PDE by eliminating the function 𝑓 from 𝑧 = 𝑦𝑓 𝑥
.

Solution:

The given function can be rewritten as

𝑧 𝑦 𝑧 𝑦
=𝑓 ⇒𝜑 , =0
𝑦 𝑥 𝑦 𝑥
𝑧 𝑦
Let 𝑢=𝑦𝑣 =
𝑥
𝑝 −𝑦 𝑦𝑞 −𝑧 1
𝑢𝑥 = 𝑣
𝑦 𝑥
= 𝑥2
and 𝑢𝑦 = 𝑦2
𝑣𝑦 =𝑥
The PDE is given by
𝒑 𝒚𝒒−𝒛
𝒚 𝒚𝟐 𝒑 𝒚 𝒚𝒒−𝒛
−𝒚 𝟏
=𝟎 ⇒ 𝒙𝒚 + 𝒙𝟐 𝒚𝟐
=0
𝒙𝟐 𝒙
𝑥𝑦𝑝 + 𝑦 2 𝑞 − 𝑦𝑧
⇒ =0
𝑥2 𝑦2
⇒ 𝑥𝑦𝑝 + 𝑦 2 𝑞 = 𝑦𝑧 ⇒ 𝑥𝑝 + 𝑦𝑞 = 𝑧

Example 4:

Form the partial differential equation by eliminating the function ‘f’ from the relations:
1
(i) 𝑧 = 𝑦 2 + 2𝑓 𝑥
+ 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑦
(ii) 𝑓 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧, 𝑥 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 = 0
2

Solution:

𝑧−𝑦 2 1
The given function can be rewritten as =𝑓 𝑥
+ 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑦
2
𝑧−𝑦 2 1
Let 𝑢 = 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑣 = + 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑦
2 𝑥
 𝑝 𝑞 1 1
𝑢𝑥 =2 , 𝑢𝑦 =2 − 𝑦 , 𝑣𝑥 =− 𝑥 2 , 𝑣𝑦 =𝑦

𝑝 1
−
2 𝑥2
𝑞 1 =0
−𝑦
2 𝑦

𝑝 𝑞 1
⇒ + −𝑦 =0
2𝑦 2 𝑥2

𝑝 𝑞 − 2𝑦 1
⇒ + =0
2𝑦 2 𝑥2

𝑝 𝑞 − 2𝑦
⇒ + =0
2𝑦 2𝑥 2

𝑝𝑥 2 + 𝑞𝑦 − 2𝑦 2 = 0
which is a partial differential equation of the first order.

1
Alter: Given 𝑧 = 𝑦 2 + 2𝑓 + 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑦
𝑥
Differentiating z partially w.r.t. x:
𝜕𝑧 1 −1 1
𝜕𝑥
= 𝑝 = 2𝑓 ′ 𝑥
+ 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑦 . 𝑥2
 −𝑝𝑥 2 = 2𝑓 ′ 𝑥
+ 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑦 (1)
Differentiating partially w. r. t. y:

𝜕𝑧
= 𝑞 = 2𝑦 + 2𝑓 ′
1 1 1
+ 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑦 . 𝑞𝑦 − 2𝑦 2 = 2𝑓 ′ + 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑦 (2)
𝜕𝑦 𝑥 𝑦 𝑥

From (1) and (2), we have

𝑥 2 𝑝 + 𝑦𝑞 = 2𝑦 2
which is a partial differential equation of the first order.

(ii) Given 𝑓 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 , 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 = 0

Let 𝑢 = 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑣 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2

𝑢𝑥 =1 + 𝑝, 𝑢𝑦 =1 + 𝑞 , 𝑣𝑥 =2𝑥 + 2𝑧𝑝 , 𝑣𝑦 =2𝑦 + 2𝑧𝑞

1+𝑝 2𝑥 + 2𝑧𝑝
=0
1+𝑞 2𝑦 + 2𝑧𝑞

1 + 𝑝 2𝑦 + 2𝑧𝑞 − 1 + 𝑞 2𝑥 + 2𝑧𝑝 = 0

2𝑦 + 2𝑧𝑞 + 2𝑦𝑝 + 2𝑧𝑝𝑞 − 2𝑥 − 2𝑧𝑝 − 2𝑥𝑞 − 2𝑧𝑝𝑞 = 0

⇒𝑝 𝑦−𝑧 +𝑞 𝑧−𝑥 =𝑥−𝑦

which is a partial differential equation of the first order.
Alter: Given 𝑓 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧, 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 = 0

This can be written in the form

𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 𝑓 𝑥2 + 𝑦2 + 𝑧2
Differentiating partially w.r.t. x:
1 + 𝑝 = 𝑓 ′ 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 2𝑥 + 2𝑧𝑝 (1)
Differentiating partially w.r.t. y:
1 + 𝑞 = 𝑓 ′ 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 2𝑦 + 2𝑧𝑞 (2)
1+𝑝 𝑥+𝑧𝑝
(1)  (2)  1+𝑞
=
𝑦 +𝑧𝑞
 (𝑦 – 𝑧) 𝑝 + (𝑧 – 𝑥) 𝑞 = 𝑥 – 𝑦.
which is a partial differential equation of the first order.

3.3 Solutions of standard types of first order partial

differential equations:
Definition:

The partial differential equation which involves only first order partial
derivatives p and q is called a first order partial differential equation, which may be
represented as 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧, 𝑝, 𝑞) = 0.

3.3.1 Types of Solutions:

1. A solution in which the number of arbitrary constants is equal to the number
of independent variables is called complete solution (or) complete integral.
2. A solution obtained by giving particular values to the arbitrary constants in a
complete solution is called particular solution (or) particular integral.
3. A solution which contains the maximum number of arbitrary functions is
called a general solution (or) general integral.

3.3.2 Standard types of first order partial differential equations:

Type (1): f (p, q) = 0 …(1)

Complete Integral:
Consider the solution of (1) as 𝑧 = 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦 + 𝑐 …(2)
Differentiate (2) partially w.r.t. 𝑥 and 𝑦,
We get, 𝑝 = 𝑎and 𝑞 = 𝑏
 𝑓(𝑎, 𝑏) = 0
Solving for b from 𝑓(𝑎, 𝑏) = 0, we get 𝑏 = 𝜑(𝑎)
Put 𝑏 = 𝜑(𝑎) in (1),
(1)  𝑧 = 𝑎𝑥 + 𝜑(𝑎)𝑦 + 𝑐 …(3)
As (3) contains two independent variables and two arbitrary constants, it is a
complete integral of (1).
Singular Integral:

Differentiate (3) partially w.r.t. 𝑎 and 𝑏,

We get, 0 = 𝑥 + 𝜑 ′ (𝑎)𝑦 and 0 = 1 (it is absurd)
 No singular solution or integral.

General Integral:

To get the general integral, put 𝑐 = 𝑔(𝑎) in (3),

Where g is an arbitrary function, then
z = ax + 𝜑 (𝑎) y+ g(𝑎) …(4)
Differentiate (4) partially w.r.t. a,
0 = x + 𝜑 ′ (𝑎) y+ g′ (𝑎) …(5)
We get general integral by eliminating 𝑎 from (4) & (5).

Example 1:

Solve 𝑝 + 𝑞 = 1.

Solution:
Given 𝑝 + 𝑞 = 1 or 𝑝 + 𝑞 − 1 = 0 …(1)
which is the form 𝑓(𝑝, 𝑞) = 0
Consider the solution of (1) as 𝑧 = 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦 + 𝑐 …(2)
Differentiate (2) partially w.r.t. x and y ,
We get, 𝑝 = 𝑎and 𝑞 = 𝑏
2
(1)  𝑎 + 𝑏 = 1  𝑏 = 1 − 𝑎
2
(2)  𝑧 = 𝑎𝑥 + 1 − 𝑎 𝑦 + 𝑐is the Complete integral.

Example 2:

Solve 𝑝𝑞 + 𝑝 + 𝑞 = 0.

Solution:
Given 𝑝𝑞 + 𝑝 + 𝑞 = 0 …(1)
which is the form 𝑓(𝑝, 𝑞) = 0
Consider the solution of (1) as 𝑧 = 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦 + 𝑐 …(2)
Differentiate (2) partially w.r.t. 𝑥 and 𝑦,
We get, 𝑝 = 𝑎and 𝑞 = 𝑏
−𝑎
(1)  𝑎𝑏 + 𝑎 + 𝑏 = 0 ⇒ 𝑏 = 𝑎+1

𝑎
(2)  𝑧 = 𝑎𝑥 − 𝑦 + 𝑐 is the Complete integral.
𝑎+1
 Differentiate (2) partially w.r.t. 𝑥 and 𝑦,
We get, 𝑝 = 𝑎and 𝑞 = 𝑏
(1)  𝑏 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑎 = 0 ⇒ 𝑏 = − 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑎
(2)  𝑧 = 𝑎𝑥 − (𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑎)𝑦 + 𝑐 is the Complete integral.

Example 4:
Solve 𝑝2 + 𝑞 2 = 𝑛𝑝𝑞.

Solution:
Given 𝑝2 + 𝑞 2 = 𝑛𝑝𝑞 …(1)
which is the form 𝑓(𝑝, 𝑞) = 0
Consider the solution of (1) as 𝑧 = 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦 + 𝑐 …(2)
Differentiate (2) partially w.r.t. 𝑥 and 𝑦,
We get, 𝑝 = 𝑎and 𝑞 = 𝑏
(1) 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 = 𝑛𝑎𝑏 ⇒ 𝑏 2 − 𝑛𝑎𝑏 + 𝑎2 = 0
𝑛𝑎 ± 𝑛2 𝑎2 − 4𝑎2 𝑎
𝑏= = 𝑛 ± 𝑛2 − 4
2 2
𝑎
(2)  𝑧 = 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑛 ± 𝑛2 − 4 𝑦 + 𝑐 is the Complete integral.
2

Type (2): z = px + qy + f(p, q) [Clairaut’s form]

…(1)
3.3.3 Complete Integral:
Let the solution of (1) be 𝑧 = 𝑝𝑥 + 𝑞𝑦 + 𝑓(𝑝, 𝑞) …(2)
As (2) contains two independent variables and two arbitrary constants, it is a
complete integral of (1).
3.3.4 Singular Integral:
Differentiate (2) partially w.r.t. 𝑎,
𝜕
we get, 0 = 𝑥 + 𝜕𝑎 𝑓 𝑎, 𝑏 …(3)
Differentiate (2) partially w.r.t. 𝑏,
𝜕
we get, 0 = 𝑦 + 𝜕𝑏 𝑓 𝑎, 𝑏 …(4)
Elimination of 𝑎 and 𝑏 from (3) and (4) gives Singular integral or solution.
3.3.5 General Integral:
To get the general integral, put 𝑏 = 𝜑(𝑎) in (2),
where  is an arbitrary function, then
𝑧 = 𝑎𝑥 + 𝜑(𝑎)𝑦 + 𝑓 𝑎, 𝜑(𝑎) …(5)
Differentiate (6) w.r.t. a,
We get, 0 = 𝑥 + 𝜑 ′ (𝑎)𝑦 + 𝑓 ′ 𝑎, 𝜑(𝑎) …(6)
We get general integral by eliminating 𝑎from (5) & (6).
Example 1:
Solve 𝑧 = 𝑝𝑥 + 𝑞𝑦 + 𝑝2 − 𝑞 2 .
Solution: Given 𝑧 = 𝑝𝑥 + 𝑞𝑦 + 𝑝2 − 𝑞 2 …(1)
which is of the form 𝑧 = 𝑝𝑥 + 𝑞𝑦 + 𝑓(𝑝, 𝑞).
The complete integral of (1) is 𝑧 = 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦 + 𝑓(𝑎, 𝑏).
(1) 𝑧 = 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦 + 𝑎2 − 𝑏 2 …(2)
which is the complete integral of (1).
Singular Integral:
Differentiate (2) partially w.r.t. 𝑎 and 𝑏,
−𝑥 𝑦
we get 𝑎 = and 𝑏 = …(3)
2 2
substitute (3) in (2),
𝑥2 𝑦2 𝑥2 𝑦2
(2) 𝑧 = − 2
+ 2
+ 4
− 4
4𝑧 = 𝑦 2 − 𝑥 2 , is the singular integral.

Example 2:

Solve 𝑧 = 𝑝𝑥 + 𝑞𝑦 + 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑝 𝑞.

Solution:

Given 𝑧 = 𝑝𝑥 + 𝑞𝑦 + 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑝 𝑞 (1)

which is of the form 𝑧 = 𝑝𝑥 + 𝑞𝑦 + 𝑓(𝑝, 𝑞).
The Complete integral of (1) is 𝑧 = 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦 + 𝑓(𝑎, 𝑏).
(1) 𝑧 = 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦 + 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑎 𝑏 (2)
which is the Complete integral of (1).
Singular Integral:
Differentiate (2) partially w.r.t. 𝑎 and 𝑏,
1 −1
We get, 0 = 𝑥 + 𝑏 ⇒ 𝑎 = (3)
𝑎𝑏 𝑥
1 −1
0 = 𝑦 + 𝑎𝑏 𝑎 ⇒ 𝑏 = 𝑦
(4)
Substitute (3) and (4) in (2),
1
(2)  𝑧 = −1 − 1 + 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑥𝑦
1
𝑧 = −2 + 𝑙𝑜𝑔 , is the singular integral.
𝑥𝑦

Example 3:

Solve 𝑧 = 𝑝𝑥 + 𝑞𝑦 + 𝑝2 𝑞 2 .

Solution:
Given 𝑧 = 𝑝𝑥 + 𝑞𝑦 + 𝑝2 𝑞 2 …(1)
which is of the form 𝑧 = 𝑝𝑥 + 𝑞𝑦 + 𝑓(𝑝, 𝑞).
The Complete integral of (1) is 𝑧 = 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦 + 𝑓(𝑎, 𝑏).
(1) 𝑧 = 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦 + 𝑎2 𝑏 2 …(2)
which is the Complete integral of (1).
Singular Integral:
Differentiate (2) partially w.r.t. 𝑎 and 𝑏,
0 = 𝑥 + 2𝑎𝑏 2 0 = 𝑦 + 2𝑎2 𝑏
 𝑥 𝑦
𝑏
= −2𝑎𝑏 …(3) 𝑎
= −2𝑎𝑏 …(4)
from (3) & (4)
𝑥 𝑦 1 −1
𝑏
= 𝑎 = −2𝑎𝑏 = 𝑘 (𝑠𝑎𝑦) ⇒ 𝑏 = 𝑘𝑥, 𝑎 = 𝑘𝑦, 𝑘 3 = 2𝑥𝑦

(2) 𝑧 = (𝑘𝑦)𝑥 + (𝑘𝑥)𝑦 + (𝑘𝑦)2 (𝑘𝑥)2

𝑧 = 2𝑥𝑦𝑘 + 𝑘 4 𝑥 2 𝑦 2
−1
𝑧 = 2𝑥𝑦𝑘 + 𝑘 𝑥2 𝑦2
2𝑥𝑦
3 27
𝑧 = 𝑘𝑥𝑦 ⇒ 𝑧 3 = 𝑘3𝑥3 𝑦3
2 8
27 −1
𝑧3 = 8 2𝑥𝑦
𝑥 𝑦
3 3

⇒ 16𝑧 + 27𝑥 𝑦 = 0, is the singular integral.

3 2 2

Example 4:

Solve 𝑧 = 𝑝𝑥 + 𝑞𝑦 + 1 + 𝑝2 + 𝑞 2 .

