CHAPTER

M TCHAN ICAL PNOPERTIES

OF SOLIDS

1r,,,;:::L i i :',.' " e,," ;r, tLl,, If a body regains its original size
9.1 ELAsrc AND PrASTrc BEHAVToUR and shape corupletely and imnrcdiately after the remooal of
OF SOLIDS defonning force, it is saitl to be a perfectly elastic hodt1.
1. Define the terms deforming force, elasticity and The nearest approach to a perfectly elaslic body is quartz
plasticity. rNhat are perfectly elqstic qnd perfectly plastic fibre.
bodies ? Gizte examples.
l]i,r:.: r,'ir., .lf abody does not regain its original size antl
Elastic and plastic behaviour of solids. By a rigid shape eoen after the remooal of deforming force, it is said to
body, we generally mean a hard solid object having a be a plastic body and this property is called plasticity. ior
definite shape and size. In rcality, solid bodies are not example, if we stretch a piece of cher.t-ing-gum and
perfectly rigid. They can be stretched, compressed and release it, it will not regain its original size and shape.
bent. \44ren an external force is applied, a body may j;r:rjr: ilr' ;.:i;r:ri i:r':.i: .Il a body
does not sitou any
get deformed. \Atrhen the deforming force is removed,
tendency to regain its original size and shape ezten after the
some bodies tend to regain their original size and
remoaal of de.forming force, it is said to be a perfectly pl.astic
shape while others do not show any such tendency.
body. Putty and paraffin wax are nearly perfectly
Let us define few terms to explain this behaviour of
plastic bodies.
bodies.
Deforming force. If a force is applied on a body For Your l(nowledge
which is neither free to move nor free to rotate, the
molecules of the body are forced to undergo a change NJo body is perfectly elastic or periectly plastic. A11 the
in their relative positions. As a result the body may bodies lound in nature lie between these two limits.
undergo a change in length, volume or shape. A force. \Arhen the elastic behaviour of a body decreases, its
rahich changes the size or shape of a body is called a piastic behaviour increases.
deforming force.
Elasticity. If a body regains its original size and shape
after the remooal of deformhg force, it is said to be elastic
9.2 Eusrc BEHAVToUR rN TERMS oF
body and this property is called elasticity. For example, if
INTERATOMIC FORCES
we stretch a rubber band and release if it snaps back to 2. Giae an explanation of the elastic properties of
its original length. materials in terms of interatomicl intermolecular forces.
(e.1)
 PHYSICS_XI

:rr-.S,.-rl iniera,ii_-il_1ii irr;.1,,:s. interatomic forces, the smaller will be the displace_
, .' i are held together by interatomic ments of atoms from the equilibrium positions and
-., -.
- ' ::_::_rn_i oi potential energy U and
inter_ hence greater is the elasticity (or moclulus of elasticity)
i: : : : ::= : ir-ithinteratomicseparationrareshown of the material.
: i-.-. ;.ii,;,r and (&) respectively.
3. Explain elastic behsrsiour of solids on the basis cf
\\hen the interatomic separation r is large, tl-re mechqnical spring-ball model of a solid.
pertential energy of the atoms is negative and the
irteratomic force is attractiae. At some particular Elastic behaviour on the basis of spring-ball model
separation 6, the potential energy becomes minimum of a solid. The atoms in a solid may be regarded as
and the interatomic force becomes zero. This sepa- mass points or small balls connected in three_
ration 5 is called normal or equilibrium separation. dimensional space through springs. The springs
represent the interatomic forces. This is cailed spring-
ball model of a solid, as shown in Fig. 9.2.

:r:,: .I Spring-ball model for expiaining etastic

behaviour of sclids.

Normalll,, the balls occupy the positions of mini_

mum potential energy {lr zero interatomic force. When
any ball is displaced from its equilibrium positiory the
various springs connected to it exert a resultant force
on this ball. this force tends to bring the ball to its
Fi-q. 9.1 (a) Interatomic potential energy t/, (b) Force F, equilibrium position. I'his explains the elastic beha.,,ior:r
between two identical atoms as a function of of solid in terms of microscopic nature of the soiiil.
interatomic separation r.

14/hen separation reduces below fo, the potential

9.3 :lrFrss
energy increases steepiy and the interatomic force 4. Define fhe term -<tress. Giae its truits sn_d

becomes repulsiae.
tliruensions. Describe the tlifferent tqpes ttf stress.
':irr,:,: If a body gets deformed untler
Normally, the atoms occupy the positions (r = ro) of the action of
minimum potential energy called the positions of an external force, then at each section of the body an
stable equilibrium. When a tensile or compressive intemal force of reaction is set up which tends to restcire
force is applied on a body, its atoms are pulled apart or the body into its original state. The internal restoring
pushed closer together to a distance r, tbrce set up per unit arcd o.l Li.oss-secflolr o1' tlrc rlc-forntead
freater than or
smaller than ro. When the deforming force is removed, body is called stress. As the restcring force ic rqual ancl
the interatomic forces of attraction/repulsion restore opposite to the external deforming force, ti,,....fore
the atoms to their equilibrium positions. The body app!94 ro..:
regains its original size and shape. The stronger the stress =
Area
 rVliCI]ANICAI PROFERTIES OF SCLIDS ii. -1

The SI unit of stress is Nm-2 ancl the CGS unit is 9.5 fi.q5Tt{ Li&rrir
dyne c'rn
2. 'Ih" dimensional formuia of stress is
6.ILhat is mennt by the terru elastic limit 7
iurlr 21"

Ei;t.ct':,:; il::*it. if a small load is suspended from a

Tvpes *f str*$:r :
wire, its length increases. Vy'hen the load is.removed,
(i) Tensile stress. It is the restoring force seiup per the wire regains its original length. But if a sufficiently
lrnit cross-sectional area of a- bodv vrhen the large force is suspended from the wire, it is found thai
length of the body increases in the direction of the wire does not regain its original length after the
tire deforming fclrce. It is also krrown as load is removed. The maxiruum stress within which the
longitrtdinnl stress. body regttins its original size and shape after the remoaal of
(ii) Compressional stress. It is the restoring force delorming.force is called elsstic limit.If the deforming force
set up per unit cross-sectional area of a body when exceeds the elastic limit, the body acquires apennanent
its length decreases under a deforminq force. set or deJonnation and is said to be oaerstrp.ined.

(iil) Hydrostatic stress. tf a body is subjected to a

trnifonn force frttm all sides, then the corres-
9.6 tt*{:K#'s r-a1^r AN* l***ulu$
ponding stress is called hydrostatic stress.
*r rs*As?tiliTY
(lir) Tangential or Shearing stress. tr\rhen a de{orming
7. Stste Hooke's kttu. Horu can it be aerified experi-
fr:rce acts tangeniially to the surface ot a body, it nrcntally ?
riroduces a change in the shape of the bociy. The l-{r:ok*':; ierr.,. From experimental investigations,
tangential force aprpliefl per unit area is equal to Robert Hooke, an English physicist (1635-77A3 A.D.),
lhe tangential stress. formnlated in 1679 a law known after him as Hooke's
law which states that the extension produced in a wire is
9.4 srn*rr* directlu proportional to the load applied.
ln 1807, Thoruos Young pointed out that the strain is
5. D't.finc the terrn strain. Wry it has uo units and
proportional to the extension of the wire and the stress
dintensi,trts ? Wot are differeni types of strain ?
is proportional tc the load applied. He, therefore, modi-
:iirain. lVhen a deforming force acts on a body, the fied Hooke's iaw to the more general forrn as folior.l.s :
body r-r,-rtierrgoes a change in its shape and size. T/re
Wi.thin tlrc elastic linilt, the stress is directly proportional
ratio of tlie dmnge. iu antl dhnensian produced. in the bttdy to
ia sirain. Thus within the elastic limif
the origina! ditrLension is called strain.
Stress cc Strain
Change in dirnension
Slr;lin = _ or Stress = Constant x Strain
Original dirnension Stress
As strain is the ratio of two Iike quantities.. it has no
or = Lonstant
Strain
units arrd dimensions. The constant of proportionality is called modulus
strai* :
T'1:jJ€s i-:i of elasticity or coefficient of elasticity of the material.
(i) Longituclinal strain. It ts defineri as the itrcrease ;.rt Its value depends on the nature of the material of the
leng{h per unit originttl ltttgth,when the body is deformecl body and the manner in which it is deformed.
by external forces. i:.:r:.:;t:ii:t ;lr'; itr i r:il iil.iti,.ll-: :i
.

strain - 9^qge-I
g1"ry. j-ri-rt:i:.,,,'g i..,:-r',,. "
As shown in Fig. 9.3,
t.ongitudinal =ql
Original length I suspend a metallic spring from a
rigid support and attach to its
(li) Volumetric strain. It is defined as the change in
lower end a pan and a pointer.
aolttnrc perunit originnl uolunrc, when the body is Arrange a scale in the vertical
defornred by erternal forces.
position scl that a pointer is able to
vorumetric strain =
cltlgs:l t!l"*q av move along it. Read the position
1

=
Original Volume V of the pointer on the scale when 2

(ill) Shear strain. {t is defined as the augle A (in radian), the pan is empty. Place a rveight o{
tfuotrglt uhich a ioce originallv perpendinilar to the fixed 50 gram in the pan. Note the J

fttce gets turned on aqtlying tangcntial deformiug force. position of the pointer on the
scale. The {ifference between the 4
Shearstrain=e=tane
two readings gives the extension Fig, 9.3 Arrangement
:I:ie!:S!qp!!_"_[gt]-*11-",l2p3rall:lplanes produced in the spring by the for studying Hooke's
Distance betrveen parallel pianes w-eight added in the pan. iaw.
,:., l PHYSICS_XI

Increase the weight in As shown in Fig. 9.5, suppose

the pan in steps of 50 gram t a r,r,ire of length I and cross-
and r,ote the corresponding o sectional area A suffers.ln increase
ertensions. PIot a graph a
in length Al under a force F acting
betrr-een the extension of !!
along its lengtir l. "Ihen Young's
spnng and the total load modulus is gir.en bv
producing it. The graph is a
straight line, as shown in O Load applied ->
y = !qs,.t_tdilt'l."il
Longitudinal strain
ir,l irr
(B \Area
-L
Fig. 9.4. Ttris indicates that
9.4 \-L- F771 I =A
extension oc load applied.
This verifies Hooke's larv.
Fig. Load-extension
graph. t--^d T:I
1L
vr

or ' A'Ll Fig. 9.5 Young's

For Your l(nowledge modulus of elasticity.
If the ',vire has a circular
F Like Boyle's lar,r', I{ooke's law is one of the earliest cross-section of radius 1, then
quantitative relationships in science. -11 LI
e Hooke'i law is valid only in the linear position of the ' - nrz'Ll '
stress-strain curve. The law is not valid for large
vaiues of strains.
If I =1.m, A=1.m2 and. Al:1m, then Y; F.

*= Thus, Young's modulus of elasticity is equal to the force

Stress is not a vector since, unlike a force, the
direction. required to extend a wire of unit length and unit area of
stress cannot be assigned a specific
cross-sectian by unit amount, i.e., the force required to
When a wire, suspended {rom a ceiling, is stretched by
double the length of the wire.
a weight (-F) suspended from its lower end, the ceillng
exerts a force on the wire equal and opposite to the
Units and dimensions of Y. The SI unit of Young's
weight,E. But the tension at any cross-section A of the
modulus is Nm-2 or pascal (Pa) and its CGS unit is
2.
wire is just -F and not 2F. Hence the tensile stress which
dlme cm Th" dirrr".,sionalformula of Y is[ML-1T-2].
is equal to the tension per unit area is equal to F I A
9.8 srREss-srRArN cURVE FoR
8. Define modulus of elasticity. Giae its units and dimen- A METALLIG WIRE
sions. \Nhot are different types of moduli of elasticity ?
10. Explain ushat happens when the load on s metal
Modulus of elastibity. The modulus of elasticity or wire suspended from a rigid support is gradually increased.
coefficient of elasticity of a body is defined as the ratio of lllustrate your answer with a suitoble stress-strain graph.
stress to the corresponding strain, within the elastic limit.
stress
Stress-strain curve for a metallic wire. Fig. 9.6,
Modulus of elasticitv. a - Strain shows a stress-strain curve for a metal wire which is
gradually being loaded.
The SI unit of modulus of elasticitv is Nm-2 and its
dimensions are 1ML-1T -21. Proportional limit
Different fypes of moduli of elasticity. Corres- Elastic limit
ponding to the three types of strain, we have three
important moduli of elasticity :
(i) Young's modulus (Y, i.e., the modulus of Plastic
elasticity of length.
(ii) Bulk modulus (r\, i.e., the modulus of elasticity of
volume.
(iii) Modulus of rigidity or shear modulus 01), i.e.,
modulus of elasticity of shape.

9.7 vouNc's MoDULUS oF ELAsncrrY

9. Define Young's modulus of elasticity. Girse its
units and dimensions. ii:i 'i :': A typical stress-strain curve for a ductile r,,"1.'r.
Young's moduius of elasticity. Within the elastic
limit, the ratio of longitudinal stress to the longitudinal (l) The initial part O,4 of the graph is a straight line
strain is calledYoung's modulus of the material of the wire. indicating that stress is proportional to strain. Upto the
 'i_ -i
MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF SOI"IDS

point A, Hooke's iaw is obeved. The point ,4 is called kinks. The wire B called the erperimental wire, carries a
the proportional limit. In ihis region, the rvire is vernier scale at its bottom. The vernier scale can slide
perfectiv elastic. against the main scale attached to the reference wire. A
(il) After the point,4, the stress is not propc-rrtional han5;er is attached at the lower end of the vernier scale.
to strain and a curved portion AB is obtaineci. Slotted half kg weights can be slipped into this hanger.
However, if the load is removed at any point betr'veen
O and B, the curve is retraced along BAO and the wire
attains its original length. The portion OB of the graph
is called elastic region and the point Bis called elastic
limit or yield point. The stress coggPo.tding to the
y1"! p"i.t ir .rit"d (S,,)' Upto point B,

the elastic forces of the material are conservative i.e.,

when the material refurns to its original size, the work
done in producing the deformation is completely
recovered.
(lll) Beyond the point B, the strain increases more
rapidllz than stress. If the load is removed at any point
C the wire does not come back to its original length but
traces dashed line CE. Even on reducing the stress to l.;. rl.' Experimental arrangement for the
zero, a residual strain equal to OE is left in the rvire. determination of Young's modulus.
The material is said to have acquired a permanent set.
With the help of a screw 1augq the radius of the
The fact that the stress-strain curve is not retraced on
experimental wire is measured at several piaces' Let r
be the initial average radius and Lthe initial length of
(lu) If the ioad is increased beyond the point C,
the experimentai rvire. A smail initial load, say 1 kg, is
there is large increase in the strain or the length of the put on the hanger. This keeps the experimental wire
wire. In this regiory the lonstrictions (called necks and straight and kink free. The vernier scaie reading is
waists) develop at few points along the length of the noted. A half kg weight is added to the hanger' The
wire and the wire ultimately breaks at the point D,
wire is allowed to elongate for a minute. The vernier
called the fracture point. In the region between B and scale reading is again noted. The difference between
D, the length of wire Soes on increasing even without the two vernier readings gives the ertension produced
any addition of load. This region is called plastic region due to the extra rveight added. The weight is gradually
and the material is said to undergo plastic flow or ii.icreased in few steps and every time we note the
plastic deformation. @the extension produced.
breaking point is called ultimate strength or tensile
A graph is plotted between the load applied and
ttggth rlthq,!419Ii4t. extension produced. It wili be a straight line passing
through the origin, as shown in Fig. 9.8.
9.9 DETERMINATIoN oF YQUNG's
Slope of the load-
MODULUS OF THE MATERIAL
OF A WIRE
extension line t
AI,
=t2nS=
11. Explain an experiment for the determination of -
Mg o
Young's modulus of the material of a wire. Mg
/,
i!
Stress =
Experiment to determine the Young's modulus of . fir 2

the malerial of a wire. A simple experimental

AL
Load -+
arrangernent used for the determination of Young's Stram = Fig. 9.8 Load-extension graPh.
L
modulus of the material of a wire is shown in Fig. 9 -7 .It
consists of two long straight wires of same length and The Young's modulus of the materiai of the
equal radius suspended side by side from a fixed rigid experimental wire will be
support. The wire ,4, called the reference wire, carries a Stress Mg L L
=
main milliammeter scale Mandbelow it a hear'y fixed ' =
st-in nr''lr- - ^l t* g
load. This load keeps the wire taught and free from
9.6 HYslcs-xl

9.10 cr*ssrFrcATroN oF lt ATERTALS 9.11 rusroMERS oN

THE BASIS oF STRESS-SrRAIN CURVE
t4. rMat are elastomers ? Girse examples. Draw a
12. Distinguish between ductile and brittle materials sfiess-strain curae for sn elastomer.
an the basis of stress-strain curoe'
Elastomers. The materials which can be elastically
; Ilir.:i:i+ T!1, *!!tr!iqlt u]Jridr
i"ir:11"jj-rieis. rg, sfietched to large t:alnes of strain are called elastoniers.For
.,'-"- "'t' of
L,l.tsiic r,rttce --"- .''-, are called
', ertension duclile
. ;;; i materials. As example, ,-
rubber can be stretched to several times its
in the stress-strainrn curve of
or Fig. --,i'Jl"_-1'-'l original length but stilt it can regain its originai length
>'o/ u-EgrllslLlure
rt9' 9.
pol4rx4ael ted from the clastic limrt. >uctr
*aterials undergo #.;_:;r,r,hcrrtheappliedforceisremoved.'[hereisnoweIl
anffilensth 'l'::" T*,"t
.-^-^i-.- So
q^ they ,",- wires. defined plastic region, rubber just breaks rvher r pulled
.^,,'i*' ,*""*:
L^r^*^
before snapping. -.- be
+h^-, can L^ drawn ,--^ thin
,t...^,- into
beyond a certain limit' Its Young's modulus is vert'
For example, copper, silver, iron, aluminium,;;..--"

t
D .,--
i
1o

z
O
- n5
o
cn

0
o ouu,.utr-,io

ir-.. Stress-strain curve for a brittle material.

".-: irig. +"ii Stress vs. strain curve for the eiasiic tissue of aorta.

iii) Eritii;: i-*iti:al,:, rohiclt

'try small, about3x 105Nm-2 at slou, strains. Eiasti,: region
TJle materiols
snallrange of rtlastic extension are called als. bri
in such cases is verv large, but the material rtoes ilot
Such materials break as soon as the stress is increased obey Hooke's law,. In our body, the elastic trssue of
beyond the elastic limit. Their breaking point ]ies just aorta (the large blood rressel carrying blood from the
c.Lose to their elasti t, as shown in Fig. 9.9. For' heart) is an elastomer, for which the stress-strain curve
example, cast iron, glass, ceramics, etc. is shown in Fig. 9.11.
13. Explain tnalleability on the basis of ktad cotn-
pressiott urue. T.;i;ie ?. i Young's mod,.rli, uliinrote sirengths onC
yield strengths c,f some rncteriols
-rl.ril.,.,:i..':::r-..,. When a solid is compressed, a stage is
reached bevond which it cannot recover its original
Younq's Ijitir6ete Yieid
shape after the deforming force is removed. This is the .\i"l8- Ltensity c'
rncdulus !' strengih !iu sirengiil 5,
elastic limit (point A) lor compression. The solid il"ren stailce {kqm-3 i (1tte lirn -r
I (106 N'11'.2) f:i"l(llr:r-:;
behaves iike a plastic body. The yield point (B')
Ahrminium 2710 70 110 95
obtained under compression is called crushing point.
After this stage, metals are said to be malleable i.e., Copper 8890 110 400 200

they can be hammered or rolled into thin sheets. For Iron 780C-79C0 190 330 170
(rvrought)
example, gold, siiver, lead, etc.
SteeI 7860 200 400 254
<--Compression
Class 2194 65 50

a Concrete 2320 30 40
o
.E 1{oocl 525 IJ 50
0
o. Bone 190{) 9 170
o.
I']oly- i050 J 48
T styrene

The above table shorvs that metais har e large

Fig. 9.10 Load-comprersion curve for a metal. Young's moduli. Such materials require large torces to
 9.7
MECHANICAL PROPERTIES CT SOLIDS

produce smail changes in length l.e', they ;rre highly f;xorrrpie 3. A structutal steel rod has a tsdius of L0 mm
arrd a length F stretches it along its
ofl.m AL00 kN force
elastic. Thus steel is more elastic than copper, brass
(rt) the stress, (b) elongntion, and (c) strain
and aluminiurrL. Jttat is why steei is preferred for tength. Cilculate
modulus, Y, of the
on"the rod. Giuen that the Young's
making hga1'y-duty machines and strttcturai designs' 2.
On the other hand, the matel'ials like lt'ood, bone, slructtrral steel is2.0 '. 10ll Nm i:iCEIil l

concrete and glass have sr.all Yotrng's moduli' Solution. Here r :10 mm = 0.01 m, I = 1 m,
F :100 kN :105 N, Y = 2.0 x 1011Nm-2

(a) Stress
FF 105 N
A nZ (22 l7) x (0,01 m)-
= 3.18 x 108Nm-2

(b)As Y=
FI
ALI
.'. Elongation,

Jt=
F t 3'18r108x1
-
' ^ A'Y 2.0x1011
t-orrgitrair-rit rt.uit -Lll l A' Ll
= 1'59 x 10-3m = 1.59 mm'
3m
Al 1'59 x 10
(c)Strain = 1*
t=-
':1,.59x10-3 = 0.15%'

il,f r; rrt l;ir & in the length of

. What is tlrc percentage incrense
n ,tire'of tlianteter 2.5 mm stretched by force of rca ]q y: ,l
a

'laung;s modtLltrs of elasticity of the wire

;t 12'5 x 10"
dvne cm '.
Exomple 1 . The length of a suspended wire increases.by
rc-l ;f ib original length when a stress of 70' Nm-' is Solution. Given r = 1.25 mm = 0'125 cm,
applied on it. Calculate the Young's modulus of the matetial N:98 ' 106 dlme
F = 100 x 9.8 =980
of the wire. [Delhi 03C, 05C]
2
Y = 12.5 * 1011d1me cm
Solution. Struin = 1/ =10-a , stress = I07Nm-2

)'=eFI^/FF
I

Young's modulut As ot
o, /=^,-"?l
y = Stress _ 1o7Nrl1-2 = 1011 Nm-2. .'. The percentage increase in length is
Strain 10-
:'x100= Fx100 98x106x7x100
'__- ;
Exomple 2. A uniform wire of steel of length 2'5 m and ^l : -
density 8.A gr*-3 *iight 5A g. lNhen stretehed by a force of I nt/i zi . lo.tZSf ,. I2'5 x 10r
I

1,0 kgf , the length increases by 2 mm Calculate Young's

= 15.965 x70-2 =0.76%.
modulus of steel.
Solution. Here I =2.5 m =250 cm, fix**":nie 5. Th,e breaking
2.
stress for a metal ls

7 .8 x 10e Nm Calculqte the mnximum length of the wire

Al =2 mm =0'2 crl,
made of this metal tohich may be suspended without
f =10 kg f =10 x 9.8 N =10 x 9.8 x 10s dlme t,reaking. The,density of the metil:7.8 x 103kg ,n-3. Tnk,
Mass = Volumex density S=ioNk8-t. :'i"
Mass uo Solution. Breaking stress
"... A-
I*p =250x8
=0.025 cm2
= Marimum shess that the wire can withstand

Yoting's modulus, =7.8x]0e Nm-2.

r J 10x9.8x105x250 When the wire is suspended vertically, it tends to
Y ='- A/
A 0.025 x 0.2 break under its own weight' Let its length be I and
cross-sectional arca,4.
= 4.9 x.1011 dyne cm-2
 PHYSICS_XI

: :. . : 11--:e =rils =volumex density x g = Alpg Exomple 8. A composite wire of uniform dinrneter 3.A mm
weight consisting of a copper utire of length 2.2 m and a steel wire of
- llps _,^^
A =
Sness = =tQg
A length1.6 mstretches uncler aland"byA.T mm. Cnluiate tlrc
lcod, giaen that lhe.{oung's motltrlus
f rrr the wire not to break,
. t0rr Pa and for for copyer is

/pg = Breaking stress = Z.g x 10e Nm-2

1.1 steet isi.0 r l}tt pa.

INCEI{T; Deihi 091

, 7.8 x 10e 7.g x 1oe _=10rm.

.. t= solution. Here r = ** :1.5 x 1o-3m,
pg =-_
3
7.8 x 10r x 10
l, =2.2 m, ls = 1.b m
Sxsnrnle *. Arubber stringl0 mlong is suspendedfrom a Al. + A{ : 0.7 mm = 0.7 x 10-3m
rigid support at its one end. Calculate the exl.tension in the
Yr:1.1, 1011 pa, yr=2.0x 1011 pa
string due to its orun weight. The de_nsity of rubbe_r is
1.5 . 103 t g y-' and young,s modtius foi tie rubber is
As same load (say F) is being applied on both ihe
5 10o Nm-t . Take g = 10 N kg-1.
wires, r,r.hich have same area of cross-section A, so
^ lrieihi LrJl stress is sanre for both r,r.ires.
Solution. Let the area of cross-section of the string
be A m2. Then the weight of the string is But Stress = I
A
W = mg = volume x density x g
:10 Ax 1.5 x 103 x 10 = 1.5 x 105A
= Young's modulus x strain = y * 4
N
Longitudinal stress Nolv, Stress on copper wire = Stress on ,to"l ,^ji..
w
=;=1'5 x 1os Nm-2' ... y +/."
'lrt -y, Al.

As the weight of the string acts on its centre of

gravity, so it produces extension only in 5 m length of or L-1, l, 2.Cx1A11 x2.2
Ll,=Yr"
Yrx l,
- _, E

the string. If Al be the extension in the string then 1.1x 1011 x 1.6

Longitudinal strain - 4l - Ll or a,l, =2.561,

/5 But Ll. + Ll, = 0.7x 10-3m
Young's modulus,
or 3.5 AL = 0.7 x1}-3m
O _ Longitudinat_.ggll
Longitudinal strain
or A/, =
0'7#-3 :2.0x
10-am
3.5
or 5x 1od =fqflql and Al, =2.5 x 2.0 x 70-a = 5.0 x 10-am
Al ls
1/, 1.5" 105 < 5 L!,
.'. : = 0.15 m. Load, F = Axr,, * =n2 y,*
5x10o 'c lc

i ir: : r:r:rrr i A silica glass rad has a diameter of L cm and is = ? *(1.5 *t0-3)2 x 1.1 x 101i, 5.0I 10{
70 cmlong. Tlrc ultimate strength of glass rs 50 x 106 Nn{ z. Z 2.2
Estimate the largest mass that can be htrn{
from it without = 176.8 N.
hrenking il. Take g= l0 N kg-r. Exomple 9. The mqximum stress that can be applied to thc
solution. Radius,, =) c^=0.5 x 10-2m, ultimate material- of q wire used to suspend qn eleoator is
1.3 x 10o Nm-'.If the mass of the eleaator is-g00 kg and i:
strength = 50 x 106Nm l. moaes up raith an acceleration of 2.2 ms-2, what is tht
Let 1,4 be the largest mass that can be hung. Then minimum diameter of the wire ?