Solution:
Given 𝑧 = 𝑝𝑥 + 𝑞𝑦 + 1 + 𝑝2 + 𝑞 2 …(1)
which is of the form 𝑧 = 𝑝𝑥 + 𝑞𝑦 + 𝑓(𝑝, 𝑞).
The Complete integral of (1) is 𝑧 = 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦 + 𝑓(𝑎, 𝑏).
(1) 𝑧 = 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦 + 1 + 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 …(2)
which is the Complete integral of (1).
Singular Integral:
Differentiate (2) partially w.r.t. 𝑎 and 𝑏,
1 1
0=𝑥+ 2 2
2𝑎 0=𝑦+ 2𝑏
2 1+𝑎 +𝑏 2 1+𝑎 2 +𝑏 2
𝑥 1 𝑦 1
𝑎
=− …(3) 𝑏
=− …(4)
1+𝑎 2 +𝑏 2 1+𝑎 2 +𝑏 2
from (3) & (4)
𝑥 𝑦 −1 1 1
𝑎
=𝑏= = 𝑘 (𝑠𝑎𝑦) ⇒ 𝑎 = 𝑘𝑥, 𝑏 = 𝑘𝑦, 𝑘 =
1+𝑎 2 +𝑏 2 1−𝑥 2 −𝑦 2
(2) 𝑧 = (𝑘𝑥)𝑥 + (𝑘𝑦)𝑦 + (−𝑘)
𝑧 = 𝑘𝑥 2 + 𝑘𝑦 2 − 𝑘
𝑧 = −𝑘(1 − 𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 )

1
𝑧=− (1 − 𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 )
1− 𝑥2 − 𝑦2
𝑧 = − 1− − 𝑥2 𝑦2
⇒ 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧2 = 1 , is the singular integral.

Type (3) (a): f(z, p, q) = 0 …(1)

Consider the solution of (1) as 𝑧 = 𝑓(𝑢), …(2)
where 𝑢 = 𝑥 + 𝑎𝑦
Differentiate (2) partially w.r.t. 𝑥 and 𝑦,
𝜕𝑧 𝑑𝑧 𝜕𝑢 𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑧
We get, 𝑝 = 𝜕𝑥 = 𝑑𝑢 𝜕𝑥 = 𝑑𝑢 . 1 = 𝑑𝑢
 𝜕𝑧 𝑑𝑧 𝜕𝑢 𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑧
𝑞= = = 𝑎=𝑎
𝜕𝑦 𝑑𝑢 𝜕𝑦 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑢
𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑧
(1)  𝑓 𝑧, ,𝑎 =0 …(3)
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑢
which is an ordinary differential equation.
Separate the variables in (3) and on integrating, we get the complete integral. Say,
𝑧 = 𝑔(𝑥 + 𝑎𝑦) + 𝑐 …(4)
Differentiate (4) partially w.r.t. 𝑎 and 𝑐,
We get, 0 = 𝑔′ (𝑥 + 𝑎𝑦)𝑦 and 0 = 1 (it is absurd)
 No singular solution or integral.
General Integral:
To get the general integral, put 𝑐 = 𝜑(𝑎) in (4),
Where  is an arbitrary function, then
𝑧 = 𝑔(𝑥 + 𝑎𝑦) + 𝜑(𝑎) …(5)
Differentiate (4) partially w.r.t. 𝑎,
0 = g′ (𝑥 + ay)y + 𝜑 ′ (𝑎) …(6)
We get general integral by eliminating 𝑎 from (5) & (6).

Example 1:

Solve 𝑧 = 𝑝2 + 𝑞 2 .

Solution:
Given 𝑧 = 𝑝2 + 𝑞 2 …(1)
which is of the form 𝑓(𝑧, 𝑝, 𝑞) = 0.
Consider the solution of (1) as 𝑧 = 𝑓(𝑢), …(2)
where 𝑢 = 𝑥 + 𝑎𝑦
Differentiate (2) partially w.r.t. x and y ,
𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑧
We get, 𝑝= &𝑞 = 𝑎
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑢
𝑑𝑧 2 𝑑𝑧 2
(1) 𝑧 = + 𝑎
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑢
𝑑𝑧 2 𝑑𝑧 𝑧
𝑧= (1 + 𝑎2 )  = …(3)
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑢 1+𝑎 2
Separating the variables,
1 1
(1) ⇒ 𝑧 𝑑𝑧 = 2
𝑑𝑢
1+𝑎
1 1
Integrating, 𝑧
𝑑𝑧 = 𝑑𝑢
1+𝑎 2
1
2 𝑧= 𝑢+𝑐
1+𝑎 2
1
2 𝑧= (𝑥 + 𝑎𝑦) + 𝑐is the complete integral.
1+𝑎 2

Example 2:

Solve 𝑝(1 + 𝑞) = 𝑞𝑧.

Solution:
Given 𝑝(1 + 𝑞) = 𝑞𝑧 …(1)
which is of the form 𝑓(𝑧, 𝑝, 𝑞) = 0.
Consider the solution of (1) as 𝑧 = 𝑓(𝑢), …(2)
where 𝑢 = 𝑥 + 𝑎𝑦
Differentiate (2) partially w.r.t. 𝑥 and 𝑦,
𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑧
We get, 𝑝 = &𝑞 = 𝑎
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑢
𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑧
(1) 𝑑𝑢 1 + 𝑎 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑎 𝑑𝑢 𝑧
𝑑𝑧 𝑎𝑧 −1
𝑑𝑢 = 𝑎
…(3)
Separating the variables,
𝑎
(3)  𝑑𝑧 = 𝑑𝑢
𝑎𝑧 −1
𝑎
Integrating, 𝑑𝑧 = 𝑑𝑢
𝑎𝑧 −1
𝑙𝑜𝑔( 𝑎𝑧 − 1) = 𝑢 + 𝑐
𝑙𝑜𝑔( 𝑎𝑧 − 1) = 𝑥 + 𝑎𝑦 + 𝑐 is the complete integral.

Example 3:

Solve 𝑧 = 𝑝𝑞.

Solution:
Given 𝑧 = 𝑝𝑞. (1)
which is of the form 𝑓(𝑧, 𝑝, 𝑞) = 0.
Consider the solution of (1) as 𝑧 = 𝑓(𝑢), (2)
where 𝑢 = 𝑥 + 𝑎𝑦
Differentiate (2) partially w.r.t. x and 𝑦,
𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑧
We get, 𝑝 = 𝑑𝑢 &𝑞 = 𝑎 𝑑𝑢
𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑧
(1) 𝑧 = 𝑑𝑢
𝑎 𝑑𝑢
𝑑𝑧 𝑧
 = (3)
𝑑𝑢 𝑎
Separating the variables,
1 1
(3)  𝑧 𝑑𝑧 = 𝑎 𝑑𝑢
1 1
Integrating, 𝑧
𝑑𝑧 = 𝑎
𝑑𝑢
1
2 𝑧= 𝑎
𝑢+𝑐
1
2 𝑧= (𝑥 + 𝑎𝑦) + 𝑐 is the complete integral.
𝑎

Example 4:

Solve 𝑧 2 (𝑝2 + 𝑞 2 + 1) = 1.

Solution:
Given 𝑧 2 (𝑝2 + 𝑞 2 + 1) = 1. …(1)
which is of the form 𝑓(𝑧, 𝑝, 𝑞) = 0.
Consider the solution of (1) as 𝑧 = 𝑓(𝑢), …(2)
where 𝑢 = 𝑥 + 𝑎𝑦
Differentiate (2) partially w.r.t. 𝑥 and 𝑦,
 𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑧
We get, 𝑝 = 𝑑𝑢 &𝑞 = 𝑎 𝑑𝑢
𝑑𝑧 2 𝑑𝑧 2
(1) 𝑧 2 𝑑𝑢
+ 𝑎 𝑑𝑢 +1 =1
𝑑𝑧 2 1
1 + 𝑎2 = 𝑧2 − 1
𝑑𝑢
𝑑𝑧 2 1−𝑧 2
𝑑𝑢
= 𝑧 2 (1+𝑎 2 )
𝑑𝑧 1−𝑧 2
= …(3)
𝑑𝑢 𝑧 1+𝑎 2
Separating the variables,
𝑧 1
(3)  𝑑𝑧 = 𝑑𝑢
2 1−𝑧 1+𝑎 2
𝑧 1
Integrating, 𝑑𝑧 = 𝑑𝑢
1−𝑧 2 1+𝑎 2
Let 1 − z 2 = t
−1 1 1
𝑡
𝑑𝑡 = 𝑑𝑢 ⇒ −2𝑧𝑑𝑧 = 𝑑𝑡
2 1+𝑎 2
−1 1 −1
2 𝑡= 𝑢+𝑐 ⇒ 𝑧𝑑𝑧 = 𝑑𝑡
2 1+𝑎 2 2
1
− 𝑡= 𝑢+𝑐
1 + 𝑎2
1
− 1 − 𝑧2 = 2
𝑥 + 𝑎𝑦 + 𝑐 is the complete integral.
1+𝑎

Type (3)(b): f(x, p, q) = 0 …(1)

Let z be a function of 𝑥and 𝑦.
𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧
𝑑𝑧 = 𝜕𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 𝜕𝑦 𝑑𝑦 ⇒ 𝑑𝑧 = 𝑝𝑑𝑥 + 𝑞𝑑𝑦 …(2)
Assume 𝑞 = 𝑎.
(1)  𝑓(𝑥, 𝑝, 𝑎) = 0
Solving for p , we get 𝑝 = 𝑔(𝑥, 𝑎)
(2)  𝑑𝑧 = 𝑔(𝑥, 𝑎)𝑑𝑥 + 𝑎𝑑𝑦
Integrating, 𝑑𝑧 = 𝑔(𝑥, 𝑎)𝑑𝑥 + 𝑎𝑑𝑦
 𝑧 = 𝜑(𝑥, 𝑎) + 𝑎𝑦 + 𝑐 is the complete integral.

Example 1:

Solve 𝑝 = 2𝑞𝑥.

Solution:
Given 𝑝 = 2𝑞𝑥 …(1)
Assume 𝑞 = 𝑎.
(1)  𝑝 = 2𝑎𝑥
We know that, 𝑑𝑧 = 𝑝𝑑𝑥 + 𝑞𝑑𝑦
 𝑑𝑧 = 2𝑎𝑥𝑑𝑥 + 𝑎𝑑𝑦
Integrating, 𝑑𝑧 = 2𝑎𝑥𝑑𝑥 + 𝑎𝑑𝑦
 𝑧 = 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑎𝑦 + 𝑐 is the complete integral.
Example 2:

Solve 𝑞 = 2𝑝𝑥.

Solution:
Given 𝑞 = 2𝑝𝑥 (1)
Assume 𝑞 = 𝑎.
𝑎
(1)  𝑎 = 2𝑝𝑥 ⇒ 𝑝 = 2𝑥
We know that, 𝑑𝑧 = 𝑝𝑑𝑥 + 𝑞𝑑𝑦
𝑎
 𝑑𝑧 = 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑎𝑑𝑦
2𝑥
𝑎
Integrating, 𝑑𝑧 = 2𝑥
𝑑𝑥 + 𝑎𝑑𝑦
𝑎
 𝑧 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑥 + 𝑎𝑦 + 𝑐 is the complete integral.
2

Type (3)(c): f(y, p, q) = 0 (1)

Let 𝑧 be a function of 𝑥and 𝑦.

𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧
𝑑𝑧 = 𝜕𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 𝜕𝑦 𝑑𝑦 ⇒ 𝑑𝑧 = 𝑝𝑑𝑥 + 𝑞𝑑𝑦 (2)
Assume 𝑝 = 𝑎.
(1)  𝑓(𝑦, 𝑎, 𝑞) = 0
Solving for 𝑞 , we get 𝑞 = 𝑔(𝑦, 𝑎)
(2)  𝑑𝑧 = 𝑎𝑑𝑥 + 𝑔(𝑦, 𝑎)𝑑𝑦
Integrating, 𝑑𝑧 = 𝑎𝑑𝑥 + 𝑔(𝑦, 𝑎)𝑑𝑦
 𝑧 = 𝑎𝑥 + 𝜑(𝑦, 𝑎) + 𝑐 is the complete integral.

Example 1:

Solve 2𝑦𝑝2 = 𝑞.

Solution:
Given 2𝑦𝑝2 = 𝑞 …(1)
Assume 𝑝 = 𝑎.
(1)  𝑞 = 2𝑎2 𝑦
We know that, 𝑑𝑧 = 𝑝𝑑𝑥 + 𝑞𝑑𝑦
 𝑑𝑧 = 𝑎𝑑𝑥 + 2𝑎2 𝑦𝑑𝑦
Integrating, 𝑑𝑧 = 𝑎𝑑𝑥 + 2𝑎2 𝑦𝑑𝑦
 𝑧 = 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑎2 𝑦 2 + 𝑐 is the complete integral.

Example 2:

Solve 𝑞 = 𝑝𝑦 + 𝑝2 .

Solution:
Given 𝑞 = 𝑝𝑦 + 𝑝2 …(1)
Assume 𝑝 = 𝑎.
(1)  𝑞 = 𝑎𝑦 + 𝑎2
We know that, 𝑑𝑧 = 𝑝𝑑𝑥 + 𝑞𝑑𝑦
 𝑑𝑧 = 𝑎𝑑𝑥 + (𝑎𝑦 + 𝑎2 )𝑑𝑦
Integrating, 𝑑𝑧 = 𝑎𝑑𝑥 + (𝑎𝑦 + 𝑎2 )𝑑𝑦
𝑎𝑦 2
 𝑧 = 𝑎𝑥 + 2
+ 𝑎2 𝑦 + 𝑐 is the complete integral.

Type (4): f1(x, p) = f2(y, q) (1)

As a trial solution assume that 𝑓1 𝑥, 𝑝 = 𝑓2 𝑦, 𝑞 = 𝑎, (2)
Solving for 𝑝 and 𝑞, we get 𝑝 = 𝑔1 𝑥, 𝑎 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑞 = 𝑔2 𝑦, 𝑎 . (3)
𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧
Since 𝑑𝑧 = 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑝 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑞 𝑑𝑦 (4)
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
(4)  𝑑𝑧 = 𝑔1 (𝑥, 𝑎)𝑑𝑥 + 𝑔2 (𝑦, 𝑎)𝑑𝑦
Integrating,
𝑑𝑧 = 𝑔1 (𝑥, 𝑎)𝑑𝑥 + 𝑔2 (𝑦, 𝑎)𝑑𝑦
 𝑧 = 𝐺1 (𝑥, 𝑎) + 𝐺2 (𝑦, 𝑎) + 𝑐 …(5)
This is a complete integral of (1).
Differentiate (5) partially w.r.t. ‘𝑎’
0 = 𝐺1′ (𝑥, 𝑎) + 𝐺2′ (𝑦, 𝑎)
Differentiate (5) partially w.r.t. ‘ c ’
0 = 1 (it is absurd)
 No singular solution or singular integral

To get the general integral, put c=  (a), where  is an arbitrary function, then
𝑧 = 𝐺1 (𝑥, 𝑎) + 𝐺2 (𝑦, 𝑎) + 𝜙(𝑎), …(6)
Differentiate (6) w.r.t. ‘𝑎’
0 = 𝐺1′ (𝑥, 𝑎) + 𝐺2′ (𝑦, 𝑎) + 𝜙 ′ (𝑎) …(7)
Elimination of ‘𝑎’ from (6) and (7) gives general integral

Example 1:

Solve 𝑝 + 𝑞 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑦.

Solution:
Given 𝑝 + 𝑞 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑦 …(1)
𝑝– 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑦– 𝑞
Let 𝑝– 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑦– 𝑞 = 𝑎 …(2)

Solving for 𝑝 and 𝑞, we get

𝑝 = 𝑎 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥, 𝑞 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑦– 𝑎

We know that 𝑑𝑧 = 𝑝𝑑𝑥 + 𝑞 𝑑𝑦,

𝑑𝑧 = 𝑎 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑦– 𝑎 𝑑𝑦

Integrating, 𝑑𝑧 = 𝑎𝑥 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑦 − 𝑎𝑦 + 𝑐

 𝑧 = 𝑎 𝑥– 𝑦 – 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥– 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑦 + 𝑐is the complete integral.
Example 2:

Solve: 𝑝2 + 𝑞 2 = 𝑥 + 𝑦.

Solution:
Given 𝑝2 + 𝑞 2 = 𝑥 + 𝑦 …(1)
 𝑝 −𝑥 =𝑞 −𝑦
2 2

Let 𝑝2 − 𝑥 = 𝑞 2 − 𝑦 = 𝑎 …(2)
Solving for 𝑝 and 𝑞, we get
𝑝 = 𝑥 + 𝑎, 𝑞 = 𝑦−𝑎
We know that, 𝑑𝑧 = 𝑝 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑞 𝑑𝑦,
𝑑𝑧 = 𝑥 + 𝑎𝑑𝑥 + 𝑦 − 𝑎𝑑𝑦
2 2
Integrating, 𝑧 = 3 (𝑥 + 𝑎)3/2 + 3 (𝑦 − 𝑎)3/2 + 𝑐
is the complete integral.