Ulrimate strength =
M{ Solution. As the elevator moves up, the tension in
fir thdwire is
5ox1o5 - 3.14 x Mxlo
(0.5
F=mg+ma=m(g+a)
= 900 x (9.8 + 2.2)= 10,800 N
":']|]F
_ 50x 106 x 3.14x 0.25x L0-a F.
, Stressinthewire =F =
Anl
10
=392.5 k8. Clearliz, when the stress is maximurn, r is minimum_
 rilillllllllll]lruUfl

MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF SOL|DS 9.9

.'. Maximum- stress = -- r

F Total elongation produced in the rod
Tr".
frll t't 1-

r,v [. r,)'
,
r-.
mln
tAYl) tAvl
-Lx
2 )o
nx Maximum stress
10800
=0.2645x10-am
n' L, itl
I - t=-
wt
3.14x1.3x108 tAyl, 2) 2Ay

or r-,n = 0.5142 x 10-2m Srai^,:si* 1?. A steet uire of uniform cross-section of

7 trtn? is heated to 70' C snd stretched hy tying its two ends
Minimum diamcter
rigidil/. Calculate the change in the tensirtn of the wire when
=2 k^=2xo'5142x70-2 t irc t emp atur ails Ji o m 70 " C /o-35 " C . C o eff i cient
of lin e ar
e r e
f s"C 1 and the Youttg's
= 1.0284x 10-2m. erpansion of stce! ls 1.1 x 10
|I 2.
tn,titrltts ls i.0 " t0 N,n
Exo mple 1 A. A mass of 100 gr am is att ached to the end of a 6
Solution. Here A-1 mm2 :1.0 rnz,
rubber string 49 cmlong and hazting an frrea of cross-section
20 mn?. The string is zohiiled round, horizontally at a LT =70 -35 -35',
constqnl speed of 40 rps in a circle of radius 51 cm Find
o = 1.1 x 10- 5"C ,Y =2.0 * 1011Nm-2
t
Young's modulus of rubber.
Increase in length Ll = I a" LT
Solution. When the mass is rotated at the end of the
s
rubber string, the restoring force in the string is equal ... Strain -41 =o AT=1.1x 10-5r35 =38.5 x 10
I
to the centripetal force.
.'. F=mro]=mr(2rv)2 If T is the tension in the r,vire due to the decrease in
temperature, then
= 100 x 51x (2 x rc x 40)2 dyre r T
A - to u
Si.i-ess= Nnr'2
Also I = 49 clr., Al = 51 - 49 =2 crr.,
A:20 mm2 =20,. 10-2 cm2 But Stress-YxStrain
Hence Y:!.L f- b --2.0 x10r1 x 38.5 x 10-5
ALI 10-
"
Y" 4"9.Y "1600 "
49
=L0A or T = 2.0 x 38.5 = 77.0 N.
20x10-z x2 p2:O.SZ1
fi;<*i,;rpie i3.ln a luunan pyramid in a ciruLs, the entite
= 3.95 x 1010 dyTre cm-2 weight oi the balonced graup is supported by ihe legs of a
= 3.95 x 10e Nm-2. perfon?rcr who is lying on his bock (as shou'n in Fig. 9.13).
The contbir.ed mass af nll the persoits performing the act, and
Exomple I 1. A uniform heaoy rod of weight W,
the tables, plaErcs etc. inttolueLl is 280 kg. The mass of the
erlss-sectional area A and length I is hanging from a fixed
perTcrrner lying on his baclc at the bottont o.f the pyraruid is
support. Young's modulus of the material of the rod is Y.
6A kg. Eack thighbone (femttr) of this aerformer has a length
Neglecting the lateral contraction, find the elongation
in the rod.
oi 50 cm and an effectioe rndius af 2.0 cm. Determine the
produced
antount bq zohich each thighbone gets compressed unde-r the
Solution. As shown in Fig. 9.12, consider a small extrfr load. INCERTI
element of thickness dx at distance ,x from the fixed
support. Force acting on the element dx is

F : Weight of length (l - x) of the rod

=Vrt
/
- *t

Elongation of the element

stress

H
= Original length x
Y

=J.r.I/A=v'r
Y I Ay'\t-x)rtx
Fig. 9.13
Fig.9.12
 PHYSICS-XI

2'
r lllhe breaking stress of aluminium is 7 5 ' 107
Nm
Solution. Total mass of ail the perforrners' tables' rvire that can
Fincl the greatest length of aluminium
plaques, etc. Densitl' of
.,"iti.rll-v without b^reaking
hur-rg '3'
= 280 kg m ('{r:s' 2'83 x 103 m)
aluminium is 2.7 103kg
x

\tass of t1-re Performer:60 kg s. A steel wire of iength 5'0 m and cross-section

5m2 stretches by ihe same amount as a
\Iass supported by the legs of the performer at the 3.0 x 10
bottom of the PYramid, copper wire of length 3'0 m and cross-section
+.d . f o-5.n'under a given load' What is the
ratio of
M=280 -60 =220k9
Young's modulus of steel to that of copper ?

lVeighi of the suPPorted mass, [Punjab 911 (A:*.2'22)

W = ME=2?-Ox 9.8 =2156 N ii. A stress of 1 kg ** -2
is applied to a wire of rvhich
Weight supported by each thighbone of the performer' Young's modrJus is 1ot1 Nm-2' Find the percentage
increJse in length. (An;' 0'0098%)
r =w =!v.2156=1078 N
22 iil. Two exactly similar wires of steel and copper are
is
Young's modulus of bone, Y =9'4x 10e Nm-2 stretched by equal forces' If the total elongation
1 cm, find by how much is each wire elongated ?
Length of each thighbone, I = 0'5 m c*-2 and Y for
Given Y for steel = 20 x 1011d)Tr"
Radius of a thighbone, r =2'0 crct=2 x 10-2 m
copper = 12 x td1 dl, re crn_2'
Cross-sectional area of the thighbone, (,'\r:r. 0^375 cm and 0'625 cm)
A = nrz =3.1'4 x 1Z x t0-2)z Two parallel steel wires A and B are fixed to rigid
il.
=1.26 x 10-3m2 support at the upper ends and subjected to the
same load at the lower ends' The lengths
of the
Compression Produced in each thighbone of the
rvires are in the ratio 4 : 5 and their radii are in the
perioruer,
FI 1078 x 0.5 ratio 4 : 3. The increase in the length of the wire ''L is
m of
AY 1..26 x.10-3 x 9.4 x 1t) 1 mm. Calculate the increase in the length the

wire B. (Ans. 2.22 mm)

= 4.55 x 10-5 m =4.55 x 10-3 cm. one made of
12. Two wires of equal cross-section but
steel an'1 the other copper are joined end to end'
When the combination is kept un"der tension' the
by 10
3
of its length when a stress elongation in the two rvires is found to be eqr"ral'
vi - Aoi|.
wire increases
108 Nrn-l is appliedtoit' Whatisthelloung's Given Young's moduii of ster:l and copper are
2'
modulus of the material of the r'l'ire ? 2.0 r 1011 Nni-2 and 1.1 x 1011 Nm Flnd the rabio
2)
tDelhi 981 ('"-i:.. 1011 N"l between the lengths of steel and copper wires'
I -What force is required to stretch a steel r'r'ire 1cm2 ('ir''- 20 : 1.1 )

- ir-, .rorr-section to double if-c length ? Given ! l A tift is tied with thick iron wires and its mass ls
,'=1,. *" ,.t-*'- (,'iir:. 2 x 107 NI) 1000 kg. If the maxinrum acceleration of lift is
: Find the stress to be applied to a steel wire to 1.2 ms
1 and the maximutn safe stress is
- stretch it br'0.025'lo of its original length' ) for steel 1.4 x 10s N*-2, find the minimum diameter of the
ifrllj;;;_-2. i z.is "to7 r.r*-2) wire. Take I = 9.8 ms-2 (Ans.0.01m)
i. A steei lvire of lengtl-r 4 m and diameter 5 mm is 14. The length of a metal wire is /., when
ihe tension in
' stretched by 5 kg-wt. Find the increase in its length' it is ! and l, when the tension in it is l' Find the
if the Young;s - modulus of steel r't'ire ir1
2
lDelhi 05, 161 original length of the wire. - [AIIMS 15]
r cm
2.4 1012d1me
(
t,'' --r.-T,l)-
T^1,
(r,,r. 0 0041cm)
r Trvo.,r,ires macle of the same rnaterial are subiected
1 a I

to iorces in the ratio of 1 : 4' Their lengths are in the

A metal trar of lerrgth I and area of cross-section "4 is
ratio 8 : 1 and diarleter in the tatict2: 1' Find the 15.

ratio tlf their ertensions. (Ans. 1 :2) rigidly clamped between two walis' T'he Young's
*"ud.rlus of ihe material is Y and the coefficient of
:,. A w-ire eiongates br' 9 mm when a load of 10 kg is linear expansion is u. The bar is heated so that it.s
sr.rspended from it. \\rhat is the elongation when
its
same temperafure is increased by AT' Find the force
doubled, ii all other quantities are as
('"'lr' YA o AI)
exeried at the ends of the bar'
radius is
before ? (Ans. 2.25 mm)
 9.11
MEC|]ANICAL PROPERTIES OF SCLIDS

9.12 euLr MoDULus oF ElASTlclrY

its units
1l5. Define bulk modulus of elasticity' Gioe
and dimensions.
limit'
Bulk modulus of elasticity ' Within the elastic
tt e *iii7 normal stress to thi aolumettic strain is cslled
bulk modulus of elasticitY'

i----------l
', v- t"v i
tl
r----------l

:"-
' 4L=i.L i.=r^i-1=rtzz.
4=\rt-4^t^+-'- lp

ti y=# * o, fa=#=aconstant Eis.lro

.:.*modulusoretasticitv.

t,', rr-2r, ;til;";;Jy ;d it decreases the volume by Av as

"'"=l 1,='*' ' . ' 9 of elasticity is
shown ir, rig. 9.14. Then bulk modulus
.'. 4' *9mm = 4rr" xL'l, or Ah= A= z-e5 **.
iI 'rI :',,'=r'5., *=vol"*""i';*,'.'=-^wv
',.ll,..,ilill'llli
L =t, U, =1. ' [..at. = 61,;
or *= -
A Lv=- Lv
I Y. . tr. AI, I; itiil;i;ll;.i1;1.:, where ,1= F lA)is the normal pressure. Negative
sign
', '
ll^ y. 2.g -x 10il
l" 1011 rn , , o1
101r
rrrr='^^ - 1 shows that the volume decreases with
in sffess'
the increase m stress'
or
or
t' l0r' - 'u
':l, = li1j < l0rl
:7l, = .r' of r<. The sl unit of bulk
Lnits arrci rlin:enqions
i3. Tension in the" wire,
^l.l,.ll 2 or Pascal (Pa) a,,d it, CGS unit is
:i'L,:'1i'';:'i]1".,i',0,,
modulus is Nm I

1t*21'
iii,.!i:i::rr;ir,,,,,ir::!)irii,:,,i,:;r,,
rF =- m(s N o)me
p)000,Nrr;,
-- (9'8 + 1'2) = 11000 i*" ;unt ;: IB dimensional formula ls lMr
';\6+ -''a) = 1000 -

the ternl
116' Define tke compressibility' vt./w
term cotnyrebblul"Ly'
: Sfreqs i-F F n'
4F 16'
7 =;dTrl=A
Stress,== = ' nd dimensions. nni iimpncinns.

or ,74F4x1|QQQx7:,,^-+Con.tqrgssibility.Thereciprocalofthebulkmodulusof'
d- =;isfi; -'0" o*it'iik o *.'..*.!..ut compressibility'
I z;r*.lot ComnressibilitY =:
-
,, [t r u" tte o.lgii'r i;;-q '"' o the area of Sl unit of compressibility = N-1m2'

cr,a,,gg in.Iength rn first,case = \ l The dimensional formula of compressibility

_ is
z]'
Chunle it t*gti. in second case = L - I [M-r LT
 9.12 PHYSICS-XI

ToUU 9.2 Bulk moduli (rc) o/ some common moferio/s Exomple 14. The pressure of a medium is changed
from
1.01x 105 Pa to 1.16b x 105 pa and cho-nge is oolume is
I fi%, keeping temperature constant. Find the. bulk modulus
Solids of the medium. IIIT 051
Aluminium 72 Solution. Here : p = 1.165x 105 -1.01 x 105
Brass 61
= 0.155 x 10s Pa
Copper 140 AV
Glass =70% =0.1
.)/ V
Ircn 100 Bulk modulus of the medium,
Nickel
'r
260 0.155 x 10s
Steel
K- =1.55x10,pa.
160 LV lV 0.1
Liquids
Exomple 15. The nl)erage depth of lndian lcean is about
Water 2.2 3000 nt Calculate the fractionnl compression LV
Ethanol
of lV,
0.9 water at the bottom of the_ccean, giaen that thebulkmodulus
Carbon disuiphide 1.56 of water is2.2x7}e Nm . TNCERTI
Glycerine
'
4.76 Solution. Stress = Pressure exerted by a water
Mercury 25 column of height 3000 m
Gases
= hpg =lQQg mx 1000 kg *-'x 10 ms-2
Air" (at STP) 1.0 x 10-a
= 3x L07 Nm*2
The above table shows that buik moduli of the As bulk modulus, *=
stress
solids are in the range of 1011 Nm-2, and are about 50 AV lv
times larger than that of water. Thus solids are least .'. Fractional compressiory
compressible while gases are most compressible. Gases
are about a million times more compressible than _AV _ Stress _ 3x 107 Nm-2
solids. The solids are incorrpressibie because of tight V r 2.2x 10e Nm-2
coupling between the neighbouring atoms. The = 1.36 x 10-2 ='l,.Z6o/n.
rnoiecuiesin liquids are less tightly bound than in Exomple 16. A sphere contracts
liquids. The molecules jn gases are very poorly when in aolume by 0.01%,
taken to the bottom of sea 7km deep. Find the bulk
coupled to the neighbouring molecules.
modulus of the material of the sphere. Densittl of sea rnater
may be taken as 1.0 x 103 kgor3.

Solution. u"r" 1I
v = ry^l
100
, ft = 1 km :103 m,

p = 1.0 x 103 kg m-3

F
1. Volumetric stress -- - -- L), the applied pressurc p = hpg=103 x 1.0x 103 x 9.8 = 9.8x 105 Nm-2
p 9.8 x 106 x 100
2. = 9'8 x 1o1o Nm-2'
Volumetric strain
V
=LV ": * lv
Volumetric stress Exomple^ 17. If the normal density of sea raater k
3. Bulk modulus =
Voiumetric strain 7.00g cm " , znhat will be its density at a depth of 3 km ?
Cioen compressibility of usater = 0.0005 per afmosphere,
or *---l/'4 =- .-l'-=-v p 1 atmos1sheric pressure :106 dyne cm 2 , g =980 cms:z.
AV
\egJatile
^VIV ^VIV in voiume
sign indicates the decrease Solution. r< =
1.

rvith the increase in stress Compressibility 0.00005

4. Compressibilih'=] =- AY =2x104atm=2x10ax106
KPV =2 x 101odlm".* 2

l-!rii-< Used p=hpg=3x105x1x980

Bulk modulus r is rn \m-2 and compressibility in =294x 106 dlme cm-2.
N-1m2 or Pa-1.
L'.' h =3 km =3 105 cm,p (water)=l g cm-
^ l
MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OT SCLIDS
{,;, ! ':

pV Solution. When a block of volume V is heated

As
AV thror,rgh a temperatLlre of AT, the change in voltrme is

{;= )94xlA6 x1 1y:yVAT

.. av
^1/ -
2, l01o where y (:3 cr) is the coe{ficient of cubical expansion'
LV
=1.47 x10-2 cm3 ['.' V:1cm3] .'. - v - t LT
Volume strain
Volume of 1 g of water at a depth of 3 km,
Bulkrnodulus, o: P l-
V' =V * LV =1,*7.47 x10-z LVIV =yAT
=0.9853 cm3
. Mass 19 Pressure, P=K"{ LT'
Densifv
' Volume=--- a
Flere = 3.0, l0ll Nm-1,
0.9853 cm' r<

'f = 3 a =3 x 8.ox L0-6 =24 10-6 oC-1'

= 1.0149 g cm-9. '
LT =70 :20"C
- 50
Exomple 18. A solid cube is subiected to a pressure of
5 x 10s Nm
2. Each side of the cube is shartened by 1%' .'. l)- 1.6' lOtt r24' i0-b' 20

Find aolumetric strain and bulk modulus of elasticity of the - 1.728x 108 Nm-2'
cube
Solution. Let I be the initial length of each side of a\
J)roblems For Practice
cube.
: A solid sphere of radius 10 crn is,subjected to a uni-
Final length of the cube 2. Determine
| form pressure :5 r 10s Nm the
-/-tooori--[t- ll consequent chatrge in volume. Bulk modulus of the
\ 100i
material of the sphere i.s equal to 3.14 ,< 101
INm 2'
Iniiial volume, (t'.;:; 6'67 r10'6m3)
V/;=f'=V(saY) ,1. Find the change in voiume which 1m3 of n'ater will
Final volume, undergo u,'hen taken from tl-ie surface to the bottom
of a lake 100 m deep' Given volume elasticity of
) l' F =(r-
vr -f r- 1001 LJ'r'
\ 100 i water is 22'000 atmoiphere' ('r'r:: 4 4 10-l m?1
'
[ j, A solid ball 300 cm in diameter is submergecl in a
Change in volume, lake at such a depth that the pressure exerted br'
2.
rt'ater is 1.00 kgf cm Fir-,d th* change in volume o[
tv = vr -v;=v[, - #)' -r] the ball at this depth. r< for material of the ball
.ly.ne cm
2. (-:r', 1.385 cm3)
= 1.00 x 1013
Volumetric strain in volume by
;. A spherical ball contracts 0'0098%

--^v =l r-
l-l'-'=[, ,' '-, r,r'hen subjected to a pressure of 100 atm' Calculate
v [ 100, L lool
r

its bulk mc.du1us. Given latrn - 1.01 ^ 105 Nm-2'

[(1 - ')'' =1 - nx for r << 1] ("\r,i
Nm-2; 1.033 1011
"
3
=_-=_0.03' i. What increase in pressure will be needed to
100 decrease the volume of 1'0 m3 of water by 10 c'c' ?
Norrnal stress = Applied Pressllre :5 x 10s Nm 2 The bulk modulus of water is 0.21 x 1010 Nm-2'
Bulk modulus, (:"rnr. 2.1 x 104Nm-2)

Normal stress Determine the fractional change in -volume as the

'
t!=
Volumetric strain pressure of the atmosphere (1.0 x 10' Pa) around a
metal block is reduced to zero by piacing the block
- ' ^'-i-
5 105 in vacuum. The bulk rnodulus for the block is
=1.67,107 Nm'2. 2.
0.03 1.25 x 1ol1 Nm (Ans. 8 x 10-7)
Exan:ple " Calculate the pressure required to stop
1,9 the 7. Find the density of tl-re metal under a pressure of
3,
increase in uolume of a copper block when it is lrcated f'om
2.
20,000 N Gio'*l der-siS' of the metal = 11g cm
cm
50' fo 70"C. Coefficient of linear expansion of copper bulk modulus of the metai = 8 x 10e Nm-2.
= 8.0x 10-6"C-1 and bulk modulus ,f elasticity (.'r, , ',, 11.28 g cm -3)
=3.6rL011 Ntrt'Z.
 ruHl!:

PHYSiCS_XI
' .:.. :,rmpressibility of water is 5 per
atmospheric pressure. 14/hat
4 x 10 unit 5. Here I/=1.0ni3,
will be the decrease rn
volume of 100 cm3 of r,vater under pressure AV = 1Cc.c. = 1.0 x 10'6 ,nil = 10 s m3
of 100
atmosphere ? (.:.:.:, 0.4 crn3) r 1OloNm 2
rc = 0.2l
a. On taking a solid ball of rubber frorn
the surface to LV 0.21 x l0lo x 10 5
the bottoni of a lake of 1g0 m deptl1 ihe reduction
of the volume of the balt is 0.1%. The densitv of
'17=KX V 1.0
water of the lake is 1.0 x 103kg m 3. Determine
the
value of the buik modulus oi elasticity of nibber.
Take g = 10 ms-2. (..rr::, 1.g f Or nf*-fj
ll.). 4 ,rl'ro.m pressure p is exerted on all "
sicles of a
solid cube at temperature i "C. By rvha.t .lmount
should the temperature of the c#e be raised in
order to bring its volume back to the rrolun_re it had
before the pressLlre i.vas appiied_ if the buik y! =?4!::Y
rnodulus and coefficieni of voiume expansion
of
the rnater-ial are r and y l.espr,ct:\.el\. I
I ,., ,, )
: : A solid sphere
I v*.]
of radius R made eif a materiai of
buik modulus r is surrounded Lry a iiquid in a
cylindrical container. A massless piston of area A
floats on the surface of the liquial. n h"r-, u mass,l.{
is
placed oy
lhe piston to compress the tiquid, iincl
fractional change in the radius of the sphere.
t^-
lrrr8si I ..,,. "5 = M8
I R .rar</ l

nI'
K

--1. Here x = 1,00 r

:,ii ji
,i:lli
 |"4ECHANI(:AL PR.OPERTIES OF SOLIDS 9.15
l! iil iir li l!iliiiliiij i!i:ii ij i:i !iliiiii!iii!i iii i!ili ii

mtfierial is always
modulus for it.

iI

9.13 t'tooulus oF RtGlDlrY oR

SHEAR MODULUS
Toble 9.3 Sheor rnoou/i m of sorne common rnoferio/s
17. Define modulus of rigidity. Gizte its units and
dimensions.
l4ate*al t {1{jeNi11*: c: GFa)
Modulus of rigidity or shear modulus. Within tlrc
elastic limit, the ratio of tangential stress to shear strain is Aluminiunr 25
called modulus of rigidity. 36
Brass
As shown in Fig. 9.15, consider a rectangular block 42
Copper
I
whose lower face is fixed and a tangential force F is
J applied over its upper face of area A An equal and Ciass 23

opposite force F comes into piay on its lower fixed Iron 70

face. The two equal and opposite forces form a couple
Lead 5.6
which exerts a torque. As the lower face of the block is
fixed, the couple shears the block into a parallelopied Nickel 77
by displacing its upper face through distance AA = Al. Steel 84
Let AB= DC =l and I ABA =0.
Tungstetr 150

r4r '--tl
Wood 10

# Id cornpare the valttes of q o{ Table 9.3 r'r'ith the

values of Y of Table 9.1, 1{'e see that, in general, the
f,; shear modulus is less than Young's modulus. For most
of the materials, t1=Y 13"
rir"dtu..
,/
For Your I(nowledge
"*, Elastic deformations in all bodies become plastic
deformations with time.
i.a As only solids have length and shape, Youn5;'s
modulus and shear modulus are relevant oniy for
solids.
3- As solids, liquids and gases all have volume elasticity,
Fig. 9.15 Shear modulus of rigidity bulk modulus is relevant {or all three states of matter.
ts. Metals have large values of Young's modulus than
F
Tangential stress = alloys and elastomers. A material with large Y
A requires a large force to prod.uce small changes in
Shear strain = 0 = tan e = 44 =4 length.
ABI F Elastic has a different meaning in physics than that in
daily tife. In daily life, a material which stretches more
The modulus of rigidity is given by
is said to be more elastic, but it is a misnomer. In
Tarrgential stress FIA F F I physics, a material which stretches to a lesser extent
'' Shear strain e A0 A for a given load is considered to be more elastic.
^J
 9_16
PHYSICS-XI

,Ll
F

icrmuloe Used I

1. Shearing stress
Tangential
_-r-Or* Force F
= = =;
2. Shearingstrail=e={
I

3. Modrrlus or rigiditr, = ttt"*t

' lI*ifinq
Shearing strain
Fig.9.16
ol' FIA FIA
n=-
0 Ltll ''- ntlt-A NI
^_FlA_F
(.j!''lits u!*rj

Modulus of rigidity 11 is in hlm 2

or pa -1
I 9.0 x 104 x 0.50
^l=I A q 0.05 x 5.6 x 10e

= 1.6 x 10-a m = 0.1.6 rnrn.

Exomple 22. A
rubber block 7ctnx3cmx1.Tcm is
clamped at one endwith its10 cmside aertical. A horizontal
force of 30 N ls applied to the free surface. IMqt is the
horizontal displacement of the top ? Modulus of rigiLlity
face
of rubber = 1.4 x 105 Nm 2.
r.l:2.08x 1011 dyme cm 2
Solution. Area of the upper face,
(i) Shearing strain,
A=1cmx3cm=3x10{m2
^ A/
u= 0.()i2
_0.003rad.
l4 F = 30 N, \ =7.4x 105 Nm*2,
(ii) Area of top face / =10 cm =0.10 m
:t,_$cm)2=16cm2 H, G,

Modulus of rigiditv, n = !.h":'"ls "[=

,I
I
Slrearrng strain "/. I

.. Shearing stress
T E I
3cm F :F'
-l r Shearingstrain I I

= 2.08 x 101r x 0.003 = 6.24x 10s dyne cm-2.

I

rljl
I
0; I
Shearing force, I I

i I

it
F = Shearing stressx area ,
I
I

:6.24x 10E x 16 = 9.9g4 x 10e dyne. I

$xcmple ?,1 . A square

10 cmis subjected to a shearing
lt,acl slab of side S0

force (ott its nnrrow Jat:e) of

magnitude 9.0 x 104 N. The htrt,er edge is rizteted to tlrc
fiaor.
onanti thickness I

I
I i/ D
I

Hou, mttch is tlrc upper edge displaced, iJ'the shear motlrlrrs A

o.f lend is 5.6 x 10e Pa ? : ii. i:jr,. ii
Fig. 9.17
Solution. Here I = 50 cm -0.50 m, I -9.0 x 10a N
As
FI
5.6, 10o Pa
q= 'ALt
Area of the face on which force is applied,
n,-F I 30 x 0.10
A=50cmx 10cm
= 500 cm2 = 500x 10-a m2 :0.05 m2
An 3x10-axl.4x10s
If Al is the distance through which the upper edge is
= L =o.ozrsm = 7.14 cm.
displaced relative to the lower fixed edge, then
 9.17
MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF SOLIDS

Exurnple 23" A 60kg motor tests on fotn' cylindricnl

rttbber blocks. E,ach cylinder-has a LLeight of 3 cm ttnd a

cross-sectional area of 1,5 m?. Tlrc shear modulus fot this

rubber is 2 x7A6 Nm7 If a sideways t'orce of 300 N rs
npplied to the motor, how far will it motte sideways ?
Solution. Tangential iorce on each block,
F = (t 14)x 300 =75 N, I =3 cm =3 x 10-2m,
A = 15 cir,2 = 15 x 10-amz , q =2 x 106 Nm-2
rIA F I
' blll A A/
\/ - F i 75"3'102
". at _.

,q n 15"lo-+x2^lo6
=7.5x 10-am = 0.075 cm.

?,oul"Ttrgll,"e
i. A metallic cube whose each side is 10 cm is
subjected to a shearing force of 100 kg f' The top
,NN )
face is displaced through 0.25 cm u'ith resPect to
the bottom. Calculate the shearing stress, stiain and
shear modulus. )Nn I
-2)
( :',,-,.,' 9.8 x 10a Nm , 0.025 tad',3'92 x 106 Nm
2

An Indian rubber cube of side 7 crn has one side

fixed, rvhile a tangential force equal to the weight of
200 kilogram is applied to the opposite face Find 'rad
the shearing strain produced and distance through
which the strained sicle moves. Modulus of rigidity
2.
for rubber is 2 x 107 dYne cm
(Ans. 0.2 radiary 1.4 cm)
3. A metal cube of side 10 cm is subjected to a shea-
f.i4 somE orHER ELASTIc EFFEcrs
l9.lNhat Wat is its impottance ?
is elastic after effect ?
ring stress of 104 Nm-2. Calculate the modulus of
rigidity if the top of the cube is displaced by 0'05 cm
2)
Elastic after effect. The bodies return to their
ru"itn to lts bottom' 1"''it' 2 x 106 Nm original state on the removal of the deforming iorce'
'espect
Tn,o para1lel and opposite forces, each 4000 N, are Some bodies return to their original state immediately
appl;ed tangentially to the upper and lou'er faces of after the removal of the deforming force while some
a'cubical metal biock 25 cm on a side' Find the angie bodies take longer time to do so' The delay in regaining
of shear and the clisplaccment of the up1'er surface the originat state by a body orr the remotsal of the deforming
relative to the iower surface. The shear modulus for effect.
force is called elastic at'ter
the metal is B x i01oNm-2.
In galvanometers, suspensions made from quartz
(.,:;:+. 8.0 x1.A-7 rad",2'0 x 10-7 m)
or phoiphor-bronze alloy are used because their elastic
afGr effect is small' On the contrary, a glass fibre takes
hours to regain its original state'
2}.rNhat is eltstic fatigtte ? Wrat is its importance ?
]-ri,r-r:,- i.;:it{i.;.r As shown in Fig' 9'18, in a torsion
pendulum, a disc oscillates in a horizontal plane' The
:i
Llastic twist of the suspension wire provides the
restoring torque. During torsional vibrations, the wire
is subjected to repeated alternating strains' If we set the
wire into torsional vibrations, it will continue vibrating
 PHYS!CS_XI

: : : . :: :-r-.e before its vibra-

:-, . -,= ,rur. If it is again made 9.15 eppltcATtoNs oF ELASTtctw
,, '..,::a:e. its I'ibrations will die 22.\My is any metallic part of a machinery neoer
- i: ri, a lesser time. Due to
a,l:itnuous alternating strains,
T"a""a subjected ta a stress beyond the elastic timit ?