Example 3:

Solve 𝑝 + 𝑞 = 𝑥 − 𝑦.

Solution:
Given 𝑝 + 𝑞 = 𝑥 − 𝑦 …(1)
 𝑝 − 𝑥 = −𝑦 − 𝑞
Let 𝑝 − 𝑥 = −𝑦 − 𝑞 = 𝑎 …(2)

Solving for 𝑝 and 𝑞, we get

𝑝 = (𝑎 + 𝑥)2 , 𝑞 = (𝑦 + 𝑎)2
We know that, 𝑑𝑧 = 𝑝 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑞 𝑑𝑦,
𝑑𝑧 = (𝑎 + 𝑥)2 𝑑𝑥 + (𝑎 + 𝑦)2 𝑑𝑦
(𝑎+𝑥)3 (𝑎+𝑦)3
Integrating, 𝑧 = + +𝑐
3 3
is the complete integral.

Example 4:

Solve 𝑦𝑝 + 𝑥𝑞 + 𝑝𝑞 = 0.

Solution:
Given 𝑦𝑝 + 𝑥𝑞 + 𝑝𝑞 = 0 …(1)
𝑥 𝑦 𝑦 𝑥
 + +1=0  =− +1
𝑝 𝑞 𝑞 𝑝
𝑦 𝑥
Let 𝑞
=− 𝑝
+1 =𝑎 …(2)
Solving for 𝑝 and 𝑞, we get
−𝑥 𝑦
𝑝= , 𝑞=
𝑎+1 𝑎
We know that, 𝑑𝑧 = 𝑝 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑞 𝑑𝑦,
−𝑥 𝑦
𝑑𝑧 = 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑑𝑦
𝑎+1 𝑎
Integrating, 𝑧 = −𝑥 𝑙𝑜𝑔( 𝑎 + 1) + 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑎 + 𝑐
is the complete integral.

Type(5): (a) 𝑓 𝑥 𝑚 𝑝, 𝑦 𝑛 𝑞 = 0 …(1)

(or) (b)𝑓 𝑧, 𝑥 𝑚 𝑝, 𝑦 𝑛 𝑞 = 0 …(2)

Case(i) Case(ii)
If 𝑚 ≠ 1, then 𝑋 = 𝑥1−𝑚 If 𝑚 = 1, then 𝑋 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑥
𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑋 𝑝= =
𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑋
=𝑃
1
𝑝= = 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑋 𝜕𝑥 𝑥
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑋 𝜕𝑥 ⇒ 𝑥𝑝 = 𝑃
= 𝑃(1 − 𝑚)𝑥 −𝑚
𝑚
⇒ 𝑥 𝑝 = 𝑃(1 − 𝑚)

If 𝑛 ≠ 1, then 𝑌 = 𝑦1−𝑛 If 𝑛 = 1, then 𝑌 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔 y

𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑌 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑌
𝑞 = = 𝜕𝑌 𝜕𝑦 = 𝑄 𝑦
1
𝑞= = 𝜕𝑌
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑌 𝜕𝑦
⇒ 𝑦𝑞 = 𝑄
= 𝑄(1 − 𝑛)𝑦 −𝑛
⇒ 𝑦 𝑛 𝑞 = 𝑄(1 − 𝑛)

Substitute in (1), we get 𝑓 𝑃, 𝑄 = 0 (Type 1)

Substitute in (2), we get 𝑓 𝑧, 𝑃, 𝑄 = 0 (Type 3(a))

Example 1:

Solve 𝑥 2 𝑝 + 𝑦 2 𝑞 = 0.

Solution:
Given 𝑥 2 𝑝 + 𝑦 2 𝑞 = 0 …(1)
which is of the form 𝑓 𝑥 𝑚 𝑝, 𝑦 𝑛 𝑞 = 0
Here 𝑚 = 2 ≠ 1, so 𝑋 = Here 𝑛 = 2 ≠ 1, so 𝑌 =
𝑥1−𝑚 = 𝑥1−2 = 𝑥 −1 𝑦1−𝑚 = 𝑦 1−2 = 𝑦 −1
𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑋 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑌
𝑝= = 𝑞= =
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑋 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑌 𝜕𝑦
= 𝑃 1 − 𝑚 𝑥 −𝑚 ⇒ 𝑥 𝑚 𝑝 = 𝑄(1 − 𝑛)𝑦 −𝑛
= 𝑃(1 − 𝑚) ⇒ 𝑦 𝑛 𝑞 = 𝑄(1 − 𝑛)
⇒ 𝑥 2 𝑝 = 𝑃(1 − 2) ⇒ 𝑥 2 𝑞 = 𝑄(1 − 2)
⇒ 𝑥 2 𝑝 = −𝑃 ⇒ 𝑥 2 𝑞 = −𝑄

 (1)  –P – Q = 0  P + Q = 0 …(2)
which is the form 𝑓 𝑃, 𝑄 = 0
The solution of (2) is 𝑧 = 𝑎𝑋 + 𝑏𝑌 + 𝑐 …(3)
Put 𝑓 𝑎, 𝑏 = 0  𝑎 + 𝑏 = 0
 𝑏 = −𝑎
(3)  𝑧 = 𝑎𝑋– 𝑎 𝑌 + 𝑐
1 1
𝑧 =𝑎 −𝑎 +𝑐
𝑥 𝑦
which is the Complete integral.
Example: 2

Solve 𝑥𝑝 + 𝑦𝑞 = 0 .

Solution:
Given 𝑥𝑝 + 𝑦𝑞 = 0 …(1)
𝑚 𝑛
which is of the form 𝑓 𝑧, 𝑥 𝑝, 𝑦 𝑞 = 0
If 𝑚 = 1, then 𝑋 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑥 If 𝑛 = 1, then 𝑌 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔 y
𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑋 1 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑌 1
𝑝 = 𝜕𝑥 = 𝜕𝑋 𝜕𝑥 = 𝑃 𝑥 𝑞 = 𝜕𝑌 = 𝜕𝑌 𝜕𝑦 = 𝑄 𝑦
⇒ 𝑥𝑝 = 𝑃 ⇒ 𝑦𝑞 = 𝑄
 (1)  P + Q = 0 …(2)
The solution is 𝑧 = 𝑎𝑋 + 𝑏𝑌 + 𝑐 …(3)
Put 𝑓 𝑎, 𝑏 = 0  𝑎 + 𝑏 = 0  𝑏 = −𝑎
 (3)  𝑧 = 𝑎𝑋– 𝑎 𝑌 + 𝑐 𝑧 = 𝑎 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑥 − 𝑎 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑦 + 𝑐
which is the Complete integral.

Example: 3

Solve 𝑥 4 𝑝2 − 𝑦𝑧𝑞 = 𝑧 2 .

Solution:
Given 𝑥 4 𝑝2 − 𝑦𝑧𝑞 = 𝑧 2
 (𝑥 2 𝑝)2 − (𝑦𝑞)𝑧 = 𝑧 2 …(1)
which is of the form 𝑓 𝑧, 𝑥 𝑚 𝑝, 𝑦 𝑛 𝑞 = 0

Here 𝑚 = 2 ≠ 1, If n = 1, then
so 𝑋 = 𝑥1−𝑚 = 𝑥1−2 = 𝑥 −1 𝑌 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔 y
𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑋
𝑝 = 𝜕𝑥 = 𝜕𝑋 𝜕𝑥 = 𝑃(1 − 𝑚)𝑥 −𝑚 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑌 1
𝑞= = =𝑄
⇒ 𝑥 𝑚 𝑝 = 𝑃(1 − 𝑚) 𝜕𝑌 𝜕𝑌 𝜕𝑦 𝑦
⇒ 𝑥 2 𝑝 = 𝑃(1 − 2) ⇒ 𝑦𝑞 = 𝑄
⇒ 𝑥 2 𝑝 = −𝑃

 (1) 𝑃2 − 𝑄𝑧 = 𝑧 2  𝑃2 − 𝑄𝑧 − 𝑧 2 = 0 …(2)

Consider the solution of (1) as z=f(u), where 𝑢 = 𝑋 + 𝑎𝑌.

𝜕𝑧 𝑑𝑧 𝜕𝑢 𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑧
Then 𝑃 = = = .1 = ,
𝜕𝑋 𝑑𝑢 𝜕𝑋 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑢
𝜕𝑧 𝑑𝑧 𝜕𝑢 𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑧
𝑄= = = 𝑎=𝑎
𝜕𝑌 𝑑𝑢 𝜕𝑌 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑢
𝑑𝑧 2 𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑧
(2)  − 𝑎𝑧 − 𝑧 = 0, which is quadratic in .
2
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑢
𝑑𝑧 𝑎± 𝑎 2 +4 𝑑𝑧 𝑎± 𝑎 2 +4
 = 𝑧 = 𝑑𝑢 …(3)
𝑑𝑢 2 𝑧 2
which is an ordinary differential equation.
𝑎± 𝑎 2 +4
Integrating, 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑧 = 𝑢+𝑐
2
𝑎± 𝑎 2 +4
 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑧 = 2
𝑋 + 𝑎𝑌 + 𝑐
 𝑎± 𝑎 2 +4 1
 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑧 = + 𝑎 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑦 + 𝑐
2 𝑥
which is the complete integral.

Example 4:

Solve 𝑝2 + 𝑥 2 𝑦 2 𝑞 2 = 𝑥 2 𝑧 2 .

Solution:

Given 𝑝2 + 𝑥 2 𝑦 2 𝑞 2 = 𝑥 2 𝑧 2
 (𝑥 −1 𝑝)2 + (𝑦𝑞)2 = 𝑧 2
⇒ (𝑥 −1 𝑝)2 + (𝑦𝑞)2 − 𝑧 2 = 0 …(1)
which is of the form 𝑓 𝑧, 𝑥 𝑚 𝑝, 𝑦 𝑛 𝑞 = 0

Here 𝑚 = −1 ≠ 1, If 𝑛 = 1, then
so 𝑋 = 𝑥1−𝑚 = 𝑥1+1 = 𝑥 2 𝑌 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔 y
𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑋 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑌 1
𝑝 = 𝜕𝑥 = 𝜕𝑋 𝜕𝑥 = 𝑃(1 − 𝑚)𝑥 −𝑚 𝑞= = =𝑄
𝜕𝑌 𝜕𝑌 𝜕𝑦 𝑦
⇒ 𝑥𝑚 𝑝 = 𝑃 1 + 1 ⇒ 𝑦𝑞 = 𝑄

⇒ 𝑥 −1 𝑝 = 2𝑃
⇒ 𝑥 −1 𝑝 = 2𝑃
 (1)  (2𝑃)2 + 𝑄 2 = 𝑧 2  𝑃2 + 𝑄 2 − 𝑧 2 = 0 …(2)
which is the form 𝑓 𝑧, 𝑃, 𝑄 = 0 .

Consider the solution of (1) as z=f(u), where u = X + a Y.

𝜕𝑧 𝑑𝑧 𝜕𝑢 𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑧
Then 𝑃 = 𝜕𝑋 = 𝑑𝑢 𝜕𝑋 = 𝑑𝑢 . 1 = 𝑑𝑢 ,
𝜕𝑧 𝑑𝑧 𝜕𝑢 𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑧
𝑄= = = 𝑎=𝑎
𝜕𝑌 𝑑𝑢 𝜕𝑌 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑢

𝑑𝑧 2
(1)  4 + 𝑎2 𝑑𝑢
= 𝑧2

𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑢
 𝑧
= …(3)
4+𝑎 2
which is an ordinary differential equation.

1
Integrating, 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑧 = 𝑢+𝑐
4+𝑎 2
1
 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑧 = (𝑋 + 𝑎𝑌) + 𝑐
𝑎 2 +4
1
𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑧 = (𝑥 2 + 𝑎 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑦) + 𝑐
𝑎 2 +4
Which is the complete integral.
 𝑎± 𝑎 2 +4 1
 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑧 = 𝑥
+ 𝑎 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑦 + 𝑐
2
which is the complete integral.

Example 4:

Solve 𝑝2 + 𝑥 2 𝑦 2 𝑞 2 = 𝑥 2 𝑧 2 .

Solution:

Given 𝑝2 + 𝑥 2 𝑦 2 𝑞 2 = 𝑥 2 𝑧 2
 (𝑥 −1 𝑝)2 + (𝑦𝑞)2 = 𝑧 2
⇒ (𝑥 −1 𝑝)2 + (𝑦𝑞)2 − 𝑧 2 = 0 …(1)
which is of the form 𝑓 𝑧, 𝑥 𝑚 𝑝, 𝑦 𝑛 𝑞 = 0

Here 𝑚 = −1 ≠ 1, If 𝑛 = 1, then
so 𝑋 = 𝑥1−𝑚 = 𝑥1+1 = 𝑥 2 𝑌 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔 y
𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑋 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑌 1
𝑝= = = 𝑃(1 − 𝑚)𝑥 −𝑚 𝑞= = =𝑄
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑋 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑌 𝜕𝑌 𝜕𝑦 𝑦
⇒ 𝑥𝑚 𝑝 = 𝑃 1 + 1 ⇒ 𝑦𝑞 = 𝑄

⇒ 𝑥 −1 𝑝 = 2𝑃
⇒ 𝑥 −1 𝑝 = 2𝑃
 (1)  (2𝑃)2 + 𝑄 2 = 𝑧 2  𝑃2 + 𝑄 2 − 𝑧 2 = 0 …(2)
which is the form 𝑓 𝑧, 𝑃, 𝑄 = 0 .

Consider the solution of (1) as z=f(u), where u = X + a Y.

𝜕𝑧 𝑑𝑧 𝜕𝑢 𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑧
Then 𝑃 = = = .1 = ,
𝜕𝑋 𝑑𝑢 𝜕𝑋 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑢
𝜕𝑧 𝑑𝑧 𝜕𝑢 𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑧
𝑄= = = 𝑎=𝑎
𝜕𝑌 𝑑𝑢 𝜕𝑌 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑢

𝑑𝑧 2
(1)  4 + 𝑎2 = 𝑧2
𝑑𝑢

𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑢
 = …(3)
𝑧 4+𝑎 2
which is an ordinary differential equation.

1
Integrating, 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑧 = 𝑢+𝑐
4+𝑎 2
1
 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑧 = (𝑋 + 𝑎𝑌) + 𝑐
𝑎 2 +4
1
𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑧 = (𝑥 2 + 𝑎 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑦) + 𝑐
𝑎 2 +4
Which is the complete integral.
Alternate Method for Type (5) & Type (6)

Example 1

Solve 4𝑧 2 𝑞 2 = 𝑦 + 2𝑧𝑝 − 𝑥

Solution:
Given 4𝑧 2 𝑞 2 = 𝑦 + 2𝑧𝑝 − 𝑥
This can be rewritten as 2𝑧𝑝 − 4𝑧 2 𝑞 2 = 𝑥 − 𝑦
𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧 2
Write 𝑝 = ,𝑞 = 2𝑧 − 4𝑧 2 =𝑥−𝑦
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
2𝑧𝜕𝑧 2𝑧𝜕𝑧 2
− =𝑥−𝑦
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 2
𝜕𝑍 𝜕𝑍 2
Put 2𝑧𝜕𝑧 = 𝜕𝑍,⟹ 𝜕𝑥 − 𝜕𝑦 2
=𝑥−𝑦
𝜕𝑍 𝜕𝑍 2
⟹ − =𝑥−𝑦
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
𝜕𝑍 𝜕𝑍
Put 𝜕𝑥
= 𝑃, 𝜕𝑦 = 𝑄 ⟹ 𝑃 − 𝑄 2 = 𝑥 − 𝑦
which is of the form 𝑓 𝑥, 𝑃 = 𝑔 𝑦, 𝑄
Let 𝑃 − 𝑥 = 𝑄 2 − 𝑦 = 𝑎
Solving for 𝑃 and 𝑄, we get
𝑃 = 𝑎 + 𝑥, 𝑄 = 𝑎 + 𝑦
We know that, 𝑑𝑍 = 𝑝 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑞 𝑑𝑦,
𝑑𝑍 = 𝑎 + 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑎 + 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
(𝑥+𝑎)2 (𝑎+𝑦)3/2
Integrating, 𝑍 = + +𝑐
2 3/2
(𝑥+𝑎)2 (𝑎+𝑦)3/2
𝑧2 = 2
+ 3/2
+𝑐
Which is the complete integral.