I Any metallic part of a machinery is never subjected

ihe rr-ire is said to have been
to a stress beyond the elastic limit. This is because a
tired or fatigued.
I '**::"""" stress beyond elastic limit will permanently deform
Elastic fatigue is defined as loss that metallic part.
iri t|rc strength of a material caused I
23. How is the knowledge of elastici$ useful in selecting

@
due to repeated alternnting strairLs
ruetal ropes used in cranes for lifting heaay loads ?
io rLhich the material is a,rbjectecl.
The thickness of metallic ropes used in cranes to lift
A hard u,ire can be broken heavy loads is decided from the knowledge of the
by bending it repeatedly in +t) elastic limit of the material and the factor "of safety.
opposite directions, as it loses -e 0
Suppose a crane having steel ropes is required to tift
strength due to elastic fatigue. load of ten ton i.e.,1.}akg.The rope is usuaily designed
For the same reason, the railway Fig.9.18 Oscillations for a safety factor of L0 i.e., it should not break even
bridges are declared unsaf'e of a torsion pendulum. when a load of 104 x 10 :10s kg is applied to it. If r is
after a reasonably good period the radius of the rope, then
to avoid the risk of a mishap. los x 9'8
ultimate stress = L = Yg
21,. Describe elastic hysteresis. Mentian its few An2n2-
applicaliorrs. The ultimate stress should not exceed the elastic
rl.::rri hr,,cierr:,ri:r. Fig. 9.19 shows the stress-strain
iimit (=l[ x 107Nm-2) for steel.
curve for a rubber sample when loaded and then '" x^u"
.'. LOs 9.8
=30 x 707 or r =0.a32m =3.2 cm.
unloaded. For increasing load, the stress-strain curve is fir'
OABand for decreasing load, the curve is BCO. The single rvire of this much radius would be a rigid
fact _A
that the stress-strain curce is not retraced on reztersing the rod. For the ease in manufacfure and to impirt
strain is knoton as elastic lusteresis. flexibility and strength to the rope, it is always made of
The area under a large number of thin wires braided together.
the
curve OAB represents the 24. Explain why should the beoms used in the cons-
work done per unit volume truction of bridges hazte large depth and smsll breadth.
in stretching the rubber. t Or
The alea under BCO o
Explain why are girders giaen I shape.
reFrciHnrs the energv gir err c/)

up br- rubber on unloading. The knowledge of elasticity is applied in designing

a bridge such that it does not bend too much or break
So the shaded area of the
under the load of traffic, the force of wind and under
hr-steresis loop represents
its own weight. Consider a rectangular bar of length I
the energy lost as heat Fig.9.19 breadth b and thickness d supported at both endi., as
during the loading- shown in Fig. 9.20. When a Ioad W is suspended at its
unloading cycle. middle, the bar Sets aenress;,rt an amount given by
.-1.t-:t i; i:: i: i: i r r: i r.i ; I ii :: !:,,.:ir i'.-:r: i a, fy
(l) Car tvres are made with synthetic rubbers 4Y bd"
having smail-area hvsteresis loops because a car tyre of
such a rubber ivill not get excessively heated during
the journev.
(tt) A padding of vulcanized rubber having large_
area hysteresis loop is used in shock absorbers between
the vibrating system and the flat board. As the rubber is
compressed and reieased during each vibration, it
dissipates a large amount of vibrational energy.
Fig.9.20

L
MECHANICAL PRCPERTIES CF SCTIDS
of radius
r.t'ith a required to produce unit twist in a solid shaft
Bending can be reduced by using a material of modulus of rigidityq
a\ io d- 3 ,, fl"g,t / and made of material
iarse Young's modtrius V' es a is p"roportion
ntore is given bY
u.li o,-rly to t, '. so depression can,be decreased
-rnutiray
by increasing ti'e depth d rather-than the
breo'dth ft\r4
the '21
a-

i'. Flu, i deep bar has a tendency to bend under

weight o{ a'moving tta{fic, as shor'r'n in Fig' 9'21(b)'
The torque required to produce '"1i.t twist
in a
iniJU"rlai.rg is called buckling' Hence a better
choice radii r, and 6 is
hollow shafi of internal and external
cross-section' as shown in
is to have o"bar of l-shaped given bY 4 4,
large load bearing
Fis. 9.21(c). This sectionprovides a
,.r?ru." and enough aepitt to prevent bending'
Also' .,= i{{-Il
2l
the weight of the beam without
tt-,J ,nop" .edrcJs /l
Jr'2'1_v= -r-
a 1.
+ t;)\r; -
(r;.-_
) 2,
11 )
the cost'
sacrificing its strength and hence reduces .1
Tr- t
b of
H If the two shafts are made from equal amounts
tl materials, then
nlt=r(4-4)t ", t-t=,'
1 il x' t.4
d , ;==

Fig. 9.21
I!
(a) Rectangutar cross-section of bar'
so
As ,'=4-t
t*trt andhence
Thus torque required to twist hollow cylinder
t'>t'

through u .otrit, angle is great$ than the

torque
(b) Buckling of a deeP bar'
(c) I-shaped cross-section of a bar' ;;;;;r,. twist a soid cytittd"r of same mass' length
,"J*"tltaf through the same angle' Hence ahollow
to
25. How can the knowledge of elasticity be used tn4t it stronger thsn a solid shaft'Eot this reasoo
electric
on earth
estimste the maximum height-of a mountain
?
poles are given hollow structures'
The maximum height of mountain -on earth
depends upon shear m&'lus of rock'
At the base of 9.16 ensrlc PoTENTIAL ENERGY oF
due to all the rock on the top A STRETCHED WIRE
thi mountain, the stress
at which the
should be less than the criticai shear stress 27. tAhot is meantby elastic potentittl energy
?-Derit'e nr'
,o.t U"gittt to flow. Suppose the. height of the
force eruression for the etastic pot'entiol energy o.f strettlrcd
mountaii is h and the density of its rock is p' Then 'rl,lrlr"i)1,,'ul'tnr,"itt')'irt,i[ ,n,,gv densiiv is cqtmt tu ]
of mountain) at the
f"t ""ii r.", (due to the weight the
this stress x strain.
Lur" = irpg. The material at the base experiences
but sides of
fo.ce p". init area in the vertical directioru the
interatomic forces come into play which oppose
therrrountainarefree.Hencethereisatangentialshear against these restoring
othpg.The elastic limit for a typical rock
is .nur-rg". Work has to be done
of tl-tu o.d", is stored
il;;;" ,;; NiH-t;; iis densitY is a'io3 ks *-'' fo.."'r. The work done in stretching the wire
in it as its elastic potential energy'
Hence
..... - l. - ':" ' i l ' -::::-:' SUppOSea
hmaxPg=3x108 wire of iength lincreases its length
fo.." i appted on a
3xLo8 3x108
bv Al. hitially, the internal restoring fcrce in
the v'rire is
or h*o* =; =
.lF , ,s
3 ;il. *h"" ihe tengtn is increased by Al' internal
the
force increases from zero to F (: applied
force)'
= 10,000 m = 10 krn
A .'" Average internal force for an increase
in length Al
This is nearly the height of the Mount Everest'
to withstand of wire
n"ight Sreutu. thu^ this wllt not be able
tnu"rn"Irit g stress due to the weight of the mountain' _0+F-F
why hotlow shafts are preferred to solid
)z
26. Explain
Work done on the wire is
for transmitting torque'
shafts E
made = Average force x increase
in length = 1x A1
A hollow shaft is stronger than a solid shaft W 2
of same material' The torque
of equal quantity
 9.2(i PHYSICS_XI

This work done is stored as elastic potential energy (ii) Elastic potential energy,
U in the wire.
U = Energy density x volume
.'. u=|r"tt = ux Ax I =2.5 x 104 x 2.0 x l.A-6 x 4
force x increase in length
= { Stretchlng = 0.21.
Let Abe the area of cross-section of the wire. 'Ihen ., - . : ,, .1
":. Calculate the increase in energy of abrass bar
u=\!*4*
2A I
At of length 0.2m and cross-sectional area lctt? when
compressed with a load of 5 kg uteight along its length.
:] Strers x strain x volume of wire Young's modultts ,f brass : I .u x I0lt N*. ' anrl

Elastic potential energy per unit volume of the wire I = 9.8 nrc-' .

or elastic energy density is Solution. Increase in the energy of the bar,

U U=
*"Stretching force x extension
:I f U
d-
"
Volume
As y:l ALI
.L . .!
or u=]stressxstrain
^t=!AY
1 c t
Hence ll =.' F x -' '' =- fzl
But stress = Young's modulus x strain 2 AY 2AY
.'. u= Young'smodulusx strain2 Here F = 5 kg wt= 5x 9.8= 49 N,
f I =0.2m, A=1. cmz =10-am2,
Y = 1.0x 1011Nm-2
g\2 x a.2
U: =2.4x to-s !.
2x 10-a x 1.0x 1011
F<,rr::*icie Li***
:.i :r .: i. INhen tlrc load on a wire is increa.sed ftom
;.
I

1. Total P.E. stored in a stretched wire, 3 kg wt to 5 kg wt, the elongation increases from 0.61 mmtct
'1..02mm How
U = Stretching force xextension = ft t muchztork is done during the extension of the
] | utire ?
or U=! Stress xstrain xvolume of wire
Solution. Work done in stretching the wire
2. P.E. stored per unit volume of a stretched wire, through 0.61 mm under the load of 3 kg wt,
,= {Str"rs xstrain W, =
tstretching force x extension
or u=
|Uoun/" modulus x strain2 3 x 9.8 x 0.61 x
= i" 10-3 =8.967, 10-3]
Work done in stretching the wire through 1.02 rnm
ElasLic P.E. is in joule, elastic P.E. per unit volume
under the load of 5 kg wt,
is in Jm-'.
Wr= tx 5 x 9.8 x 1.02 x 1O-3 =24.99 * 10-3I
Exompie 24. A steel wire of 4.Om is stretched through
Hence the work done in stretching the wire from
2.0 mm The cross-sectional area of the wire is 2.0 m#. If
0.61 mm to 1.02 mm,
Young's modulus of steel is 2.0 x tOl1 tttm 2 , yind (i) thLe
energy density of the wire qnd (ii) the elastic potential LW =Wz*Wt=e499_ 8.967)x 10-3
energy stored in the wire. = 10.023x 10-3I.
Solution. Here I - 4.0 m, ; r,,.,,, " A40kgboyzohoselegbonesare4or? inarea
Ll =2.0 mm =2.0 x 10-3m, and 50 on long falls through a height of 50 cm witlnut
breaking_his leg bones. If the bones can stand a stress of
A=2.0mm2 =2.0x 1A-6rn2,y:2.0x 1011 Nm-2
0.9 x 108 Nm-2, calurlate tlrc Young's modulus for the
(l) Energy density, 2.
material of the bone. Take c = 70 ms
u =1 Y* (strain)2 = ] n, l. 4')' Solution. Here ru= 40kg, h =2m, I =0.50 rn,
2 2 l./,
A= 4x10-4m2
=!, '.r:-'l'=
2 zx 1011 , [,14.0 l
2.s x 104 Jm-3. Volumeof leg= Al=4x 10-ax 0.50
= 2 x 10-am3

\
 MECHANICAL PROPERT|ES OF SOLIDS 9.21

Loss in gravitational P.E. 3. Limiting stress = 0;9 x 108 N*-2,

= Gain in elastic P.E. by both iegs Y =7.4x loloNm-2
rngh = 2x x stress x strain x volume Length of both the tregs, I = 2 x 50 = 100 cm = 1.0 m,
f
40 x 10 x 2 =2x ]x 0.9x 108 x strainx 2 x\0-a Stretdring force,
or . 40x10x2
strarn:
2
F= Stressx area = 0.9 x 108 x 5 x 10a
0.9x2x104 45

Young's modulus,
stress 0'9 ^ 108 x 45
strain 2 N= = t4;Td'-
:2.025x 10e Nm-2. I
- 6.43 x10-3m
roblems For Practice Elastic P.E., , ,

A steel wire of lergth 2.0 m is stretdred through 2.0 mm.

U= r
| " U = |x4.5x 104 x 6.43 x 10-3
ilr
The cross-sectional area of the wire is 4.0 mm2. = 744.7 !.
Calculate the elastic potential energy stored in the
wire in the stretched condition. Young's modulus 9.17 rorssoN's MTto
of steel is 2.0 x 1011 Nm-' (Ans. 0.8 ])
28. Define Poisson's ratio. Write an expression it.
If the Young's modulus of steel is 2 x 1d1Nm-2, lNhat is the significance of negatioe sign inforthis
calculate the work done in stretching a steel wire
expression ?
100 cm in iength and of cross-sectional area
0.03 cm2 when a load of 20 kg is slowly applied Poisson's ratio. When a wire is loaded, its length
without the elastic limit being reached. increases but its diameter decreases. The strain
( ., 0.032 J) produced in the direction of applied force is called
longitudinal strain and that produced in the per-
The iimiting stress for a typical human bone is
pendicular direction is called lateral skain.
0.9 x 108 Nm-2 while Young's moduius is
2.
1.4 x 1010Nm Ho*'much energy can be absorbed Within the elastic limit, the ratio
b1, two legs (without breaking) if each has a typical of lateral strain to the longitudinal
length of 50 cm and an average cross-sectionai area strain is called Poisson's ratio.
of5cm2? (Ans.1.44.7l) Suppose the length of the
loaded wire increases from I to
/ + Al and its diarneter decreases
A/ 2.0 x 10-l from Dto D-AD.
Strain=-'=- =10-r
I 2.0
Longitudinal strain =Ar
Stress =y r4 =2.0 x 101r x 10-3 =2.0 x 108Nm-2
I
I
Lateral strain = _LD
Voiume of the wire D
= Al = 4"A x10-5 x2.0 = 8.0 r 10-6m3 Poisson's ratio is
Lateral strain
U=
f St."s xstrain x volume Longitudinal strain
= x10-3 x8.0x10-6 =0.8I. l+-+l
)"2.0x108 D-AD
\\-ork done = Stretcflnf r:* x extension
-*Lplp
I ^Ut
,/ z1) 9.22 Poisson's
z) rabiz
-4,a

\.
 PHYSlCS-XI
9.22

For Your l(nowledge Poisson's ratio,

ADI D AD I
.s, For all substances, the theoretical value of o lies
betu,een - 1 and + 0'5. In actual practice, the value of
D N
^III
oDAl
o lies between 0 and 0'5 for most of the substances' 0.2x 6x 10-3x3.32x 10-s
; Relations between Y, K, q and o
-.. AD I
(,) Y= 3K (1- 2o) (il) Y= 2n(1+ o) = 8.8x l'0-e m.
(ilr) o =
3r-2q 9 3 1-
(ru\=+ Exomple 30. Amaterial has Poisson's ratio 0'5' If a
6r+24 "Y n K
uniform rod of it sffirs a longitudinal strain of 2 x 10-"'
wh.qt is the percentage inuetlse in aolume ?
Solution. Longitudinal strain,
L=z*to*u
I
Lateral strain
Poisson's ratio = - . Poisson's ratio, o = 0.5
L""git"dit't'l tt*i'
o=
Lateraistrain -ARi R
Or o= ^DID As
ll Longitudinal strain Ll ll
^t I
AR
--o f/ =-0.5^2 " lo =-l' to-r
Length I and diameter D are in metre, Poisson's
ratio o has no units. Volume of rod,
':'* . Determine the Poisson's ratio of the material V=nRzl
:, ; i: r-: i i'
= Percentage increase in voluine i..e
o.f a urire uhose t,olu'me retrlqins constant under sn external
r{ n 41 l'. roo
nortnal stress.
D2 ^Iv , '""
rotl =[ z
[-n t)
Solution. Volume of a rvirc, V =n:- I
3
= [2 x (-1)x 10 +2
'.10--31'100
- 0.
As volume remains constant, the dlfferentiation o{ C\
the above equation gives
-PtoUl"-. fot Pt".tl*ratio for siiver' Given its
o=nl2DdD+"1.r, , Calculate the Poisson's
2
44 Youns's modulus :7.25 x 1010Nm arnd i-'ulk
-2.
g *o.i,,i.,. : 11 1010 Nm
-ztdD: DdI or A
1,:11:'' 0.39)
D = -!2l - A material has Poissorr's ratio 0.2. If a uniform rod
Bv definition, Poisson's ratio is of it suffers longitudinal strain 4.0 x 10-3, calculate
ldl the percentage change in its voiume. (:i:r'" A'21'/n)