Example 2

Solve 𝑧 2 (𝑝2 + 𝑞 2 ) = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2

Solution:
Given 𝑧 2 (𝑝2 + 𝑞 2 ) = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2
This can be rewritten as 𝑧 2 𝑝2 + 𝑧 2 𝑞 2 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2
𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧 2 𝜕𝑧 2
Write 𝑝 = ,𝑞 = 𝑧2 + 𝑧2 = 𝑥2 + 𝑦2
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
𝑧𝜕𝑧 2 𝑧𝜕𝑧 2
𝜕𝑥 2
+ 𝜕𝑦 2
= 𝑥2 + 𝑦2
𝜕𝑍 2 𝜕𝑍 2
Put 𝑧𝜕𝑧 = 𝜕𝑍,⟹ 2 + = 𝑥2 + 𝑦2
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 2
𝜕𝑍 2 𝜕𝑍 2
⟹ + = 𝑥2 + 𝑦2
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
𝜕𝑍 𝜕𝑍
Put = 𝑃, = 𝑄 ⟹ 𝑃2 + 𝑄 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 2
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
which is of the form 𝑓 𝑥, 𝑃 = 𝑔 𝑦, 𝑄
Let 𝑃2 − 𝑥 2 = 𝑦 2 − 𝑄 2 = 𝑎2
Solving for 𝑃 and 𝑄, we get
𝑃 = 2 𝑎2 + 𝑥 2 , 𝑄 = 2 𝑦 2 − 𝑎2
We know that,𝑑𝑍 = 𝑝 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑞 𝑑𝑦,
𝑑𝑍 = 2 𝑎2 + 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 + 2 𝑦 2 − 𝑎2 𝑑𝑦
Integrating,
𝑥 𝑎2 −1 𝑥 𝑦 𝑎2
−1 𝑦 𝑧2
𝑍=2 𝑥 2 + 𝑎2 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ+ 𝑎2 − 𝑦 2 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ
+𝑐 (here = 𝑍)
2 2 𝑎 2 2 𝑎 2
𝑥 𝑎2 −1 𝑥 𝑦 𝑎 2
−1 𝑦
𝑍2 = 2 𝑥2 + 𝑎 + 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ
2 + 𝑎2 − 𝑦 2 − 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ +𝑐
2 𝑎 2 𝑎
Which is the complete integral.

Example 3

Solve 𝑥 4 𝑝2 − 𝑦𝑧𝑞 = 𝑧 2 .

Solution:
Given 𝑥 4 𝑝2 − 𝑦𝑧𝑞 = 𝑧 2 (1)
4 −2 2 −1
This can be rewritten as 𝑥 𝑧 𝑝 − 𝑦𝑧 𝑞=1
𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧 2 𝜕𝑧
Write 𝑝 = ,𝑞 = 𝑥 4 𝑧 −2 − 𝑦𝑧 −1 =1
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
𝜕𝑧 2 𝜕𝑧
𝑧 𝑧
𝜕𝑥 2 + 𝜕𝑦 =1
𝑥2 𝑦

𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
Put = 𝜕𝑍, = 𝜕𝑋, = 𝜕𝑌
𝑧 𝑥2 𝑦
𝜕𝑍 2
𝜕𝑍
+ =1
𝜕𝑋 2 𝜕𝑌
2
𝜕𝑍 𝜕𝑍
+ =1
𝜕𝑋 𝜕𝑌
𝜕𝑍 𝜕𝑍
Put = 𝑃, = 𝑄 ⟹ 𝑃2 + 𝑄 = 1 (2)
𝜕𝑋 𝜕𝑌
which is the form 𝑓 𝑃, 𝑄 = 0
The solution of (2) is 𝑧 = 𝑎𝑋 + 𝑏𝑌 + 𝑐 … (3)
Put 𝑓 𝑎, 𝑏 = 0  𝑎2 + 𝑏 = 1
 𝑏 = 1 − 𝑎2
(3)  𝑍 = 𝑎𝑋 + 1 − 𝑎2 𝑌 + 𝑐 (4)
𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
Here = 𝜕𝑍, 2 = 𝜕𝑋, = 𝜕𝑌
𝑧 𝑥 𝑦
1
= 𝑋, 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑦 = 𝑌
⟹ 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑧 = 𝑍, −
𝑥3
1
(4) 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑧 = −𝑎 𝑥 3 + 1 − 𝑎2 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑦 + 𝑐
which is the complete integral.
Type(6): (a) f(zmp, zmq)=0 …(1)
(b) f1(x, zmp)=f2(y, zmq) …(2)

Case(i) Case(ii)
If 𝑚 ≠– 1, then 𝑍 = 𝑧 1+𝑚
If 𝑚 =– 1, , then 𝑍 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑧
𝜕𝑍 𝜕𝑍 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑍 𝜕𝑍 𝜕𝑧 1
=𝑃= =𝑃= = 𝑝
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑥 𝑧
𝑚
= (1 + 𝑚)𝑧 𝑝 1
𝑃 𝑝=𝑃
𝑚
𝑧 𝑝= 𝑧
(1 + 𝑚)
𝜕𝑍 𝜕𝑍 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑍 𝜕𝑍 𝜕𝑧 1
=𝑄= =𝑄= = 𝑞
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑦 𝑧
= (1 + 𝑚)𝑧 𝑚 𝑞 1
𝑄 𝑞=𝑄
𝑚 𝑧
𝑧 𝑞=
(1 + 𝑚)
Substitute in (1), we get, 𝑓 𝑃, 𝑄 = 0 (Type 1)
Substitute in (2), we get 𝑓1 𝑥, 𝑃 = 𝑓2 𝑦, 𝑄 (Type 4)

Example: 1

Solve 𝑧 2 (𝑝2 + 𝑞 2 ) = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2

Solution:
Given 𝑧 2 (𝑝2 + 𝑞 2 ) = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2
 (𝑧𝑝)2 + (𝑧𝑞)2 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 …(1)
which is of the form 𝑓1 𝑥, 𝑧 𝑚 𝑝 = 𝑓2 𝑦, 𝑧 𝑚 𝑞

Here 𝑚 = 1 ≠ −1, then 𝑍 = 𝑧1+𝑚 = 𝑧 2

𝜕𝑍 𝜕𝑍 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑍 𝜕𝑍 𝜕𝑧
=𝑃= =𝑄=
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑦
= (1 + 𝑚)𝑧 𝑚 𝑝 = (1 + 𝑚)𝑧 𝑚 𝑞
𝑃 𝑄
𝑧𝑚 𝑝 = 𝑧 𝑚
𝑞 =
(1 + 𝑚) (1 + 𝑚)
𝑃 𝑄
𝑧𝑝 = 𝑧𝑞 =
2 2
𝑃 2 𝑄 2
 (1)  + =𝑥 +𝑦
2 2
2 2
 𝑃 + 𝑄 = 4𝑥 2 + 4𝑦 2
2 2

 𝑃2 − 4𝑥 2 = 4𝑦 2 − 𝑄 2 …(2)
which is of the form 𝑓 𝑥, 𝑃 = 𝑔 𝑦, 𝑄
Let 𝑃2 − 4𝑥 2 = 4𝑦 2 − 𝑄 2 = 4𝑎2 …(3)
Solving for 𝑃 and 𝑄, we get
𝑃 = 2 𝑎2 + 𝑥 2 , 𝑄 = 2 𝑦 2 − 𝑎2
We know that,𝑑𝑍 = 𝑝 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑞 𝑑𝑦,
𝑑𝑍 = 2 𝑎2 + 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 + 2 𝑦 2 − 𝑎2 𝑑𝑦
Integrating,
𝑥 𝑎2 𝑥 𝑦 𝑎2 𝑦
𝑍=2 2
𝑥 2 + 𝑎2 + 2
𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ−1 𝑎 + 2 𝑎2 − 𝑦 2 − 2
𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ−1 𝑎 + 𝑐
𝑥 𝑎2 𝑥 𝑦 2 𝑎2 𝑦
𝑍2 = 2 𝑥 2 + 𝑎2 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ−1 + 𝑎 − 𝑦 2 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ−1 + 𝑐
2 2 𝑎 2 2 𝑎
Which is the complete integral.

Example: 2

Solve 4𝑧 2 𝑞 2 = 𝑦 + 2𝑧𝑝 − 𝑥.

Solution:

Given 4𝑧 2 𝑞 2 = 𝑦 + 2𝑧𝑝 − 𝑥
 4(𝑧𝑞)2 − 2𝑧𝑝 = 𝑦 − 𝑥 …(1)
which is of the form 𝑓1 𝑥, 𝑧 𝑚 𝑝 = 𝑓2 𝑦, 𝑧 𝑚 𝑞
Here 𝑚 = 1 ≠ −1, then 𝑍 = 𝑧1+𝑚 = 𝑧 2
𝜕𝑍 𝜕𝑍 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑍 𝜕𝑍 𝜕𝑧
=𝑃= =𝑄=
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑦
= (1 + 𝑚)𝑧 𝑚 𝑝 = (1 + 𝑚)𝑧 𝑚 𝑞
𝑃 𝑄
𝑧𝑚 𝑝 = 𝑧 𝑚
𝑞 =
(1 + 𝑚) (1 + 𝑚)
𝑃 𝑄
𝑧𝑝 = 𝑧𝑞 =
2 2
𝑄 2 𝑃 2
(1)  4 −2 =𝑦−𝑥
2 2
 𝑄2 − 𝑃 = 𝑦 − 𝑥
 𝑃 − 𝑥 = 𝑄2 − 𝑦 …(2)
which is of the form 𝑓 𝑥, 𝑃 = 𝑔 𝑦, 𝑄
Let 𝑃 − 𝑥 = 𝑄 2 − 𝑦 = 𝑎 …(3)

Solving for 𝑃 and Q , we get

𝑃 = 𝑎 + 𝑥, 𝑄 = 𝑎 + 𝑦

We know that, 𝑑𝑍 = 𝑝 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑞 𝑑𝑦,

𝑑𝑍 = 𝑎 + 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑎 + 𝑦 𝑑𝑦

(𝑥+𝑎)2 (𝑎+𝑦)3/2
Integrating, 𝑍 = + +𝑐
2 3/2
(𝑥+𝑎)2 (𝑎+𝑦)3/2
𝑧2 = + +𝑐
2 3/2
Which is the complete integral.
Example: 3

Solve 𝑝2 + 𝑞 2 = 𝑧 2 (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 ).

Solution:
Given 𝑝2 + 𝑞 2 = 𝑧 2 (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 )
𝑝 2 𝑞 2
 + = 𝑥2 + 𝑦2 …(1)
𝑧 𝑧
𝒎 𝒎
which is of the form 𝒇𝟏 𝒙, 𝒛 𝒑 = 𝒇𝟐 𝒚, 𝒛 𝒒

Here 𝑚 = – 1, then 𝑍 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑧

𝜕𝑍 𝜕𝑍 𝜕𝑧 1 𝜕𝑍 𝜕𝑍 𝜕𝑧 1
=𝑃= = 𝑝 =𝑄= = 𝑞
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑥 𝑧 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑦 𝑧
1
⇒ 𝑝=𝑃 1
⇒𝑧𝑞 =𝑄
𝑧

 (1)  𝑃2 + 𝑄 2 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2  𝑃2 − 𝑥 2 = 𝑦 2 − 𝑄 2 …(2)
Let 𝑃2 − 𝑥 2 = 𝑦 2 − 𝑄 2 = 𝑎 …(3)
Solving for 𝑃 and Q , we get
𝑃 = 𝑎2 + 𝑥 2 , 𝑄 = 𝑦 2 − 𝑎2
We know that 𝑑𝑍 = 𝑝 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑞 𝑑𝑦,
𝑑𝑍 = 𝑎2 + 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑦 2 − 𝑎2 𝑑𝑦
Integrating,
𝑥 𝑎2 𝑥 𝑦 𝑎2 𝑦
𝑍= 𝑥 2 + 𝑎2 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ−1 𝑎 + 𝑎2 − 𝑦 2 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ−1 𝑎 + 𝑐
2 2 2 2
𝑥 𝑎 2
𝑥 𝑦 𝑎2 𝑦
𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑧 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑎2 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ−1 + 𝑎2 − 𝑦 2 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ−1 + 𝑐
2 2 𝑎 2 2 𝑎
Which is the complete integral.

3.3.6. Problems for Practice:

1. Solve 𝑝 = 𝑒 𝑞
Ans: 𝑧 = 𝑎𝑥 + (𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑎)𝑦 + 𝑐
2. Solve 𝑝𝑞 = 1
1
Ans: 𝑧 = 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑐
𝑎
3. Solve 𝑧 = 𝑝𝑥 + 𝑞𝑦 + 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑝 𝑞
Ans: 𝑧 = −2 − 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑥 𝑦
4. Solve 𝑧 = 𝑝𝑥 + 𝑞𝑦 + 2 𝑝𝑞
Ans: 𝑥𝑦 = 1
5. Solve 𝑧 = 𝑝𝑥 + 𝑞𝑦 + 16 + 𝑝2 + 𝑞 2
𝑧2
Ans : 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + =1
16

6. Solve 𝑧 = 𝑝𝑥 + 𝑞𝑦 + 𝑝2 + 𝑝𝑞 + 𝑞 2
Ans: 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 𝑥𝑦 + 3𝑧 = 0
7. Solve 𝑧 2 = 𝑝2 + 𝑞 2 + 1
1
Ans: 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ−1 𝑧 = (𝑥 + 𝑎𝑦) + 𝑏
1+𝑎 2
8. Solve 𝑞 = 𝑧 𝑝 (1 − 𝑝 )
2 2 2 2

Ans: 𝑧 2 − 𝑎2 = 𝑥 + 𝑎𝑦 + 𝑏
9. Solve 𝑝 + 𝑞 = 𝑥
3
𝑥2 4 𝑎
Ans: 𝑧 = + 𝑎𝑥 − 𝑥 2 + 𝑎𝑦 + 𝑐
2 3
10. Solve 𝑝2 − 𝑞 2 = 𝑥 − 𝑦
3 3
2 2
Ans:𝑧 = 3 (𝑥 + 𝑎)2 + 3 (𝑦 + 𝑎)2 𝑦 + 𝑐
11. Solve 𝑥 2 𝑝2 = 𝑦𝑞 2
Ans: 𝑧 = 𝑎 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑥 + 2𝑎 𝑦 + 𝑐
12. Solve 𝑧 = 𝑥𝑦𝑝𝑞
2
1
Ans: 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑧 = (𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑥 + 𝑎 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑦) + 𝑐
𝑎
13. Solve 𝑥 2 𝑝2 + 𝑦 2 𝑞 2 = 𝑧 2
1
Ans: 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑧 = (𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑥 + 𝑎 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑦) + 𝑐
1+𝑎 2

3.3.7 Lagrange’s linear first order PDE

A differential equation involving first order partial derivatives p and q only is

called partial differential equation of the first order. If p and q both occur in the first
degree only and are not multiplied together, then it is called a linear partial
differential equation of the first order.

The partial differential equation of the form 𝑃𝑝 + 𝑄𝑞 = 𝑅, where P,Q and R are
functions of x, y, z is a standard form of a linear partial differential equation of the
first order and is called Lagrange’s linear equation.

The solution of Lagrange’s linear equation 𝑃𝑝 + 𝑄𝑞 = 𝑅 is 𝒇(𝒖, 𝒗) = 𝟎 where u,v

are independent solutions of the simultaneous differential equation
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧
𝑃
= 𝑄
= 𝑅
(subsidiary equations) (1)

Methods to solve the subsidiary equations:

(1) Method of grouping
(2) Method of multipliers

Method of Grouping:
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
By taking any two ratios from simultaneous equation, say 𝑃
= 𝑄
solve this
equation, find the solution, take it as 𝑢(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑎.
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧
Similarly take another two ratios, 𝑃 = 𝑅 (or) 𝑄 = 𝑅
solve this equation, find the solution, take it as 𝑣(𝑥, 𝑧) = 𝑏 (𝑜𝑟) 𝑣(𝑦, 𝑧) = 𝑏, a and
b arbitrary constants. Here 𝑢 and 𝑣 are two independent solutions of the
simultaneous equations (1). The solution is 𝑓(𝑢, 𝑣) = 0
(i) We use first set of multipliers ℓ, 𝑚, 𝑛 (which are not always constants) and get
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧 ℓ𝑑𝑥 +𝑚𝑑𝑦 +𝑛𝑑𝑧
= = =
𝑃 𝑄 𝑅 ℓ𝑃+𝑚𝑄 +𝑛𝑅
we need to choose the multipliers , m, n in such a way that
ℓ𝑃 + 𝑚𝑄 + 𝑛𝑅 = 0, then ℓ𝑑𝑥 + 𝑚𝑑𝑦 + 𝑛𝑑𝑧 = 0.
Integrate ℓ𝑑𝑥 + 𝑚𝑑𝑦 + 𝑛𝑑𝑧 = 0,
we get the first solution 𝑢(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = 𝑎.

(ii) Similarly choosing another set of multipliers , m, n

we get another solution 𝑣(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = 𝑏.
 Solution is f(u, v) = 0, where f is arbitrary function.

Working Rule:

To solve the Lagrange’s linear equation 𝑃𝑝 + 𝑄𝑞 = 𝑅

𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧
(i) Form the auxiliary equations 𝑃 = 𝑄 = 𝑅
(ii) Solve the auxiliary equations by the method of grouping or the method of
multipliers or both to get two independent solutions 𝑢 = 𝑎 and 𝑣 = 𝑏
, where a, b are arbitrary constants.
(iii) Then 𝑓(𝑢, 𝑣) = 0 is the general solution of the equation 𝑃𝑝 + 𝑄𝑞 = 𝑅.

Example: 1

Solve the following differential equations:

(i) 𝑦𝑝 − 𝑥𝑝 = 𝑧
(ii) 𝑥2 𝑝 + 𝑦2𝑞 = 𝑧2
(iii) 𝑝𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 + 𝑞𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑦 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑧
(iv) 𝑦 2 𝑝 − 𝑦𝑥𝑞 = 𝑥(𝑧 − 2𝑦)
𝑦 2𝑧
(v) 𝑝 + 𝑥𝑧𝑞 = 𝑦 2
𝑥

Solution:

(i) Given 𝑦𝑝 − 𝑥𝑝 = 𝑧 (or) −𝑥𝑝 + 𝑦𝑞 = 𝑧

which is of the form 𝑃𝑝 + 𝑄𝑞 = 𝑅
where 𝑃 = −𝑥, 𝑄 = 𝑦, 𝑅 = 𝑧
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧
Auxiliary equations are = =  = =
𝑃 𝑄 𝑅 −𝑥 𝑦 𝑧
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
Take any two ratios or terms say −𝑥
=
𝑦
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
Integrating, =
−𝑥 𝑦
−𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑦 + 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑐1
𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥𝑦 = −𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑐1
xy = 1/𝑐1 = a
u = xy …(1)
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧
Take another two ratios or terms say =
𝑦 𝑧
 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧
Integrating, 𝑦
= 𝑧
𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑦 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑧 + 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑐2
𝑥
𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑧 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑐2
𝑥
𝑧
= 𝑐2 = 𝑏
𝑥
𝑣= 𝑧
(2)
𝑦
 Solution is 𝑓(𝑢, 𝑣) = 0 i.e., 𝑓 𝑥𝑦, =0
𝑧

(ii) Given 𝑥 2 𝑝 + 𝑦 2 𝑞 = 𝑧 2 which is of the form 𝑃𝑝 + 𝑄𝑞 = 𝑅

where P = x2 , Q = y2, R = z2Auxiliary equations are
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧
= =  2= 2= 2
𝑃 𝑄 𝑅 𝑥 𝑦 𝑧
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
Take any two ratios 𝑥2
= 𝑦2
1 1
Integrating, − = − + 𝑐1
𝑥 𝑦
1 1
− + = 𝑐1
𝑥 𝑦
1 1
𝑦
− 𝑥 = 𝑐1 = 𝑢 (1)

𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧
Take another two ratios 𝑦2
= 𝑧2
1 1
Integrating − 𝑦 = − 𝑧 + 𝑐2
1 1
− + = 𝑐2
𝑦 𝑧
1 1
𝑧
− 𝑦 = 𝑐2 = 𝑣 (2)
1 1 1 1
 Solution is 𝑓(𝑢, 𝑣) = 0 i.e., 𝑓 − , − =0
𝑦 𝑥 𝑧 𝑦

(iii) Given 𝑝𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 + 𝑞𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑦 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑧

which is of the form 𝑃𝑝 + 𝑄𝑞 = 𝑅
where 𝑃 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥, 𝑄 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑦, 𝑅 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑧
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧
Auxiliary equations are 𝑃 = 𝑄 = 𝑅  𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑦 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑧
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
Take any two ratios = 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑦
𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥
𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑦
 𝑐𝑜𝑡 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑐𝑜𝑡 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 ⇒ 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑦
𝑑𝑦
Integrating, log sin x = log sin y = log c1
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
⇒ 𝑙𝑜𝑔 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑐1
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑦
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑦
= 𝑐1 (1)

𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧
Take any two ratios 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑦
= 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑧
𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑧
 𝑐𝑜𝑡 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑐𝑜𝑡 𝑧 𝑑𝑧 ⇒ 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑦
𝑑𝑦 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑧
𝑑𝑧
 Integrating, 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑦 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑧 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑐2
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑦
= 𝑐2
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑧
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑦
 Solution is 𝑓(𝑢, 𝑣) = 0 i.e., 𝑓 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑦 , 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑧 = 0

(iv) Given 𝑦 2 𝑝 − 𝑦𝑥𝑞 = 𝑥(𝑧 − 2𝑦) which is of the form 𝑃𝑝 + 𝑄𝑞 = 𝑅

where. 𝑃 = 𝑦 2 , 𝑄 = – 𝑦𝑥, 𝑅 = 𝑥(𝑧 – 2𝑦).
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧
Auxiliary equations are = =  2 = =
𝑃 𝑄 𝑅 𝑦 −𝑦𝑥 𝑥(𝑧−2𝑦)

Take any two ratios

𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
= ⇒ = ⇒ 𝑥𝑑𝑥 = −𝑦𝑑𝑦
𝑦 2 −𝑦𝑥 𝑦 −𝑥

𝑥2 𝑦2
Integrating, = − + 𝑐1
2 2
⇒ 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 2𝑐1 = 𝑢 (1)

Take any two ratios

𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧
= ⇒ = ⇒ (𝑧 − 2𝑦)𝑑𝑦 + 𝑦𝑑𝑧 = 0
−𝑦𝑥 𝑥(𝑧 − 2𝑦) −𝑦 (𝑧 − 2𝑦)
 𝑧𝑑𝑦 + 𝑦𝑑𝑧 − 2𝑦𝑑𝑦 = 0 ⇒ 𝑑(𝑦𝑧) − 2𝑦𝑑𝑦 = 0
Integrating, 𝑦𝑧 − 𝑦 2 = 𝑐2 (2)

 Solution is 𝑓(𝑢, 𝑣) = 0 i.e., 𝑓 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 , 𝑦𝑧 − 𝑦 2 = 0

𝑦 2𝑧
(v) Given 𝑝 + 𝑥𝑧𝑞 = 𝑦 2 which is of the form 𝑃𝑝 + 𝑄𝑞 = 𝑅
𝑥
𝑦 2𝑧
where 𝑃 = 𝑥
, 𝑄 = 𝑥𝑧, 𝑅 = 𝑦 2
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧
Auxiliary equations are = =  𝑦 2𝑧
= =
𝑃 𝑄 𝑅 𝑥𝑧 𝑦2
𝑥

𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
Take any two ratios or terms say 𝑦 2𝑧
= 𝑥𝑧
⇒ 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑦
𝑥

𝑥3 𝑦3
Integrating, = +𝑐1 ⇒ 𝑥 3 +𝑦 3 = 3𝑐1 = 𝑢 (1)
3 3

Take any two ratios

𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑧
= 2 ⇒ 2 = 2 ⇒ 𝑥𝑑𝑥 = 𝑧𝑑𝑧
𝑦 𝑧 𝑦
2 𝑦 𝑧 𝑥𝑦
𝑥
𝑥2 𝑧2
Integrating, 2
= 2 + 𝑐2 ⇒ 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 2𝑐2 = 𝑣 (2)

Solution is 𝑓(𝑢, 𝑣) = 0 i.e., 𝑓 𝑥 3 − 𝑦 3 , 𝑥 2 − 𝑧 2 = 0

 Method of Multipliers
View the Lecture on YouTube:
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Example 1:

Solve the partial differential equations:

𝑥(𝑦 − 𝑧)𝑝 + 𝑦(𝑧 − 𝑥)𝑞 = 𝑧(𝑥 − 𝑦)

Solution:
Given 𝑥(𝑦 − 𝑧)𝑝 + 𝑦(𝑧 − 𝑥)𝑞 = 𝑧(𝑥 − 𝑦)
which is of the form 𝑃𝑝 + 𝑄𝑞 = 𝑅
where 𝑃 = 𝑥(𝑦 – 𝑧), 𝑄 = 𝑦(𝑧 – 𝑥), 𝑅 = 𝑧(𝑥 – 𝑦)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧
Auxiliary equations are 𝑃 = 𝑄 = 𝑅  𝑥(𝑦 −𝑧) = 𝑦(𝑧−𝑥) = 𝑧(𝑥−𝑦)
Choose the first set of (ℓ, 𝑚, 𝑛) = (1,1,1)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧 ℓ𝑑𝑥 +𝑚𝑑𝑦 +𝑛𝑑𝑧
Each fraction = each ratio = 𝑃 = 𝑄 = 𝑅 = ℓ𝑃+𝑚𝑄 +𝑛𝑅
1𝑑𝑥 +1𝑑𝑦 +1𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑥 +𝑑𝑦 +𝑑𝑧
= =
𝑥 𝑦–𝑧 +y 𝑧–𝑥 +z 𝑥–𝑦 0
 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑑𝑦 + 𝑑𝑧 = 0
Integrating, x + y + z = c1 = u …(1)
1 1 1
Choose the another set of (ℓ′ , 𝑚′ , 𝑛′ ) = , ,
𝑥 𝑦 𝑧
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧 ℓ′ 𝑑𝑥 +𝑚 ′ 𝑑𝑦 +𝑛 ′ 𝑑𝑧
Each fraction = each ratio = 𝑃 𝑄
= =
𝑅
=
ℓ′ 𝑃+𝑚 ′ 𝑄+𝑛 ′ 𝑅
1 1 1 1 1 1
𝑑𝑥 + 𝑑𝑦 + 𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑑𝑦 + 𝑑𝑧
𝑥 𝑦 𝑧
= 𝑦–𝑧 + 𝑧–𝑥 + 𝑥–𝑦
=𝑥 𝑦
0
𝑧

1 1 1
 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑑𝑦 + 𝑑𝑧 = 0
𝑥 𝑦 𝑧
Integrating, 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑥 + 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑦 + 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑧 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑐2  𝑙𝑜𝑔(𝑥𝑦𝑧) = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑐2
 𝑥𝑦𝑧 = 𝑐2 = 𝑣 …(2)
 Solution is 𝑓(𝑢, 𝑣) = 0 i.e., 𝑓 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧, 𝑥𝑦𝑧 = 0

Example 2:

Solve the partial differential equations:

𝑥(𝑧 2 − 𝑦 2 )𝑝 + 𝑦(𝑥 2 − 𝑧 2 )𝑞 = 𝑧(𝑦 2 − 𝑥 2 )

Solution:
Given 𝑥(𝑧 2 − 𝑦 2 )𝑝 + 𝑦(𝑥 2 − 𝑧 2 )𝑞 = 𝑧(𝑦 2 − 𝑥 2 )
which is of the form 𝑃𝑝 + 𝑄𝑞 = 𝑅
where 𝑃 = 𝑥(𝑧 2 − 𝑦 2 ), 𝑄 = 𝑦(𝑥 2 − 𝑧 2 ), 𝑅 = 𝑧(𝑦 2 − 𝑥 2 )
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧
Auxiliary equations are = =
𝑃 𝑄 𝑅
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧
 𝑥(𝑧 2 −𝑦 2 )
=
𝑦 (𝑥 2 −𝑧 2 )
=
𝑧(𝑦 2 −𝑥 2 )
Choose the first set of (ℓ, 𝑚, 𝑛) = (x, y, z)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧 ℓ𝑑𝑥 +𝑚𝑑𝑦 +𝑛𝑑𝑧
each ratio = = = =
𝑃 𝑄 𝑅 ℓ𝑃+𝑚𝑄 +𝑛𝑅
𝑥𝑑𝑥 +𝑦𝑑𝑦 +𝑧𝑑𝑧 𝑥𝑑𝑥 +𝑦𝑑𝑦 +𝑧𝑑𝑧
= 𝑥2 𝑧 2 –𝑦 2 +y 𝑥 2 –𝑧 2 +z 𝑦 2 –𝑥 2
=
0
 𝑥𝑑𝑥 + 𝑦𝑑𝑦 + 𝑧𝑑𝑧 = 0
𝑥2 𝑦2 𝑧2
Integrating, + + = 𝑐1  𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 = 2𝑐1 = 𝑢 …(1)
2 2 2
 ′
Choose the another set of (ℓ , 𝑚′ , 𝑛′ ) =
1 1 1
, ,
𝑥 𝑦 𝑧
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧 ℓ′ 𝑑𝑥 +𝑚 ′ 𝑑𝑦 +𝑛 ′ 𝑑𝑧
each ratio = 𝑃
= 𝑄
= 𝑅
= ℓ′ 𝑃+𝑚 ′ 𝑄+𝑛 ′ 𝑅
1 1 1
𝑑𝑥 + 𝑑𝑦 + 𝑑𝑧 1 1 1
𝑥 𝑦 𝑧
=  𝑑𝑥 + 𝑑𝑦 + 𝑑𝑧 = 0
0 𝑥 𝑦 𝑧
Integrating, 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑥 + 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑦 + 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑧 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑐2
 𝑙𝑜𝑔(𝑥𝑦𝑧) = 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑐2  𝑥𝑦𝑧 = 𝑐2 = 𝑣 …(2)

 Solution is 𝑓(𝑢, 𝑣) = 0 i.e., 𝑓 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 , 𝑥𝑦𝑧 = 0

Example 3:

Solve the partial differential equation (𝑦 + 𝑧𝑥)𝑝 − (𝑥 + 𝑦𝑧)𝑞 = 𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2

Solution:
Given (𝑦 + 𝑧𝑥)𝑝 − (𝑥 + 𝑦𝑧)𝑞 = 𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2
which is of the form 𝑃𝑝 + 𝑄𝑞 = 𝑅
where 𝑃 = 𝑦 + 𝑧𝑥, 𝑄 = – (𝑥 + 𝑦𝑧), 𝑅 = (𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 )
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧
Auxiliary equations are = =
𝑃 𝑄 𝑅
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧
 = =
𝑦+𝑧𝑥 −𝑥−𝑦𝑧 𝑥 2 −𝑦 2
Choose the first set of (𝑙, 𝑚, 𝑛) = (1, 1, 0) & (0, 0, 1)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧 ℓ𝑑𝑥 +𝑚𝑑𝑦 +𝑛𝑑𝑧
each ratio = 𝑃 = 𝑄 = 𝑅 = ℓ𝑃+𝑚𝑄 +𝑛𝑅
𝑑𝑥 +𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑥 +𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧
= ⇒ =
𝑦 +𝑧𝑥 −𝑥−𝑦𝑧 𝑥 2 −𝑦 2 (𝑥−𝑦)(𝑧−1) (𝑥−𝑦 )(𝑥+𝑦)
𝑑𝑥 +𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧
⇒ (𝑧−1)
=
(𝑥+𝑦)
⇒ (𝑥 + 𝑦)(𝑑𝑥 + 𝑑𝑦) = (𝑧 − 1)𝑑𝑧
⇒ (𝑥 + 𝑦)𝑑(𝑥 + 𝑦) = (𝑧 − 1)𝑑𝑧
(𝑥+𝑦)2 (𝑧−1)2
Integrating, 2 = 2 + 𝑐1 ⇒ (𝑥 + 𝑦)2 − (𝑧 − 1)2 = 2𝑐1 = 𝑢 …(1)
Choose the another set of (ℓ′ , 𝑚′ , 𝑛′ ) = (1, – 1, 0) & (0, 0, 1)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧 ℓ′ 𝑑𝑥 +𝑚 ′ 𝑑𝑦 +𝑛 ′ 𝑑𝑧
each ratio = = = =
𝑃 𝑄 𝑅 ℓ′ 𝑃+𝑚 ′ 𝑄+𝑛 ′ 𝑅
𝑑𝑥 −𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧
= 𝑦 +𝑧𝑥 +𝑥+𝑦𝑧 = 𝑥 2 −𝑦 2 ⇒ (𝑥 − 𝑦)𝑑(𝑥 − 𝑦) = (𝑧 + 1)𝑑𝑧
(𝑥−𝑦)2 (𝑧+1)2
Integrating, 2
= 2
+ 𝑐2 ⇒ (𝑥 − 𝑦)2 − (𝑧 + 1)2 = 2𝑐1 = 𝑣 …(2)
Solution is 𝑓(𝑢, 𝑣) = 0 i.e.,
𝑓 𝑥 + 𝑦 2 − (𝑧 − 1)2 , 𝑥 − 𝑦 2
− (𝑧 + 1)2 = 0