- -(tDtD=!rL=,=0.r.
C'=-
dtlt dtlt 2
i..:r:-:-:::r .::: grc end of a nylon rope of length 4.5 m and
diameier 6 nwt is fixed to a ftee limb. A monkey weighing
L00 N jtrtttps to cstclt the free end and stays there' Find the
elongntion of tlrc rope and the corresponding change itt
dianieter. Gitten Young's modulus tf nylon
= 4.8 x 1011 Nrra2 and Poisson's ratio of nylon =0.2.
Solution. Here I = 4.5 m,
D=6mm=6x10 3m, F=100N,
Y = 4.8 x 1011 Nm-2, <t -0.2
As Y=!.L
ALt
.. Al=
F I .-..._: 100 x 4.5
-
A 7 j.r+ . (3. 10 r;2 ' 4.8, iolr

= 3.32x 10-s m.
 MECHANICAL PROPERTIES CF SOLIDS
9.23

l' .', ,,, '' In what respect, the behaviour of glassy

forces ? solids is similar to that of the liquids ?
:.,,, ,. Generaliy the intermolecular forces are ',.. ' : ..i In case of glassy solids, the orderiy
attractive, but they are repulsive for intermolec'-rlar arrangement of atoms is limited to a very short range and
separations less than 1C-10m. in this respect they are sirr.iiar to liquids.
',,,,:,, :, Whv do crystalline solids have rvell
: :,,,.: r' : l{hat is the origin of interatomic force ? .
'':'::,1 :.: Interatomic force arises due to tl-re defined geometrical external shapes ?
eiectrostatic inieraction between the nuclei of two atonls,
':, .- . . This is because the atoms and molecules are
their electron clouds and between the nucleus of one atom arranged in a definite geometrical repeating manner
and the electron cloud of the other atom. throughout the body of the crystal.
:', .:':, , ' What is the origin of intermolecular force ? : , .::,.', :. Amorphous solids are Rot true solids'
.'. Interrnc'rlecular force arises due to the
r:r..,:,:r Why and what are theY called then ?
electrostatic interaction between the opprosite charged '. r: : Like liquids, amorphous soljds have
ends of molecular dipoles. di.sordered arrangement of atoms or moiecules' The
,-:-,l .,-. : Arethe intermolecularforcesinvolvedin molecules of a liquid are free to move but the rnolecules of
the formation of liquids and solids different in nature ? an amorPhou-q solid are almost fixed at their posiiions l e',
If yes, how ? amorphous solids are rigid due to their high viscosity'
i: I .. .:, Yes. The intermolecular forces involved in That is rvhy, we say amorphous soiids are super-cooled
the formation of liquids are attractive in nature n''hile in liquids of high viscositY.
the lormation of solids, the repulsive intermolecular :'r,,,:,, ::: :.r Our knowledge about crystalline solids
forees are more irnPortant. is better than amorphous solids' Why ?

i :,,.'., :: : State the factors due to which three states ,i,'i, ,:.
As crystalline solids possess long range and
of matter differ from each other. regular arrangement of atoms, hence their behaviour can
. :r' :,;': The three states of matter differ frorn each be easily understood.
other due to the foilowing luto factors : , :, . :, : Crystalline solids are called true solids'
(r) The different magnitudes of interaiomic and whv ?
intermolecular forces' .. ,:,.' . This is because cqrstalline solids have lr'ell
(ii) The degree of random thermal motion of the defined, regularly repeated three-dimensional arrange-
atoms anel the molec-r-rles of a substance ment of atoms or molecules.
depending on temPerature. : : . , . What is a perfectly elastic body ? Give an
j': , . .r' . What do you mean by long range order in example.
a crystalline structure ?
,
If, on rernoval of deforming force, a body
' ,: ,.r Long range order means that sirnilar pattems completely regains its original configuration, then it is
of atoms or molecules repeat over a large distance in a said to be perfectly elastic. For example, quartz'
crvstal. '. :.. , What is a perfectly plastic body ? Give
': :, ,,' '- What is the important strucfural diffetence
an example.
between crystalline and glassy solids ? ': : force, a body
,, If, on removal of deforming
'., ,',., :. In crystalline soiids the atoms or molecules does not regain its originai configuration even a little,
are arranged in a definite and long range order, but in then it is said to be perfectly plastic. For example, putty'
glassy solids there exists no such iong range order in the
' ' ,. , No material is perfectly elastic. Why ?
arrangement of atoms or molecules.
:,,': All materials undergo a change in their
',, '' ,
Amorphous solids do not melt at a sharp
original state, howsoever small it may be, after the
temperature, rather these have softening range, Explain
removal of deforming force. Hence, there is no such
this observation.
material rr;hich is perfectly eiastic'
:.. :,,,,,. A11 bonds in an amorphous solid are not ; ' .1.1 When does a body acquire a permanent
equall,v strong. When tire soliC is heated, weaker bonds
set ?
gei ruptr-rred at lower temperatures and the stronger ones
',ri: ir.^-: When the deforming force exceeds the
at higher temperatures. So the soiid first softens and ihen
finaliv melts. elastic limit, the body acquires the permanent set'

i"
 PHYSICS-XI

or air ?
Problem 29' Which is mote elastic-water
" A thick wire is suspended from a rigid than air' Air can be
end' Is this Water is more elastic
support, but no loatl is attached to its free
Solution.
and bulk
wire under stress ? urrify .o*pt"ssed while water is incompressible
: Yes, the wire is under stress due to its ou'n
modllrs ii reciprocal of compressibility'
steel and not of
,,r,eight. Problem 30. Why ate springs made of
coppet 7 lHimachal o3l
State the two factors on which the greater than that
Solution. Young's modulus of steel is
modulus of elasticitY dePends' lesserJhan a coPPer
of copper. So steel ipring is stretched
i,. The modulus of elasticity depends upon rrrra". the same ieforming force' Moreover'
steel
used in ,p.iJj
(r) nature of the material and (ii) tvpe of stress .!*rit to its original state more quickly than copper on
producing the strain. the removal of deforming force'
. ,, i, , ., -,, Is it possible to double the length o{ a
Problem 31. In stretching a wire' we have
to perform
metallic wire by applying a force over it ? work. WhY ?
rr::,.':: No, it is not possible because within elastic
-.i
Solution.ll/henawireisstretched'interatomicforces
actually
limit strain is only of the older of 10-3' Wires of attraction come into play' In order to
stretch the wire'
the length'
break much before it is stretched to double work has to be done against these forces'
.- , Is elastic limit a property
of the material done in
, :" :, ::. Problem 32. What happens to the work
of the wire ?
stretching a wire ?
',.,:.r', No. It alsodependsonthe radiusof thewire' Solution. The work done in stretching a wire is stored
, ., i'1,,,: .,- Stress and pressure are both forces per in it as elastic Potential energY'
Problem 33. Two identical springs of
from steel and
unit area. Then in what respect does stress differ will
work
pressure ? .opp". are equally stretched' On wtrictr more
per unit area' have to be done ?
",, ': Pressure is the external force
,
is greater than that
r,r,hiiesiressistheinternalrestoringforcewhichcomes Solution. Young's m'rdulus of steel
per unit same extension' large force
plav
i:-rto in a deformed body acting transversely of copper. In orderlo produce
area of the bodY. will have to be applied on the steel spring than that on the
gases' which spring. H",t." *ot" work will be done on the steel
. : 1, ' ', , Among solids, liquids and copper
can have all the three moduli of elasticity ? spring.
Problem 34. If two identical springs
of steel and
' ,.i,,: Oniy solids' Liquids and gases have only then in
bulk modulus. ."p;; ate pulled by applying equal,fotces'
which case more wolk will have to be done
?
Among solids, liquids an'd gases' which
1'1.'i ., ;,, ,- I
Solution. Steel spring will be stretched
to a lesser
possess the greatest bulk modulus ?
extent. Now mo." *oik *i11 be done on the copper spring'
Solution. Solids.
when it is
Problem 25' Which type of elasticity is
involved in Problem 35. Why does a wire get heated
bent back and forth ?
the following caseb ?
(iii) Solution. !\trhen a wire is bent back
and forth' its
(l) Compressing of gas (ii) ComPressing a liquid
on the upper face deformations are beyond elastic limit' The
work done against
Stretching a *ire (lz) Tangential push
totally in the form of
of a block. interatomic fo.c"s is no longer stored
struchrre of the wire gets
potential energy. The crystaliine
Solution' (l) Bulk modulus (ii) Bulk modulus into heat energy'
affected and work done is converted
(lli) Young's modulus (lo) Modulus of rigidity' by bending it
Problem 35. A hard wire is broken
Problem 25. What does the slope of stress
versus
repeatedly in alternating directions' Why ?
strain graPh give ? to repeated
modulus of Solution. \Arhen the wire is subjected
Solution. The slope of stress-strain gives strains, the strength of its material decreases
alternating
elasticitY.
and the wire breaks.
Problem 27. How does Young's modulus change of
Problem 37. Why is the longer side of ctoss-section
with the rise of temPetature ? dePth
the rise of girder used
as
Solution' Youngls modulus decreases with
Solution' DePression,
temperature.
rubbet in '= #
Problem 28. Write coPPet, steel, glass and will be small
the ordet of increasing coefficient of elasticity' Cleariy, the depression of the girder
< when depth d islaige,because 6 a: d-3 '
Solution. Rubber < giass < coPper steel'

!1
MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF SOLIDS

'rr ,,.:,: ,'' The ratio stress/strain remains constant graphs of elastic
for a small deformation. What happens to this ratio if materials. Which one corresPonds to that of brittle
deformation is made very iarge ? material ? fCentral Schools 08]
''. :: \{tren the deforming, force exceeds the
elastic 1imit, the strain increases more rapidlv than stress.
Hence the ratio of stress/strain decreases-
; ,',,:r .,'' ' Why are electric poles given hollow
structure ?
'.; , ,.
This is because a hollow sha{t is stronger than a
solid shaft made trom the same and equal amouni of material.
: ,., :' , -, The Young's modulrrs of a wire of length
L and radius r is Y. If the Iength is reduced to Ll2 and
radius r l4,what will be its Young's modulus ?
[Central Schools 04]
', r,,'. :,r' Young's modulus is a material constant. It is
not af{ected by the change in dimensions of the "r'ire' It
will remain equal to Y.
:': ,,, r tl A wire fixed at the upper end stretches
by length I by applying a force F What is the work done
in stretching the wire ? (c)

';:, r :::r Work done in stretching the wire, 1i9.9.23

W = ] Stretching force x increase in length = * ,t.
Solution. Graph (a) represents a brittle material as it
indicates a very small plastic range of extension.
its ends is stretched by attaching a weight of 200 N to the Problem 45. A wire stretches by a certain amount
lower end" The weight stretches the wire by 1 mm' Find under a load. If the load and radius both are increased to
the elastic energy stored in the wire. IAIEEE 031 four times, find the stretch caused in the wire.
Solution. Here F=200N I = Lmm = 10-3m [Chandigarh 08]
Elastic potential energy stored in the wire, , =+ "+
Solution. Young's modulus,
u = j n = )"zoox 1o-3 = 0.1 J.
.'.Elongation,
. wI- wLa.
I=-=
Problem 43. If S is the skess and Yis Young s modulus " A'1 nr'Y
of the material of a wire, what is the energy stored in the
wire per unit volume in terms of S and Y ? IAIEEE 05]
When both load and radius are increased to four
times, the elongation becomes
Solution. Elastic potential energy stored per unit volume
.. 4WxL WL I
"'2------2v2y=l "st.*rs "tfgql = !^'
u= lstress xstrain ' =;@fr= 4;fi=a

Problem 1. In the diagrarn a graph between the inter- (l) As the intermolecular distance r decreases,
molecular force F acting between the molecules of a solid the force of attraction between the molecules increases.
and the distancer between them is shown Explain the graplu (ll) When the distance decreases to r, the force of
attraction is maximurn.
(Repulsion)
(iri) As the distance further decreases, the attractive
t force goes on decreasing and when the distance decreases
I
to rn , the force becomes zero. When the distance decreases
below ro , the molecules begin to repel and the repulsive
I

F
force increases rapidly.
r ' . ,.::: - Crystalline solids have sharp melting
(Attraction)
points. Amorphous solids do not rnelt at a sharp
temperature ; rather these have a softening range of
temperature. Explain.
8i9.9.24
 ,: ir:
PHYSICS_XI