Example 4:

Solve the partial differential equation 𝑥 2 (𝑦 − 𝑧)𝑝 + 𝑦 2 (𝑧 − 𝑥)𝑞 = 𝑧 2 (𝑥 − 𝑦)

Solution:
Given 𝑥 2 (𝑦 − 𝑧)𝑝 + 𝑦 2 (𝑧 − 𝑥)𝑞 = 𝑧 2 (𝑥 − 𝑦)
which is of the form 𝑃 𝑝 + 𝑄 𝑞 = 𝑅
where 𝑃 = 𝑥 2 𝑦 − 𝑧 , 𝑄 = 𝑦 2 𝑧 − 𝑥 , 𝑅 = 𝑧 2 (𝑥 − 𝑦)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧
Auxiliary equations are = =  2 = =
𝑃 𝑄 𝑅 𝑥 (𝑦 −𝑧) 𝑦 2 (𝑧−𝑥) 𝑧 2 (𝑥−𝑦)
 1 1 1
Choose the first set of (ℓ, 𝑚, 𝑛) = , ,
𝑥2 𝑦2 𝑧2
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧 ℓ𝑑𝑥 +𝑚𝑑𝑦 +𝑛𝑑𝑧
each ratio = = = =
𝑃 𝑄 𝑅 ℓ𝑃+𝑚𝑄 +𝑛𝑅
1 1 1 1 1 1
𝑑𝑥 + 2 𝑑𝑦 + 2 𝑑𝑧 2 𝑑𝑥 + 2 𝑑𝑦 + 2 𝑑𝑧
𝑥2 𝑦 𝑧 𝑥 𝑦 𝑧
=(𝑦 −𝑧)+(𝑧−𝑥)+(𝑥−𝑦) = 0
⇒ 𝑥 −2 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑦 −2 𝑑𝑦 + 𝑧 −2 𝑑𝑧 = 0
1 1 1
Integrating, 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 𝑐1 = 𝑢 (1)
1 1 1
Choose the another set of (ℓ′ , 𝑚′ , 𝑛′ ) = , ,
𝑥 𝑦 𝑧
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧 ℓ′ 𝑑𝑥 +𝑚 ′ 𝑑𝑦 +𝑛 ′ 𝑑𝑧
each ratio = 𝑃
= 𝑄
= 𝑅
= ℓ′ 𝑃+𝑚 ′ 𝑄+𝑛 ′ 𝑅
1 1 1 1 1 1
𝑑𝑥 + 𝑑𝑦 + 𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑑𝑦 + 𝑑𝑧
𝑥 𝑦 𝑧 𝑥 𝑦 𝑧
=𝑥(𝑦−𝑧)+𝑦 (𝑧−𝑥)+𝑧(𝑥−𝑦 ) = 0
1 1 1
 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 + 𝑧 𝑑𝑧 = 0
Integrating, 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑥 + 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑦 + 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑧 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑐 2 ⇒ 𝑥𝑦𝑧 = 𝑐2 = 𝑣 (2)
1 1 1
Solution is 𝑓(𝑢, 𝑣) = 0 i.e., 𝑓 + + , 𝑥𝑦𝑧 = 0
𝑥 𝑦 𝑧

Example 5:

Solve the partial differential equation

(𝑚𝑧 − 𝑛𝑦)𝑝 + (𝑛𝑥 − ℓ𝑧)𝑞 = (ℓ𝑦 − 𝑚𝑥)

Solution:
Given (𝑚𝑧 − 𝑛𝑦)𝑝 + (𝑛𝑥 − ℓ𝑧)𝑞 = (ℓ𝑦 − 𝑚𝑥)
which is of the form 𝑃 𝑝 + 𝑄 𝑞 = 𝑅
where 𝑃 = (𝑚𝑧 − 𝑛𝑦), 𝑄 = (𝑛𝑥 − ℓ𝑧), 𝑅 = (ℓ𝑦 − 𝑚𝑥)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧
Auxiliary equations are 𝑃 = 𝑄 = 𝑅  (𝑚𝑧 −𝑛𝑦 ) = (𝑛𝑥 −ℓ𝑧) = (ℓ𝑦−𝑚𝑥 )
Choose the first set of (ℓ, 𝑚, 𝑛) = ℓ, 𝑚, 𝑛
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧 ℓ𝑑𝑥 +𝑚𝑑𝑦 +𝑛𝑑𝑧
each ratio = 𝑃 = 𝑄 = 𝑅 = ℓ𝑃+𝑚𝑄 +𝑛𝑅
ℓ𝑑𝑥 +𝑚𝑑𝑦 +𝑛𝑑𝑧 ℓ𝑑𝑥 +𝑚𝑑𝑦 +𝑛𝑑𝑧
=ℓ(𝑚𝑧 −𝑛𝑦 )+𝑚 (𝑛𝑥 −ℓ𝑧)+𝑛(ℓ𝑦−𝑚𝑥 ) = 0
⇒ ℓ𝑑𝑥 + 𝑚𝑑𝑦 + 𝑛𝑑𝑧 = 0
Integrating, ℓ𝑥 + 𝑚𝑦 + 𝑛𝑧 = 𝑐1 = 𝑢 …(1)
Choose the another set of (ℓ′ , 𝑚′ , 𝑛′ ) = 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧 ℓ′ 𝑑𝑥 +𝑚 ′ 𝑑𝑦 +𝑛 ′ 𝑑𝑧
each ratio = 𝑃
=
𝑄
=
𝑅
=
ℓ′ 𝑃+𝑚 ′ 𝑄+𝑛 ′ 𝑅
𝑥𝑑𝑥 +𝑦𝑑𝑦 +𝑧𝑑𝑧 𝑥𝑑𝑥 +𝑦𝑑𝑦 +𝑧𝑑𝑧
= =
𝑥(𝑚𝑧 −𝑛𝑦 )+𝑦(𝑛𝑥 −ℓ𝑧)+𝑧(ℓ𝑦−𝑚𝑥 ) 0
 𝑥𝑑𝑥 + 𝑦𝑑𝑦 + 𝑧𝑑𝑧 = 0
𝑥2 𝑦2 𝑧2
Integrating, 2 + 2 + 2 = 𝑐2 ⇒ 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 = 2𝑐2 = 𝑣 …(2)
Solution is 𝑓(𝑢, 𝑣) = 0 i.e., 𝑓 ℓ𝑥 + 𝑚𝑦 + 𝑛𝑧, 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 = 0
Example 6:

Solve the partial differential equation 𝑥(𝑦 2 + 𝑧)𝑝 − 𝑦(𝑥 2 + 𝑧)𝑞 = 𝑧(𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 )

Solution:
Given 𝑥(𝑦 2 + 𝑧)𝑝 − 𝑦(𝑥 2 + 𝑧)𝑞 = 𝑧(𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 )
which is of the form 𝑃 𝑝 + 𝑄 𝑞 = 𝑅
where 𝑃 = 𝑥 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 , 𝑄 = −𝑦(𝑥 2 + 𝑧) – , 𝑅 = 𝑧(𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧
Auxiliary equations are = =  = =
𝑃 𝑄 2 𝑅 2 𝑥(𝑦 +𝑧) −𝑦(𝑥 +𝑧) 𝑧(𝑥 2 −𝑦 2 )
1 1 1
Choose the first set of (ℓ, 𝑚, 𝑛) = , ,
𝑥 𝑦 𝑧
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧 ℓ𝑑𝑥+𝑚𝑑𝑦 +𝑛𝑑𝑧
each ratio = = = =
𝑃 𝑄 𝑅 ℓ𝑃+𝑚𝑄+𝑛𝑅
1 1 1 1 1 1
𝑑𝑥+ 𝑑𝑦+ 𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑥+ 𝑑𝑦 + 𝑑𝑧 1 1 1
𝑥 𝑦 𝑧 𝑥 𝑦 𝑧
= =  𝑑𝑥 + 𝑑𝑦 + 𝑑𝑧 = 0
(𝑦 2 +𝑧)−(𝑥 2 +𝑧)+(𝑥 2 −𝑦 2 ) 0 𝑥 𝑦 𝑧
Integrating, 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑥 + 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑦 + 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑧 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑐1  𝑥𝑦𝑧 = 𝑐1 = 𝑢 …(1)
′
Choose the another set of (ℓ , 𝑚′ , 𝑛′ ) = (𝑥, 𝑦, – 1)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧 ℓ′ 𝑑𝑥+𝑚 ′ 𝑑𝑦 +𝑛 ′ 𝑑𝑧
each ratio = 𝑃
= 𝑄
=𝑅
=
ℓ′ 𝑃+𝑚 ′ 𝑄+𝑛 ′ 𝑅
𝑥𝑑𝑥+𝑦𝑑𝑦−𝑑𝑧 𝑥𝑑𝑥+𝑦𝑑𝑦−𝑑𝑧
=𝑥 2 (𝑦 2 +𝑧)−𝑦 2 (𝑥 2 +𝑧)−𝑧(𝑥 2 −𝑦 2 ) = 0
 𝑥𝑑𝑥 + 𝑦𝑑𝑦 − 𝑑𝑧 = 0
𝑥2 𝑦2
Integrating, 2 + − 𝑧 = 𝑐2 ⇒ 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 2𝑧 = 2𝑐2 = 𝑣 …(2)
2
Solution is 𝑓(𝑢, 𝑣) = 0
i.e., 𝑓 𝑥𝑦𝑧, 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 2𝑧 = 0.

Example 7:

Solve the partial differential equation

𝑝𝑥(𝑧 − 2𝑦 2 ) + 𝑞𝑦(𝑧 − 𝑦 2 − 2𝑥 3 ) = 𝑧(𝑧 − 𝑦 2 − 2𝑥 3 )

Solution:
Given 𝑝𝑥(𝑧 − 2𝑦 2 ) + 𝑞𝑦(𝑧 − 𝑦 2 − 2𝑥 3 ) = 𝑧(𝑧 − 𝑦 2 − 2𝑥 3 )
which is of the form 𝑃 𝑝 + 𝑄 𝑞 = 𝑅
where 𝑃 = 𝑥(𝑧 − 2𝑦 2 ), 𝑄 = 𝑦(𝑧 − 𝑦 2 − 2𝑥 3 ), 𝑅 = 𝑧(𝑧 − 𝑦 2 − 2𝑥 3 )
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧
Auxiliary equations are 𝑃 = 𝑄 = 𝑅  𝑥(𝑧−2𝑦 2 = 𝑦(𝑧−𝑦 2 3 = 𝑧(𝑧−𝑦 2
) −2𝑥 ) −2𝑥 3 )
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧
Take any two ratios or terms say 𝑦(𝑧−𝑦 2 −2𝑥 3 )
= 𝑧(𝑧−𝑦 2 −2𝑥 3 ) 𝑦 = 𝑧
Integrating, 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑦 – 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑧 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑐1  𝑦/𝑧 = 𝑐1 = 𝑢 (1)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑧
Take any two ratios or terms say 2) = 2 −2𝑥 3 )
𝑥(𝑧−2𝑦 𝑧(𝑧−𝑦
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑧
Put 𝑦 = 𝑧 𝑐1  each ratio =
𝑥 𝑧−2(𝑧𝑐1)2 𝑧 𝑧−(𝑧𝑐1)2 −2𝑥 3
=
𝑥𝑑𝑧−𝑧𝑑𝑥 2𝑥𝑧𝑑𝑧−𝑧 𝑑𝑥
2
⇒ 𝑥2
− 𝑐12
𝑥2
+ 2𝑥𝑑𝑥 = 0
𝑧 𝑧2 𝑧 𝑦2
Integrating,𝑥 − 𝑐12 𝑥 + 𝑥 2 = 𝑐2 ⇒ 𝑥 − 𝑥 + 𝑥 2 = 𝑐2 = 𝑣 (2)
𝑦𝑧 𝑦2
 Solution is 𝑓(𝑢, 𝑣) = 0 i.e., 𝑓 𝑧 𝑥 − 𝑥 + 𝑥 2 = 0
Example 8:

Solve the partial differential equation (𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 − 𝑥 2 )𝑝 − 2𝑥𝑦𝑞 = −2𝑧𝑥

Solution:
Given (𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 − 𝑥 2 )𝑝 − 2𝑥𝑦𝑞 = −2𝑧𝑥
which is of the form 𝑃 𝑝 + 𝑄 𝑞 = 𝑅
where 𝑃 = 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 − 𝑥 2 , 𝑄 = −2xy, 𝑅 = −2𝑧𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧
Auxiliary equations are 𝑃 = 𝑄 = 𝑅 (𝑦 2 +𝑧 2 −𝑥 2 ) = −2𝑥𝑦 = −2𝑧𝑥
Choose the first set of (ℓ, 𝑚, 𝑛) = 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧 ℓ𝑑𝑥 +𝑚𝑑𝑦 +𝑛𝑑𝑧
each ratio = = = =
𝑃 𝑄 𝑅 ℓ𝑃+𝑚𝑄 +𝑛𝑅
𝑑𝑦 𝑥𝑑𝑥 +𝑦𝑑𝑦 +𝑧𝑑𝑧 𝑥𝑑𝑥 +𝑦𝑑𝑦 +𝑧𝑑𝑧
= = =
−2𝑥𝑦 𝑥(𝑦 2 +𝑧 2 −𝑥 2 )−2𝑥𝑦 −2𝑧𝑥 −𝑥(𝑥 2 +𝑦 2 +𝑧 2 )
𝑑𝑦 2𝑥𝑑𝑥 +2𝑦𝑑𝑦 +2𝑧𝑑𝑧
=𝑦 = (𝑥 2 +𝑦 2 +𝑧 2 )
Integrating, 𝑙𝑜𝑔( 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 ) = 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑦 + 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑐1
2 2 2
𝑥 2 +𝑦 2 +𝑧 2
 𝑦
= 𝑐1 = 𝑢 …(1)
𝑑𝑧 𝑥𝑑𝑥 +𝑦𝑑𝑦 +𝑧𝑑𝑧
Similarly each ratio = −2𝑥𝑧
= −𝑥(𝑥 2 +𝑦 2 +𝑧 2 )
𝑑𝑧 2𝑥𝑑𝑥 +2𝑦𝑑𝑦 +2𝑧𝑑𝑧
=𝑧 = (𝑥 2 +𝑦 2 +𝑧 2 )
Integrating, 𝑙𝑜𝑔( 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 ) = 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑧 + 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑐2
2 2 2
𝑥 2 +𝑦 2 +𝑧 2
 𝑧
= 𝑐2 = 𝑣 …(2)
𝑥 2 +𝑦 2 +𝑧 2 𝑥 2 +𝑦 2 +𝑧 2
Solution is 𝑓(𝑢, 𝑣) = 0 i.e., 𝑓 𝑦
, 𝑧
=0

Example 9:

Solve the partial differential equation (𝑥 2 − 𝑦𝑧)𝑝 + (𝑦 2 − 𝑧𝑥)𝑞 = 𝑧 2 − 𝑥𝑦

Solution:
Given (𝑥 2 − 𝑦𝑧)𝑝 + (𝑦 2 − 𝑧𝑥)𝑞 = 𝑧 2 − 𝑥𝑦
which is of the form 𝑃 𝑝 + 𝑄 𝑞 = 𝑅
where 𝑃 = (𝑥 2 − 𝑦𝑧), 𝑄 = (𝑦 2 − 𝑧𝑥) , 𝑅 = 𝑧 2 − 𝑥𝑦
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧
Auxiliary equations are 𝑃 = 𝑄 = 𝑅
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧
 (𝑥 2 −𝑦𝑧 )
= (𝑦 2 −𝑧𝑥 ) = 𝑧 2 −𝑥𝑦
Choose the first set of (ℓ, 𝑚, 𝑛) = 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 & (1, 1, 1)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧 ℓ𝑑𝑥 +𝑚𝑑𝑦 +𝑛𝑑𝑧
each ratio = 𝑃 = 𝑄 = 𝑅 = ℓ𝑃+𝑚𝑄 +𝑛𝑅
𝑥𝑑𝑥 +𝑦𝑑𝑦 +𝑧𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑥 +𝑑𝑦 +𝑑𝑧
= = *
𝑥(𝑥 2 −𝑦𝑧 )+𝑦(𝑦 2 −𝑧𝑥 )+𝑧(𝑧 2 −𝑥𝑦 ) (𝑥 2 −𝑦𝑧 )+(𝑦 2 −𝑧𝑥 )+(𝑧 2 −𝑥𝑦 )
𝑥𝑑𝑥 +𝑦𝑑𝑦 +𝑧𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑥 +𝑑𝑦 +𝑑𝑧
=𝑥 3 +𝑦 3 +𝑧 3 −3𝑥𝑦𝑧 = 𝑥 2 +𝑦 2 +𝑧 2 −𝑥𝑦 −𝑦𝑧 −𝑧𝑥
𝑥𝑑𝑥 +𝑦𝑑𝑦 +𝑧𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑥 +𝑑𝑦 +𝑑𝑧
= =
(𝑥+𝑦+𝑧)(𝑥 2 +𝑦 2 +𝑧 2 −𝑥𝑦 −𝑦𝑧 −𝑧𝑥 ) 𝑥 2 +𝑦 2 +𝑧 2 −𝑥𝑦 −𝑦𝑧 −𝑧𝑥

𝑥𝑑𝑥 +𝑦𝑑𝑦 +𝑧𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑥 +𝑑𝑦 +𝑑𝑧

= (𝑥+𝑦+𝑧)
= 1
 𝑥𝑑𝑥 + 𝑦𝑑𝑦 + 𝑧𝑑𝑧 = (𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧)(𝑑𝑥 + 𝑑𝑦 + 𝑑𝑧)
 𝑥2 𝑦2 𝑧2 (𝑥+𝑦 +𝑧)2
Integrating, 2
+ 2
+ 2
= 2
+𝑐1
 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 = (𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧) +2𝑐1 2

 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 + 2𝑥𝑦 + 2𝑦𝑧 + 2𝑧𝑥+2𝑐1

 −2(𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦𝑧 + 𝑧𝑥) = 2𝑐1
 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦𝑧 + 𝑧𝑥 = – 𝑐1 = 𝑢 ..…(1)

Choose the another set of (ℓ′ , 𝑚′ , 𝑛′ ) = (1, – 1, 0) & (0, ,1, – 1)

𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧 ℓ′ 𝑑𝑥 +𝑚 ′ 𝑑𝑦 +𝑛 ′ 𝑑𝑧
each ratio = 𝑃
= 𝑄
=𝑅
= ℓ′ 𝑃+𝑚 ′ 𝑄+𝑛 ′ 𝑅
𝑑𝑥 −𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 −𝑑𝑧
= =
(𝑥−𝑦)(𝑥+𝑦+𝑧) (𝑦 −𝑧)(𝑥+𝑦+𝑧)
𝑑𝑥 −𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 −𝑑𝑧
= (𝑥−𝑦)
= (𝑦 −𝑧)
Integrating, 𝑙𝑜𝑔( 𝑥 − 𝑦) = 𝑙𝑜𝑔( 𝑦 − 𝑧) +𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑐2
𝑥−𝑦 𝑥−𝑦
= 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑦 −𝑧 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑐2  𝑦 −𝑧 = 𝑐2 = 𝑣 …(2)
𝑥−𝑦
Solution is f(u, v) = 0 i.e., 𝑓 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦𝑧 + 𝑧𝑥, 𝑦 −𝑧 = 0.

Example 10:

Solve the partial differential equation (𝑧 2 − 2𝑦𝑧 − 𝑦 2 )𝑝 + (𝑥𝑦 + 𝑧𝑥)𝑞 = 𝑥𝑦 − 𝑧𝑥

Solution:

Given (𝑧 2 − 2𝑦𝑧 − 𝑦 2 )𝑝 + (𝑥𝑦 + 𝑧𝑥)𝑞 = 𝑥𝑦 − 𝑧𝑥

which is of the form 𝑃 𝑝 + 𝑄 𝑞 = 𝑅
where 𝑃 = (𝑧 2 − 2𝑦𝑧 − 𝑦 2 ), 𝑄 = (𝑥𝑦 + 𝑧𝑥), 𝑅 = 𝑥𝑦 − 𝑧𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧
Auxiliary equations are 𝑃 = 𝑄 = 𝑅  (𝑧 2 −2𝑦𝑧 −𝑦 2 ) = (𝑥𝑦 +𝑧𝑥 ) = 𝑥𝑦 −𝑧𝑥
* [Here we need apply both methods grouping and multipliers]

𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧
each ratio = 𝑥(𝑦+𝑧)
=
𝑥(𝑦−𝑧)
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧
 𝑦 +𝑧
= 𝑦−𝑧 ⇒ 𝑦𝑑𝑧 + 𝑧𝑑𝑧 = 𝑦𝑑𝑦 − 𝑧𝑑𝑦
 𝑦𝑑𝑧 + 𝑧𝑑𝑦 = 𝑦𝑑𝑦 − 𝑧𝑑𝑧 ⇒ 𝑑(𝑦𝑧) = 𝑦𝑑𝑦 − 𝑧𝑑𝑧
𝑦2 𝑧2
Integrating, 𝑦𝑧 = − + 𝑐1
2 2
 2𝑦𝑧 − 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 = 2𝑐1 = 𝑢 …(1)
Choose the another set of (ℓ′ , 𝑚′ , 𝑛′ ) = (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧 ℓ′ 𝑑𝑥 +𝑚 ′ 𝑑𝑦 +𝑛 ′ 𝑑𝑧
each ratio = 𝑃
= 𝑄
= 𝑅
=ℓ′ 𝑃+𝑚 ′ 𝑄+𝑛 ′ 𝑅
𝑥𝑑𝑥 +𝑦𝑑𝑦 +𝑧𝑑𝑧
=
𝑥(𝑧 2 −2𝑦𝑧 −𝑦 2 )+𝑦 (𝑥𝑦 +𝑧𝑥 )+𝑧(𝑥𝑦 −𝑧𝑥 )
𝑥𝑑𝑥 +𝑦𝑑𝑦 +𝑧𝑑𝑧
= 0
 𝑥𝑑𝑥 + 𝑦𝑑𝑦 + 𝑧𝑑𝑧 = 0
𝑥2 𝑦2 𝑧2
Integrating, + + = 𝑐2
2 2 2
 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 = 𝑐2 = 𝑣 …(2)
Solution is 𝑓(𝑢, 𝑣) = 0 i.e., 𝑓 2𝑦𝑧 − 𝑦 + 𝑧 , 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 0.
2 2 2 2 2
9. PRACTICE QUIZ: UNIT-III
PARTIAL DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

1). Form the PDE by eliminating the arbitrary constants from 𝑧 = (𝑥^2 + 𝑎)(𝑦^2 + 𝑏).
a)𝑝𝑞 = 4𝑥𝑦𝑧 b)𝑝 = 4𝑥𝑦𝑧 c)𝑞 = 4𝑥𝑦𝑧 d)𝑧 = 𝑝𝑥 + 𝑞𝑦
2). Find the PDE of all planes having equal intercepts on x and y axis
𝑝
a)𝑝𝑞 = 𝑧 b)𝑝𝑞𝑧 = 1 c)𝑝 = 𝑞 d)𝑞 = 𝑧

3). Form the PDE by eliminating the arbitrary constant𝑎 from 𝑧 = 𝑎(𝑥 + 𝑦).
a)𝑝 = 𝑞 b)𝑧 = 𝑝(𝑥 + 𝑦) c)𝑧 = 𝑞(𝑥 + 𝑦) d)(a),(b) and
(c)
4). Form the PDE by eliminating the arbitrary constantsffrom 𝑧 = 𝑓 𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 .
a)𝑝𝑥 + 𝑞𝑦 = 0 b)𝑝𝑦 + 𝑞𝑥 = 0 c)𝑝𝑞 + 𝑥𝑦 = 0 d)None of
the above
5). Form the PDE by eliminating the arbitrary functionffrom 𝑧 = 𝑓 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑦 .
a)𝑝𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑦 + 𝑞𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 = 0 b)𝑝𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 + 𝑞𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑦 = 0
c)𝑞𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 + 𝑝𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑦 = 0 𝑑)𝑞𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑦 + 𝑝𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 = 0
6). Find the complete integral of 𝑝𝑞 = 1.
1 1
a)𝑧 = 𝑏 𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦 + 𝑐 b)𝑧 = 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑎 𝑦 + 𝑐 c)𝑧 = 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦 + 𝑐 d) (a)&(b)

7). Find the complete integral of 𝑝𝑞𝑧 = 𝑝2 𝑞𝑥 + 𝑝2 + 𝑞 2 𝑝𝑦 + 𝑞 2 .

𝑎3 𝑏3 𝑎3 𝑏3
a)𝑧 = 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦 + 𝑏 + 𝑎 b)𝑧 = 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑎𝑦 + 𝑏 + 𝑎
𝑎 𝑏 𝑎 𝑏
c)𝑧 = 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦 + 𝑏 3 + 𝑎 3 d)𝑧 = 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑎𝑦 + 𝑏 3 + 𝑎 3

8). Find the singular integral of 𝑧 = 𝑝𝑥 + 𝑞𝑦 + 𝑝𝑞 .

a)𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 0 b)𝑥𝑦 + 𝑧 = 0 c)𝑥𝑦 − 𝑧 = 0 d)𝑧𝑥 + 𝑦 = 0
9). By usual notations what is the general form of Lagrange’s linear PDE.
a)𝑃𝑑𝑥 + 𝑄𝑑𝑦 = 𝑅𝑑𝑧 b)𝑃𝑝 + 𝑄𝑞 = 𝑅 c) a & b d)None
10). Solve: 𝑝 + 𝑞 = 1.
a)∅ 𝑥 − 𝑦, 𝑦 − 𝑧 = 0 b)∅ 𝑥 − 𝑦, 𝑥 − 𝑧 = 0 c) a & b d)None
11). Solve:𝑝𝑥 + 𝑞𝑦 = 𝑧.
𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 𝑦
a)∅ 𝑦 , 𝑧 = 0 b)∅ ,
𝑦 𝑥
=0 c)∅ 𝑥𝑦, 𝑥𝑧 = 0 d)∅ 𝑦𝑧, 𝑥𝑧 = 0

12). What are the Lagrange’s multipliers while solving the PDE 𝑝𝑥 − 𝑞𝑦 = 𝑦 2 − 𝑥 2 .
a)𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 b)1,1,1 c)𝑦, 𝑥, 1 d)𝑥, 𝑦, 1
13). What are the Lagrange’s multipliers while solving the PDE 𝑝𝑥 𝑦 − 𝑧 +
𝑞𝑦 𝑧 − 𝑥 = 𝑧 𝑥 − 𝑦 .
a)𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 b)1,1,1 c)𝑦, 𝑥, 1 d)𝑥, 𝑦, 1
14). What are the Lagrange’s multipliers while solving the PDE 𝑝 𝑦 − 𝑧 − 𝑞 2𝑥 + 𝑦 =
2𝑥 + 𝑧.
a)𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 b)2𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 c)𝑥, −2𝑦, 𝑧 d)2𝑥, −𝑧, −𝑦
15). What are the multiples while solving 3𝑧 − 4𝑦 𝑝 + 4𝑥 − 2𝑧 𝑞 = 2𝑦 − 3𝑥.
a)2,3,4 b)3,4,2 c)4,2,3 d)1,1,1
ANSWERS TO QUIZ

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
a c d b a d a b b c a d b d a
10. Assignment

LEVEL No.: 1

LEVEL No.: 2
LEVEL No.: 3

LEVEL No.: 4
LEVEL No.: 5
[Link] – A Questions and Answers
Sl. Part – A questions with answers Know Course
No ledge come
level
1 Form the partial differential equation by eliminating the arbitrary (K2) CO4
constants a and b from
𝒛 = 𝒙 + 𝒂 𝟐+ 𝒚 + 𝒃 𝟐
Solution:
Given 𝑧 = 𝑥 + 𝑎 2 + 𝑦 + 𝑏 2 (1)
Differentiate partially (1) w.r.t x and y,
𝜕𝑧 𝑝
𝑝=
𝜕𝑥
=2 𝑥+𝑎 2 = 𝑥 + 𝑎 (2)
𝜕𝑧 𝑞
𝑞= =2 𝑦+𝑏  = 𝑦+𝑏 . (3)
𝜕𝑦 2
substitute (2) & (3) in (1), we get
𝑝 2 2 𝑞 2 2
2
= 𝑥+𝑎 , 2
= 𝑦+𝑏
𝑝 2 𝑞 2
𝑧= 2
+ 2
 4𝑧 = 𝑝2 + 𝑞2

2 Form the partial differential equation by eliminating the arbitrary (K2) CO4
constants a and b from
𝑥 − 𝑎 2 + 𝑦 − 𝑎 2 + 𝑧 2 = 1.
Solution:
Given 𝑥 − 𝑎 2 + 𝑦 − 𝑎 2 + 𝑧 2 = 1 (1)
Differentiate (1) partially w.r.t. x and y
𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧
2 𝑥– 𝑎 + 2𝑧 𝜕𝑥 = 0  𝑥– 𝑎 + 𝑧 𝜕𝑥
= 0
 𝑥– 𝑎 = – 𝑧𝑝 𝑥 − 𝑎 2 = 𝑧𝑝 2 (2)
𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧
2 𝑦– 𝑏 + 2𝑧
𝜕𝑦
= 0  𝑦– 𝑏 + 𝑧 𝜕𝑦
= 0
2 2
 𝑦– 𝑏 = – 𝑧𝑞 𝑦 − 𝑎 = 𝑧𝑝 (3)
substituting (2) & (3) in equation (1),
we get, 𝑧𝑝 2 + 𝑧𝑞 2 + 𝑧 2 = 1
𝑧2 𝑝2+ 𝑞2 + 1 = 1
3 Form the partial differential equation of all the spheres whose (K2) CO4
centres are on the line 𝑥 = 𝑦 = 𝑧
Solution:
The equation of all the spheres having their centres on the line x =
y = z and radius ‘r’ is given by 2
𝑟
𝑥 − 𝑎 2 + 𝑦 − 𝑎 2+ 𝑧 – 𝑎 2= (1)
Differentiate (1) partially w.r.t. x and y
𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧
𝑥– 𝑎 + 2 𝑧– 𝑎 𝜕𝑥 = 0  𝑥– 𝑎 + 𝑧– 𝑎 𝜕𝑥 = 0
 𝑥– 𝑎 + 𝑧– 𝑎 𝑝 = 0 𝑎 1 + 𝑝 = 𝑥 + 𝑧𝑝
x +zp
𝑎 = 1+𝑝 (2)
𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧
2 𝑦– 𝑎 + 2 𝑧– 𝑎 = 0  𝑦– 𝑎 + 𝑧 – 𝑎 = 0
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦
  𝑦– 𝑎 + 𝑧– 𝑎 𝑞 = 0 𝑎 1 + 𝑞 = 𝑦 + 𝑧𝑞
y +zq
𝑎 = (3)
1+𝑞
Equating (2) & (3) ,we get
x +zp y +zq
𝑎= = 1+𝑞
1+𝑝
𝑥 1 + 𝑞 – 𝑦 1 + 𝑝 + 𝑧 𝑝– 𝑞 = 0
4 Form the partial differential equation by eliminating the arbitrary (K2) CO4
constants a and b from
𝑥 − 𝑎 2 + 𝑦 − 𝑎 2= 4 – 𝑧2
Solution:
Given 𝑥 − 𝑎 2 + 𝑦 − 𝑎 2 = 4 – 𝑧 2 (1)
Differentiate (1) partially w.r.t. x and y,
𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧
2 𝑥– 𝑎 + 2𝑧 𝜕𝑥 = 0  𝑥– 𝑎 + 𝑧 𝜕𝑥 = 0
 𝑥– 𝑎 = – 𝑧𝑝  𝑥 − 𝑎 2 = 𝑧𝑝 2 (2)
𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧
2 𝑦– 𝑏 + 2𝑧 𝜕𝑦
= 0  𝑦– 𝑏 + 𝑧 𝜕𝑦
= 0
2 2
 𝑦– 𝑏 = – 𝑧𝑞 𝑦 − 𝑎 = 𝑧𝑞 (3)
substituting (2) & (3) in equation (1),
we get, 𝑧𝑝 2 + 𝑧𝑞 2 + 𝑧 2 = 4
𝑧 2 𝑝2 + 𝑞2 + 1 = 4.
5 Form the partial differential equation by eliminating the arbitrary K2 CO4
constants a and b from
2𝑧 = 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑏.
Solution:
Given 2𝑧 = 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑏. (1)
Differentiate (1) partially w.r.t. x and y,
𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧
2 𝜕𝑥
2
= 2𝑎 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑦  𝑝 = 𝜕𝑥
= 𝑎 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑦
 𝑎 𝑥 + 𝑎𝑦 – 𝑝 = 0
−y ± 𝑦2 +4𝑥𝑝
Solving for ‘a’, a = 2𝑥
(2)
𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧
2 𝜕𝑦 = 2 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑦 𝑞 = 𝜕𝑦
= 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑦
−y ± 𝑦2 +4𝑥𝑝
q= 2𝑥
x +y
2
 𝑥𝑝 + 𝑞𝑦 = 𝑞