-,:i::iri,:, All bonds in a crystalline solid are equalir. (e) What is peculiar about the portion of the
strong. When the solid is heated, these bonds get ruptured stress-strain graph from C to B ? Up to what skess
at the same temperature. So crystalline solids have sharp can the wire be subiected without causing
melting points. fracture ? [Delhi 08]
On the other hand, all bonds in an amorphous solid .:,,,:r;,:r::t. (a) Hcoke's law is obeyed upto ihe point P,
are not equally strong. When the solid is heated, u,eaker becar-rse upto this point, siress cc strain.
bonds break at lower temperatures and the stronger ones (ll) Poini E corresponds to elastic limit because the
at higher temperatures. So the solid first softens and then n,ire returns to original state O along EPOif it is gradually
finally melts, i.e., the amorphous solids do not have sharp unloaded.
melting points.
(c) The elastic region is from O to E and the plastic
:,, . Which is more elastic-rubber or steel
:'.,,r-,, ? region is from E to B.
Explain, :i:, tr.: , :l:,: ,:: :: (d) Upto point P, stress is proportional to strain.
r.i:l:.: .-:: Consider ttaro rods of steel and rubber, each Between P and E" strain increases more rapidly than
having length I and area of cross-section A. If they are stress and Hooke's lau, is not obeyed. When the ruire is
subjected to the same deforraing force F, then the unloaded at any poini A beyond E, the rvire does not
extension A( produced in the steel rod will be less ihan retrace the curve AEPObut follorars the dashed curve AO'.
the extension Al, in the rubber rod, i.e., Al. < A/,.. Nor.t, When the stress becomes zero, a residual strain OO'is left
rtFl in the wire.
Y.=: .-' and Y -
'AA/,',ALl, (e) Between C and g the wire virtually flows out, i.e.,
the strain increases even r.vhen the wire is being unloaded.
vLl Fracture takes place at point B. The stress can be applied
YAI
rS to the value corresponding to the point C ll,'iihout causing
As < Llr, so Yr, Y,
Lls fracture.
i.e., Young's modulus for steel is greater than that of ,r:::1-:1';" i Two different types of rubber ale found
rubber. Hence steel is more elastic than rubber. to have the stress-strain curyes as shown in Fig,9.26.
Problem 4. The stress-strain graph for a metal wire is (a) In which significant ilrays do these curves differ
shown in Fig. 9.25. Up to the point E, the wire returns to from the stress-strain curve of a metal wire
its original state O along the curve EPO when it is shown inFig.9.26 ?
gradually unloaded. Point B corresponds to the fracture (b) A heavy machine is to be installed in a factorv.
of the wire. To absorb vibrations of the machine, a block of
rubber is placed between the machinery and the
floor. Which of the two rubbers ,4 and B worrid
you prefer to use for this purpose ? Why ?
t (c) Which of the two rubber materials would vou
choose for a car tyre ? [Ceffral Schools Ofl

oo' Strain -+
t 1
o
Fig. 9.2s a cn

(a't Up to which point on the curve is Hooke's law

obeyed ? This point is sometimes called "Propor-
tionality limit".
Strain,+ Strain -+

(b) Which point on the curve corresponds to elastic'

limit and yield point of the wire ?
(c) Indicate the elastic and plastic regions of the --,':;i::ir:j : (a) The stress-strain curves for rubber differ
stress-strain $aph. from the stress-strain curve for a metai in follou.ing
(d) Describe what happens when the wire is loaded respects :

up to a stress corresponding to the pointA on the (il Hooke's law is not obeyed even tbr small stresses.
gaph, and then unloaded gradually. In (ll) There is no permanent set (residual strain)
particular, explain the dotted cuwe. even for large stresses.
 .; ..: ,'
MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF SOLIDS

(iii) There is large elastic region fcr both types of ?ii;\i,:';ri.::i A cable is replaced by another of the same
rubber. tength and material but of twice the diameter. (a) Hor,r'
(ia) Neither material retraces the curve durinq does this affect its elongation under a given load ? (b)
unioading. Thus both materials erhibit elastic How many times will be tl're maximum load it can now
support without exceeding the elastic limit ?
hysteresis.
.":i;i-r.r:,:i.r:-r. (a) Young's modulus,
(&) The area of ihe hi,steresis loop is proportional to
the energy dissipated by the material as heat w'hen the v_ Mgt _ Mll 4Mgl
material unciergoes loading and unloading. A material for
, -Trj
r Dtz
-- nd.nt
rthich the hysteresis locp has larger area u'ouid absorb nl .A/
more energy vr,hen subiected to vibrations. Therefore to
\2.)
al-.sorb vibrations, rn,e lt'ould prefer rubber B. where D is ihe diameter of the wire'
(c) In car tvre, the energy Cissipation must be 4Mql 1
Elongalion, Ll- i.e., \l a-
minimised to avoid excessive heating o[ the car tyre. ft ity U
;\s rubber 4 h.a,q smaller hvsteresis looo area (and will
Clearly, if the diameter is doubled, the elongation
hence smaller energv loss), so it is preferred to B for a car
become one-fourth.
tyre.
j";',:,i:ir.:r
Ilead each of the statements below care-
11.
(b) Also load, *s = "d . tt.y i.t., Mg,: tf
fully and state, with reasons, if it is true or false. +
(a) When a material is under tensile stress, the Clearly, if the diameter is doubled, the wire can
restoring forces are caused by interatomic attrac- support 4 times the original load.
tion while under compressional stress, the i:'rr':i.lrr':: :j. Two wires of same length and material
restoring forces are due to inter-atornic repulsion. but of different radii are suspended ftom a rigid
(b) A piece of rubber under an ordinary stress can support. Both carry the same load' Will the stress, strain
display 10009rb strain : yet when unloaded returns and extension irr them be same or different ?
to its original length' This shorvs that the elastic :,i:ir:ii]tj. Let r, and r, be the radii of the iwo wires
restoring forces in a rubber piece are strictly
(rlsiress F '..
F (stress), rr-
-- r
conservative.
' ForsameloadF, - tr'
(c) Elastic restoring forces are strictl,rr conservative A ftr' -
(stress)"
only when Hooke's law is obeYed.
{lr) >tr.rn,
A/rF
!,r:itir.:,:;,. (r) True. trn tensile stress, the interatomic I AY r'-Y
separatic'rn becomes greater than equilibrium separation
and the interatomic {orces are attractive. In compressicnal ' Y are same, ss
For the two wires F and l(strain),
--- r = ;
i
stress, the interatomic separation becomes less than 6 and
(straint" rf
the interatomic Iorces are repuisive. EI EI
(b) False. As the piece of rubber returns to its original (rir) Extcnsion, Ll = AY
^.' =-- 1'-
fir- y
length r,r,hen unloaded, it is a case of elastic hysteresis in ( A/ )r
which there is some loss of energv. This signifies l.and Yr are same. so
For the ti','o ttires F, L,drrq "" 't=
non-conscr\ dtive forces. (LD, f
(c) False. Even if the stress-strain curves are F1ence stress, strain and extension are all different for
non-linear, the elastic forces are conservati-"e as long as
the two raiires.
loading and unloading curves are identical.
:,r l-- .'.'-: l,: A uniform plank of Young's modulus Y
.'. Two wires of different materials are
i:tir-:i,i;,:::r
suspended from a rigid support. They have the same is moved over a smooth horizontal surface by a constant
length and diameter and carry the same load at their free horizontal force F. The area of transverse section of the
ends. (a) Will the stress and strain in each wire be the plank is 21. Find the compressive strain on the plank in
same ? (b) Win the extension in both rvires be the same ? the direction of the force.
jri:i;:.;r::-:. (n) Stress in both the wires is the same as :. . :::r,:.: As the force at the other end of the plank is
both the wires har.e the same diameter and carry the same F+0 f
load at iheir free ends. Strain wili be different in the tn'o
zero, so {he average stretching force = | =Z
ltires as the wires are of ciifferent rlaterials, even though r
.- Stress = '
the stress is the same.
(&) Because the original lengths of ihe trvo r'r'ires are Stress 1 F
equal and strains produced in them are different, hence Strarn =
Y 2AY
ertensions in the tr,vo wires lviJl not be same.
 :.: PHYSICS_XI

: r ,, What are the factors which affect the i. ::i Two identical solid balls, one of ivory
elasticity of a material ? and the other of wet-clay, are dropped from the same
',, : The following factors affect the elasticitv of a height on the floor. Which will rise to a greater height
material : after striking the floor and why ?
(l) Hammering and rolling. In both of these r The ball which is more elastic rises to a
processes, the crystal grains are broken into sma1l greater height after striking the floor. Ivory is more elastic
units and the elasticity of the material increases. than wet-clay. Hence the ball of ivory will rise to a greater
(ll) Annealing. This process results in the formation of height. In fact, the bail of wet-clay will not rise at all, it wiil
larger crystal grains and elasticitv of the material get flattened.
decreases. r The breaking force for a wire is F. What
(lll) Presence of impurities. Depending on the nature will be the breaking force for (a) two parallel wires of
of the impurity, the elasticity of a material can be the same sw.e (bl for a single wire of double the thickness ?
increased or decreased. (n) When two w-ires of same size are
(lo) Temperature. Elasticity of most of the materials suspended in parailel, a force equal to the breaking force
F

decreases with the increase in temperafure. The will act on each wire if a breaking force of 2F is applied on
elasticity of invar is not affected bv temperature. the paralle1 combination.
. : . r, Elasticity has a different meaning in YA al Y.nrz
(1,)F=---' Al
i.e., Fyr'
physics than that in daily life. Comment. II
' :' In daily life, a body is said to be elastic if a Thus tbr a single wire of double the thickness, the
iarge deformation or strain is produced on applying a breaking force will be 4F.
given stress on it. In physics, elasticitv is the property of Graphite consists of planes of carbon
the material of a body by virtue of which it opposes any atoms. Between atoms in the planes there are only weak
change in its size or shape when a stress is applied on it. forces. What kind of elastic propetties do you expect
Thus a body will be more elastic if a small strain is from graphite ?
prociuced on applying a given stress on it.
Due to weak attractive forces between
. ..ri. Why a spring balance does not give carbon atoms of different planes, it is easier to produce a
correct measurement, when it has been used for a long
iarge shearing strain by moving one plane of atoms over
time ? [Himachal 05C,07C] the other wiih the application of a smail tangential stress.
. ,,,. \\rhen a spring balance has been used for a Now
long time, it develops an elastic fatigue, the spring of such Tangential stress
a balance takes longer time to recover its original Modulus of rigidity, 11 =
Shear strain
configuration and therefore it does not give correct
measurei-nent. Hence graphite should possess a smali modulus of
rigidity.
Why the bridges are declared unsafe
after long use : , j, r' " Why does modulus of elasticity of most
? [Himachal 0A 07C]
of the materials decrease with the increase of tempe-
During its long use, a bridge suffers
rature ?
aitemating strains continuously. Consequently, the elastic
strength of the bridge gets reduced. After a long time, the As the temperafure increases, the inter-
bridge der.,elops elastic fatigue and there occurs a atomic forces of attraction become u,eaker. For given
permanent change in its strucfure. This permanent change stress, a larger strain or deformation is produced at a
ultimately leads the bridge to collapse. In order to avoid higher temperature. Hence the modr.rlus of ela'sticity
this event, the bridges are declared unsafe after long use. (stress/strain) decreases with the increase of temperafure.

&
=
Problem 1. Awire elongatesby I mm when aloadW b .'. Elonsation.l =wL
hanged from it. lf the wire goes ooer a pulley and tTpo AY
Toeights W each are hung at the fipo ends, what will be the
On either side of the wire, tension is W but lengthisl 12.
elongation of the utire in mm ? IAIEEE 06I
.'. Elongation produced along either side : I l2 mrn
, =)
Solution. Young's modulus,'Al
"! Total elongation produced = I I 2 + II 2= I mm.
 MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF SOLIDS 9.29

(, 10 -m)
_f

Problem 2. A wire is cut to half its original length. A1

(a) How would it affect the elongation under a gitten load ?

(b) How does it
affect the maximum load it can support
without exceeding the elastic limit ?
Solution. Young's modulus, Y =
E'l
ALI
E1
(al Ll = i.e., Ll ,,c I
AY
So when the wire is cut half to its original length, 20 40 60
extension is halved.
Fig. 9.28
(&) Maximum load, F =U!I
Solution. IA/hen W :20N, Al=1x10-am
Here Y and A are constant. When the wire is cut to
half its original length, there is no change on the value . v- Fl w ' 120 1

of Ll I l.Hence there is no effect on the maximum load.

AAI A A/ 10-6 1 x 1o-a
Problem 3. A bar of cross-section A is subiected to equal = 2x Lo11Nm-2.
and opposite tensile forces at its ends. Consider a plane Problem 5. A metallic wire is stretched by suspending
section of the bar whose normal makes an angle e with the lf u is the longitudinal strain and Y is the
weight from it.
axis of the bar. Young's modulus, show_that^elastic potential energy per
(a) lMat is the tensile stress on this plane ? unit iolume is gfuen Ay
|Va2
. [Roorkee 82]
(b) lMat is the shearing stress on this plane ? Solution. Elastic P.E' per unit volume,
(c) For what value of 0 is the tursile stress maximum ? u=|stressxstrain
(d) For what aalue of 0 is the shearing stress maximum ? stress
But y = ?tt":t - [... strain = cr]
Strain c{,

.'. Stress=Ycr
Hence +Y o" o =/Y a2.
"=
Problem 6. A copper wire of negligible mass, 1- m length
Fis.9.27 and cross-sectionsl area 1O-6n? is kept on a smooth
horizontal table with one end fixed. A ball of mnss 1 kg is
Solution. (a) The resolved part of F along the attached to the other end. The wire and the ball are rotating
normal is the tensile force on this plane and the
with an angular uetocity of 20 rad s-r . y th, elongation in
resolved part parallel to the plane is the shearing force
the wire is 10-3m, obtain the Young's modulus. If on
on the plane.
increasing the angular oelocity fo 100 rads-r, the wire
F cos o
Tensile s1.sss =IeM - :I.or, e breaks diwn, obtain the breaking stress. [Roorkee 92]
Area Asec0 A
Solution. When the ball is rotated at the end of
f.' Area of Plane section = A sec 0l copper wire, restoring force in the wire is equal to the
(b) Shearing stress centripetal force on the ball.
Force F cos o F Centripetal force,
- Area- Asec0= A ri, o cos o =i2A sin2o.
F =mr6] =mk* l': r=l)
(c) Tensile stress will be maximum when cos2 e is
maximum, 1.e., cos 0 =1 or 0 = 0o.
As Y =!.L
ALI
or F =Y lot
re (d) Shearing stress will be maximum when sin 2 0 is YALI= ml(n'
,)
I
mt,220)
maximum, i.e., sin20=7 or 20 =90o or 0=45".
or )'=
I ALI
Problem 4. The graph Gig.9.2il shuos the extmsion(LI)
But m=7kg l=1m, ro=20rads-1, A=1.0-6m2,
of a wire af lmgth 1 m suspended from the top of a roof at one Al =10-3m
cnd with a load W mnnected to the other end' tf the cross'
sectional area of the wire is 1'O-6n?, calculate the Young's ... y-1x(1)2x(20-) :4x1o11Nm 2.

modulus of the matuial of the wire. [IIT screening 031 10-o x 10-'
9.30 PHYSiCS _XI