6 Form the partial differential

2 2equation by eliminating the arbitrary (K2) CO4
𝑥 𝑦
function from 𝑧 = 𝑓 + ).
Solution:2 2
𝑥 𝑦
𝑧=𝑓 + ). (1)
Differentiate (1) partially w.r.t. x and y, respectively,
2 2
𝜕𝑧 𝑥 𝑦 𝑝
𝑝 = = 2𝑥 𝑓 ′ + ). 2𝑥 = 𝑓 ′ (2)
𝜕𝑥
 2 2
𝜕𝑧 𝑥 𝑦 𝑞
𝑞 = = 2𝑦 𝑓 ′ +  = 𝑓′ (3) K2 CO3
𝜕𝑦 2𝑦
Equating (2) and (3),
𝑝 𝑞
2𝑥
= 2𝑦  𝑝𝑦 – 𝑞𝑥 = 0  𝑝𝑦 = 𝑞𝑥

7 Form the partial differential equation by eliminating the arbitrary (K2 CO4
𝑥𝑦 )
function from 𝑧=𝑓
𝑧
Solution:
𝑥𝑦
Given 𝑧 = 𝑓 𝑧 (1)
Differentiate (1) partially w.r.t. x and y,
𝑦 𝜕𝑧𝑥𝑦 𝜕𝑧
𝑝 = 𝜕𝑥=
𝑧
− 𝑧 2 𝜕𝑥
𝑥𝑦 𝑦 𝑥𝑦
𝑝 = 𝑓′ 𝑧 𝑧 − 𝑧2 𝑝 (2)
𝑥𝑦 𝑥 𝑥𝑦
Similarly 𝑝 = 𝑓 ′ − 2𝑞 (3)
𝑧 𝑧 𝑧
From (2)and (3) we get, 𝑧 𝑝𝑥 – 𝑞𝑦 = 0

8 Form the partial differential equation by eliminating the arbitrary (K2 CO4
function from )
𝑥
𝜙 𝑧 2 − 𝑥𝑦, = 0.
𝑧
Solution:
𝑥
Given 𝜙 𝑧 2 − 𝑥𝑦, 𝑧 = 0……(1)
Differentiate (1) partially w.r.t. x and y,
𝑥
𝑢 = 𝑧 2 − 𝑥𝑦 , 𝑣 =
𝑧
𝑢,𝑣 𝑥2 𝑢,𝑣 2𝑧 2 −𝑥𝑦 𝑢,𝑣 𝑥
J 𝑦,𝑧
=
𝑧2
; J 𝑧,𝑥
= 𝑧2
; J 𝑥,𝑦
=𝑧
The PDE is given by,
𝑥2 2𝑧 2 −𝑥𝑦 𝑥
𝑝 2 +𝑞 𝑧2
=𝑧
𝑧
𝑥 2 𝑝 + 2𝑧 2 – 𝑥𝑦 𝑞 = 𝑥

9 Form the partial differential equation by eliminating the arbitrary K2 CO4

function from 𝒛 = 𝒇 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 + 𝒙 + 𝒚
Solution:
𝒛 = 𝒇 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 + 𝒙 + 𝒚 …(1)
Differentiate (1) partially w.r.t. x and y,
𝜕𝑧
𝑝=
𝜕𝑥
= 2𝑥 𝑓’ 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 + 1 𝑝 = 2𝑥𝑓 + 1′ (2)
𝜕𝑧
𝑞= 𝜕𝑦
= 2𝑦 𝑓’ 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 + 1 𝑞 = 2𝑦𝑓 ′ + 1 (3)
2 × 𝑦 − 3 × 𝑥𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑠,
𝑝𝑦 − 𝑞𝑥 = 2𝑥𝑦𝑓′ + 𝑦 − 2𝑥𝑦𝑓′ + 𝑥 = 𝑦 − 𝑥
𝑖. 𝑒. , 𝑝𝑦 − 𝑞𝑥 = 𝑦 − 𝑥
10 Find the complete integral of 𝒑 + 𝒒 = 𝒑𝒒. (K2) CO4
Solution:
Given 𝑝 + 𝑞 = 𝑝𝑞 (1)
Let the solution of (1) be 𝑧 = 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦 + 𝑐 (2)
Differentiate (2) partially w.r.t. x and y,
𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧
𝜕𝑥
=𝑝=𝑎 ; 𝜕𝑦
=𝑞=𝑏
Equation (1) reduces to 𝑎 + 𝑏 = 𝑎𝑏
𝑎
𝑎𝑏– 𝑏 = 𝑎 𝑏 𝑎– 1 = 𝑎 𝑏 =
𝑎−1
The complete solution is given by
𝑎
𝑧 = 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑐.
𝑎−1

11 Obtain the complete integral of 𝑝 + 𝑞 = 1. (K2) CO4

Solution:
Given 𝑝 + 𝑞 = 1 (1)
Let the solution of (1) be z = ax + by + c (2)
Differentiate (2) partially w.r.t. x and y,
𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧
𝜕𝑥
=𝑝=𝑎 ; 𝜕𝑦
=𝑞=𝑏
Equation (1) reduces to 𝑎 + 𝑏 = 1 b = (1– 𝑎)2
The complete solution is given by
z = ax +(1– 𝑎)2 y + c

12 Write down the complete solution of (K2) CO4

𝑝𝑥 + 𝑞𝑦 = 1 + 𝑝2 + 𝑞2 + 𝑧.
Solution:
Given 𝑝𝑥 + 𝑞𝑦 = 1 + 𝑝2 + 𝑞 2 + 𝑧
𝑧 = 𝑝𝑥 + 𝑞𝑦 − 1 + 𝑝2 + 𝑞 2
Put p = a & q = b
The complete solution is given by
z = ax +by – 1 + 𝑎2 + 𝑏2
13 Write down the complete solution of (K1) CO4
𝑧 = 𝑝𝑥 + 𝑞𝑦 + 𝑝2 – 𝑞2 .
Solution:
Given 𝑧 = 𝑝𝑥 + 𝑞𝑦 + 𝑝2 – 𝑞 2
Put 𝑝 = 𝑎 & 𝑞 = 𝑏
The complete solution is given by 𝑧 = 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦 + 𝑎2 – 𝑏2
14 𝜕2 𝑧 (K1) CO4
Solve 𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥

Solution:

Integrate (1) partially w.r.t. x

𝜕𝑧
𝜕𝑦
= 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 + 𝑓 𝑦 (2)

Integrate (2) partially w.r.t. y

𝑧 = 𝑦 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 + න 𝑓 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑔 𝑥

15 𝜕2 𝑧 (K1) CO4
Solve 𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥

Solution:
Integrate (1) partially w.r.t. x
𝜕𝑧
𝜕𝑦
= −𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 + 𝑓 𝑦 (2)

Integrate (2) partially w.r.t. y

𝑧 = −𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 + න 𝑓 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 + 𝑔 𝑥

16 𝜕2 𝑧 (K1) CO4
Solve 𝜕𝑥 2 = 𝑥𝑦

Solution:

Integrate (1) partially w.r.t. x

𝜕𝑧 𝑥2
=𝑦 +𝑓 𝑦 (2)
𝜕𝑥 2

Integrate (2) partially w.r.t. x

𝑥3
𝑧=𝑦 + 𝑥𝑓 𝑦 + 𝑔 𝑥
6

17 What is meant by the complete solution. (K2) CO4

Solution:

A solution in which the number of arbitrary constants is equal to the number of

independent variables is called complete solution (or) complete integral.
18 𝜕2 𝑧 (K2) CO
Solve 𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦 = 0 (1)
4
Solution:

Integrate (1) partially w.r.t. x

𝜕𝑧
=𝑓 𝑦 (2)
𝜕𝑦

Integrate (2) partially w.r.t. y

𝑧 = න 𝑓 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 + 𝑔 𝑥

19 𝜕2 𝑧 (K2) CO
Solve =0 (1)
𝜕𝑥 2 4
Solution:

Integrate (1) partially w.r.t. x

𝜕𝑧
𝜕𝑥
=𝑓 𝑦 (2)

Integrate (2) partially w.r.t. x

𝑧 = න 𝑓 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑔 𝑦

20 𝜕2 𝑧 (K1) CO
Solve = 𝑥𝑦
𝜕𝑦 2 4
Solution:

Integrate (1) partially w.r.t. y

𝜕𝑧 𝑦2
=𝑥 +𝑓 𝑥 (2)
𝜕𝑦 2

Integrate (2) partially w.r.t. y

𝑦3
𝑧=𝑥 + න 𝑓 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 + 𝑔 𝑥
6
12. PART –B Questions
Sl. Questions Knowle Course
No dge outcom
level e
1 Form the partial differential equation by eliminating the K1 CO4
arbitrary functions 𝑓and 𝑔 in 𝑧 = 𝑥 2 𝑓 𝑦 + 𝑦 2 𝑔 𝑥
Ans: 𝒙𝒚𝒔 = 𝟐 𝒑𝒙 + 𝒒𝒚 − 𝟐𝒛
2 Form the partial differential equation by eliminating the K1 CO4
𝑦
arbitrary functions 𝑓𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑔 from 𝑧 = 𝑥𝑓 + 𝑦𝜑 𝑥
𝑥
Ans: 𝒛 = 𝒑𝒙 + 𝒒𝒚 − 𝒙𝒚𝒔 − 𝒚𝟐 𝒕
3 Obtain a partial differential equation by eliminating the K2 CO4
arbitrary function 𝜑 from 𝑧 = 𝑥 + 𝑦 𝜑 𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 . Ans:
𝒛 = 𝒙𝒒 + 𝒚𝒑

4 Find the partial differential equation of the family of sphere K1 CO4

having their centers on the line 𝑥 = 𝑦 = 𝑧.
Ans: 𝒚 − 𝒛 𝒑 + 𝒛 − 𝒙 𝒒 = 𝒙 − 𝒚.

5 𝜕2 𝑧 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧 K2 CO4
Solve 𝜕𝑥2 = 𝑎2 𝑧 given that 𝜕𝑥 = 𝑎 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑦 and 𝜕𝑦 = 0
when x = 0.
Ans: 𝒛 = 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒚 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒉 𝒂 𝒙 + 𝒌 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒉 𝒂 𝒙, where k is
constant
6 Find the singular solution of 𝑧 = 𝑝𝑥 + 𝑞𝑦 + 𝑝2 + 𝑞2 + 16. K1 CO4

Ans: 𝒛𝟐 = 𝟏𝟔 𝟏 − 𝒙𝟐 − 𝒚𝟐

7 Solve 𝑝2 + 𝑞 2 = 𝑧 2 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 . K1 CO4
𝒂𝟐 −𝟏 𝒙 𝒙 𝒚
Ans: 𝒍𝒐𝒈 𝒛 = 𝟐
𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒉 𝒂
+ 𝟐
𝒂𝟐 + 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟐
𝒚𝟐 − 𝒂𝟐 −
𝒂𝟐 𝒚
𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒉−𝟏 +𝒃
𝟐 𝒂

8 Solve 𝑝2 + 𝑥 2 𝑦 2 𝑞2 = 𝑥 2 𝑧 2 . K2 CO4
Ans: 𝟒 + 𝒂𝟐 𝒍𝒐𝒈 𝒛 = 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒂 𝒍𝒐𝒈 𝒚 + 𝒃
9 Solve: 𝑥 𝑦 − 𝑧 𝑝 + 𝑦 𝑧 − 𝑥 𝑞 = 𝑧 𝑥 − 𝑦 . K2 CO4
Ans: 𝒇 𝒙𝒚𝒛, 𝒙 + 𝒚 + 𝒛 = 𝟎

10 Find the general solution of K2 CO4

3𝑧 − 4𝑦 𝑝 + 4𝑥 − 2𝑧 𝑞 = 2𝑦 − 3𝑥.
Ans: 𝝋 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 + 𝒛𝟐 , 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟑𝒚 + 𝟒𝒛 = 𝟎
11 Solve 𝑥 𝑦 2 − 𝑧 2 𝑝 + 𝑦 𝑧 2 − 𝑥 2 𝑞 = 𝑧 𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 K2 CO4
Ans: 𝝋 𝒙𝒚𝒛, 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 + 𝒛𝟐 = 𝟎

12 Solve 𝑦 − 𝑧 𝑝 + 𝑥 − 𝑦 𝑞 = 𝑧 − 𝑥. K2 CO4
Ans: 𝝋 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟐𝒚𝒛, 𝒙 + 𝒚 + 𝒛 = 𝟎
13 Solve 𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 𝑝 + 𝑦 2 − 𝑧𝑥 𝑞 = 𝑧 2 − 𝑥𝑦. K2 CO4
𝒙−𝒚
Ans: 𝝋 𝒙𝒚 + 𝒚𝒛 + 𝒛𝒙, 𝒚−𝒛 =𝟎
13. SUPPORTIVE ONLINE CERTIFICATION COURSES

The following NPTEL and Coursera courses are the supportive online certification
courses for the subject Transforms and Partial Differential Equations.

Differential Equations for Engineers/Coursera

[Link]

NPTEL::Mathematics- partial Differential Equations

[Link]

Introduction to differential equations:

[Link] /course/introduction-to-differential-equations-2
14. REAL TIME APPLICATIONS

View the following videos on YouTube:

Applications and Examples for PDEs

[Link]

Real Life Application of Differential Calculus

[Link]

Applications of Partial Derivatives - Engineering Mathematics

[Link]

What are applications of Partial differential equations?

[Link]
15. CONTENT BEYOND THE SYLLABUS

Higher order Transforms and Partial Differential Equations

View the lecture on YouTube:

[Link]
[Link]
[Link]
[Link]
[Link]

Value Added Courses:

1. Mathematics for Machine Learning: Linear Algebra (Coursera online course)
16. PRESCRIBED TEXT BOOKS AND REFERENCE BOOKS

TEXT BOOKS:

1. Erwin Kreyszig, “Advanced Engineering Mathematics”, 10th Edition, Wiley India,

2011.
2. B.S. Grewal, “Higher Engineering Mathematics”, 44th Edition, Khanna Publishers
New Delhi, 2017.

REFERENCES:

1. N.P. Bali, and Manish Goyal, “A Textbook of Engineering Mathematics”, 7th

Edition, Laxmi Publications Pvt Ltd, 2007.
2. B.V. Ramana, “Higher Engineering Mathematics”, 6th Edition, Tata McGraw Hill
Publishing Company Limited, New Delhi, 2008.
3. Glyn James, “Advanced Modern Engineering Mathematics”, 3rd Edition, Pearson
Education, 2007.
4. T. Veerarajan, “Transforms and Partial Differential Equations”, 3rd Edition, Tata
McGraw Hill Education Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi, 2016.
17. MINI PROJECT
LEVEL No.: 1

LEVEL No.: 2
LEVEL No.: 3
18. Assessment schedule

Assessment Proposed Date

First Internal Assessment

Second Internal Assessment

Model Exam
 Thank you

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