Breaking force
= *rr*^o = ml o2^ * = 1x 1x (100)2 = 19+ NI
Breaking stress

_ Breaking force ,r^ ,

= o =
1010 Nm_z.
Area 10-
Problem 7 . A load of 31.4 kg is suspmded ftom a wire of
radius 10-rm and density 9 x l0r kg*".Calculate the
change in temperature of the utire if 75% of the work done is
conaerted into heat. The Young's modulus and thc specific 2-x -4
iire are 9.8x7010 Nm:z a;d
heat of the material of the
490 | kg-l K-l respectioely.
,l EI
[Roorkee 93]
Fig. 9.29
Solution.As Y=''.-
,lL
Al ='-.
ALI AY (i) Stress in steei *ir" = a,
A1
Work done,
Stress in brass wire :1'
W= -1 Strctchinr-
Jforcexextension= FAi
I

4
2
1- t'I Fll As both tlre stres-ses are equal, so
- 2 ,.\ AY zAY T.
i= T1
- \:L:0.1
.'.
7240.22 =1
or
Let AT be the rise in temperature when 75% of the
A1 4
u,ork done changes into heat. Then Norv rnoments about C are equal as the sysiem is in
0.75W = mc LT equilibrium
'ra,.a
where m( n I p) is the mass of the wire and c its .'. Llt' x-I^(2 x\ or
-.i

specific heat.
r2 (
.'. 0.75^ 1L t
0.75 F
2
or
I L --l
1.. 1 -1]
2AY
-Al orLT or Al'= " 2x I
17 2)
2A-Ypc \,

But F = MB =31.4x 9.8 N, A=3.14x 10 6m2, x:4 -2x

I
.'. 3x=4 or 1= =1.33m.
Y =9.8x 1010 Nm-2, p =9x 103 kg * ', J

kg-1 t<-' (ll) Now Y = Stress/Strain

c = 490 J
.'. Strain = Stress/Y
0.75x (31.4x9.8 '[t4
.'. AT =
Strain in steel wirc = 'i-"1
2 x (3.14x 10-o)' x 9.8x 10" x9x 1 x 490 )1
T^IA.
=1rc
720
Strain in brass \,\ ire = ' ,) '
,2

Problem 8. A light rod af length 2 m is T,

suspended Now =7,
horizantally by means of two aertical wires of equal lengths 4Y, $.Y,
tied to its ends. One of the wires is made of steel and is af
cross-section 4
= 0.t cnf the other is of brass and is of \=4Y, = 0.1 cm2x 20x 1010 Nm-2
^and
cross-section 4=0.2 crf .Find out the position along the
Tz $Y, 0.2 cm2x 10x 10ru Nm
rod at which a weight must be suspended to produce (i).equal -a
1

stresses in both wires, (ii) equal strains in both wires. For

stal,Y =20 x 1010 Nm-2 andforbrassY =10 x 1010 Nm-2. Again, T.rx = Tr(2 - x) or L=2 -*
T2x
Solution. The situation is shown in Fig. 9.29.Let AB
tIIT]
1
a-
')-
t
r.. =1il
be the rod of length 2 m. Suppose a weight Wis hung
x L
rzl
at C at distance x frorn A.Let 4 *d
T, be the tensions x-2-x
in the steel and brass rods respectively. 2x=2 or x=1m.
MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF SOLIDS 9.31

Problem 9. A thin rod of negligible mass and area of

cross-section 4x10-6 n?, suspendid aertically from one
end has a length of 0.5 m qt L00"C. The rod is cooled at }oC,
but preaented from contracting by attaching a mass at the
lower end. Find (i) this mass and (ii) the energy stored in the
rod. Giuen for this rod, Y =1011Nm-2, coefficient of linear
'
expansion:10-sK-1 and g=10 ms-z. lff gn
Solution. Here
A=4x10-6m2, l=0.5m, ris. 9.30
-0 =100.c= 100 K
A7 = 100
(ii) If T is the tension in the string, then
Y = 1011 Nm-2, o =10-s IC1
W
Change in length, 2Tcos0=W or f=
2cos0
A/=/aAT=0.5x10-sxl00
= 5x 10{m Now cos o = L:-:J-
oB tr|, n *,
As Y =stress
x
.{'
^tlt t 2"1
Stress=V4=Vxo,AT rl1' to,,''' /11+l-
I
= 1011 x 10-5 x 100 = 108Nm-2 )
I 2
zr)
I

Stretching force, As :"v- <<'1, so r+1=r

2I' 2l-
F = Stressx area =108 x 4x 10-6
coso=1 and 1=-- w
wl
=4x102N I 2(xlt) 2x
But F= Mg .'. I\4=4x1A2 _TWl
Stress =
M=4^102-4'102 -4okg' A 2Ax
I 10
(lulY=-Stress wl X-=-
2P wl3
(ll) Energy stored in the rod Strain 2 Ax x' Ax"
=/r"nt
or , =iY1'''
lvA)
.

= *." nx 102 x 5 x 10-a = 0.1I.

Problem 10. A wire of cross-sectionnl area A is Problem 11.. A stone of 0.5 kg mass is nttached to one
stretched horizontally between two clamps located at a end of a 0.8 m long aluminium wire of 0.7 mm diameter and
distance 2l metres from each other. A weight W kg is suspended aertically. The stone is now rotated in a
suspended ftom the midpoint of the wire. lf the oertical horizontal plane at a rate such that the wire makes an angle
distance through which the mid-point of the wire mooes of85" with the aertical. Find the increase in the length of the
down be x <1, then find (i) the strain produced in the wire. wire. The Y oung's modulus of aluminium =7 x 1A10 Nm1,
(ii) the stress in the area. (iii) lf Y is the Young's modulus of sin85"=09962, cos85"= A0872 )
wire, then find the aalue of x. [Roorkee 90]

Solution. The situation is shown in Fig. 9.30. The -., l:,r''

Assho-*minFig.9.31,
increase in length of the wire when it is pulled down let the stone be rotated in a circle
into shape BOC is of radius r with speed zr. Then the
forces acting on the stone are
Al = BO + OC *21 =2BO -21
. ,i2 -.2,112 (l) its weight mg acting
=z\t-+x-)''-21 vertically downwards,
I/ yza\112 I ) (ll) centrifugal force ,rr2 I , in
+:|
I

--2t'7
\
-2t=2tl,.r 4 I,, =l'-
[ /') I 2t',l t
horizontal direction, and
(iii) tension f in the wire.
A/ *2
...Strarn=_:-;.
21 21. Fig.9.31
 ir ll PHYSiCS-XI

Resolving T in horizontai and vertical directiont a,',lrtiililt When the temperafure is raised by 100"C,
we get the extensions irr the two rods are
Tcos0=mg ...(0 Ll, = s-11 AT - 10-5 x 1.0 x 100 = 10-3 m
a

and Tsin0=Iz' ...(ii) Llr=c,rt LT =2 x 10-5x 1.0 x 100 =2 x 10-3m

r
5 xjl Tensions produced in the rods are
... T = ntg = m8- =o = 56.j.9 N.
cos 0 cos 85" 0fr872
T.I =y.I A { -3'-19'n> A' Io-r

) =-'TIA T I 1 l.t)
As
Llll A Ll :3x107A neutcn
{, - Tt 56.19 ^ 0.8
AL 1010*Ax2x10-3
YA l)2
7,^l}tox rx(0.35' l0 't,2_,2
-Y A. ---! =
I 1.fr
=1.67 x 10-3 m =1.67 ntn,
=2x1.A7 A newton
Problem 12. Two rods of dffirent materials but of equal where A:area of cross-section of each rod.
cross-sections and lengths 0.0 m each) are ioined to make a
rod of length 2.0 m. The metal of one rod has coefficient of Total force needed to be applied at the ends to
lineat thermal expansion 19-5o6-1 and Young's modulus prevent expansion
3 x 1010 Nm-2 .Tie other metal has the ualues 2 x 10-s C-1
o
:7, +'l'z:5 x 107 A newton
and'l,0ro Nm2 respectiaely. How much pressure must be
applied to the ends of the composite rod to prersent its Force 4 : sx 2.
... pressure - Nm
Area-94!A
107
expansion when the temperature is raised by 1,00" C ?
lRoorkee 91I

ffi
ffiC=ffi
'W
tDELIN ES ro NCERT Exrnctsrs
',:.1. A steel wire of length 4.7 m and cross-sectiott
300
3.0 x 10-s mz stretches by the same amount as-a copper wire of
length 3.5m nnd cross-iection 4.0110-5 mz under a gioen t 2s0
load.IAhat is the ratio of the Youttg's modulus of steel to that of 200
E
copper ? - z
O 150
Forsteel : l=4.7m, A=3.0x10-'m z
For copper : I =3.5rr , A=4.0 * 10-sm2 a 100
(n
-\pplied force F and extension Al are same for both 50
rr'ires.
. . Young's rnodulus of steel,
u
o o.oo1 o.oo2 o.oo3 o.oo4
Strairr -+
. Fi F*4.7
''-,4.4/ 3.orlosxA/ Fig. 9.32

Young's modulus of copper, 1:"rc (a) Frrom the given graph for a stress of
2,
150 x 106 Nm the strain is 0.002.
\'- Fl F t3.5
'c- A.A1 4.0,105.aI .'. Yor"rng's modulus,

q'A/ y = SlIg!1_ l50x106Nrr]-2

Y, F' 4.] Strain
=_
0.002
Yc 3.0 x 10-' xA/
-r4.0.10
F x3.5
= 7"5 x1o1o Nm
2.

= 7.79. (t) Near the bend of the curve, the stress is nearly
t;.:" Fig. 9.32shows the stress-strain curae for a gitten 300 x 106Nm-2.
material.INhat are b) Young's modulus and (b) approximate yield .'. Approximate vield strength of the material
strength for this material ? = 3 x108 Nm-.2.
MECHA.N|CAL PROPERTIES OF SOLIDS 9.3 3

9.3. We stress-strain grayhs for materials A and B Ans. For s$eet w#e :
shown in f,S. 9.33. Sff
tL'rn
= 15 m. n = :0.125 x 10-2m
1- "*
Fr = 5+ 4= 10kg f:1Sx9AN
t t Y; = 2"A * 1d1 Pa
* o
F I F I
U) AS I=
AN -.-1#N
EI
8J=-.-
Strain -) Strai:-r -+
Strai:1 rv' Y
Fig.9.33 . .rtAr-LL
'rqr1
- a'.-

Tke graphs are drawn to the sarue scale.

1gy1l.gx1.I
{a) Which af the material ltas greater Young's madulus ? l
3.14 x(0.1?5 xtt)'z\2 x2.0x1l,f
(b\ lNhich maf.erial is ffrorc ductile ?

(c) YVhicn is more brittle ?

= 3..5 x10a m.
Fig. 9.34
{d) W,aick of the froo is stuanger material ? For brass wire :

lDelhi 09; Central Schools 12, 14I m, tz = 0.125 x t0-2m

lz = 1.0

Ans. (a) Young's modulus =

Strain
= sloPe of 1 = 6kgf = 6 x 9-8 N, Yz = 0.91x1d1Pa
== .E t,
stress-strain graph.
As the slope of stress-strain graph for material 4 is -ry
^b=-3 Y2

higher tlran that for material B, so material A has greater 6x9.8x1.0

Yotrng's nnodulus than B. S"f* * t0.US x 10-2)2 x0.91 x 1dl
(b) fotaterial A is more ductile than B, because it has
larger range of plastic extension between its elastic limit
:13 x10a m-
and fracture point. 9.6. Tfu edge af wt aluwinium atbe is 10 onlang' One fau
(c) Material B is more brittle than 4., because its of the cube is firmJy fixcd tn aoertica! wall. A rnass c1iffikg is
plastic range of extension is very srnall. then attsthd ta the appasite face af the cube. Thc skzar ffisdulus
(d) Maierial A is skonger than & because it can of duminium is 25 G^PaWh*f i$ the vertical deflection af this
withstand greater stress before breaking^ face ? fiPa:1.Nm-/).
9.4. Read each af the stctements beloa: carefully and stale, Ans. Area of the face sr whidr force is aPPIied,
<oitk re*sons, if it is true or false. d=10csrxt0crr=1&)cm2
(a) Tke madulus of elasticity of rubber is greater than that = 1ffi x l$amz = 10-2m2
of steel.
F= Mg=100x10:1ffiN,
(b) The stretihing o! a coil is detmninedby its shear modulus.
Ans. (c) False. When steel and rubber are subiected to I=25GPa=25x10ePa
the same deforrning force, less extension and hence less I = 10 cm= 0.10 m
strain is produced in the steel than the rubber and as
- FIA E I
v =*19!1 ,LIII AN
Strain
F l(ffixo-lo-
so Y is more in ca$e of steel than in the case of zubber. .'. A, : .L -
=4x10-7 m.
(b) True. $/hen the coil is stretehed, there is no change
A \ l{'x25x1ff
in the length or the volume of the wire used irr the coil. 9.7. Fsur ideTrlie*lhdlow rylin*riwt cdlvlrr.lw $ erild stcel
There is only a change in the shape of the spring, $o shear. suVport a big strucfim af rrcs 50.ffiS *g. 71w irinet wd aater
modulus is irrvolved. radii af earh eala*tn are &mt *d &ilern r*vr;c**y"
9.5. Two wires of diametur A'25 clnt ofle ruade. of steel and Assuming the lwd disffiutisn to b atriform, trd,cut*te the
other made of brass are loaded as s'hown in Fig. 9,34. The
comyressional stroin of each alwnn. The Young's wcrdulas $
unloaded length of steel wire is 1.5 m nnd that of brass wire is
xldl
steel is L0 Pa.

LAm. Young's modulus of steel is 2.0 x ltt Pa and that of Ans. Here t = 30cg = 03 m,
hrass is 0.91 x 1d' Pa. Corrtpute the elongations of steel and r2=4*&r =0-4m, Y =?-A x 1dl Pa
brass wires. (1 Pa = 1 Nm-z).
 9.3+
PHY:,ICS_XI

As dE Id is rmifonrdy distributeC among the four ,1

aotumrt+ hme fte load on each colunur Flence Y o2 Of ,{ oc-\/
A f

=lqgry'kg nrP
4 = 12500 kg ul __oc_
4y
1
o**"JY
.'. F=12500x9.8N
n
Also A = Area af cross-section of each column rcPFer=
f
rllon
=
[.c;io,-p,
tt-fon =1'3'
=n4-\'=nir2-*)
1t -copper
Y
U V;l;lFrpa
9.11" A 14.5 kg mass, fastened to the enil of a steel wire
af
= *7"Ua.nl, - (0.3)2j =!/ x c.oz = o.22mr unstretched length 1.fr m, is wlirled in a aertical
circle zoith an
{ingtalar aelacity af 2 revls at tlze bottam cf th*
.'. Compressionalstrain clrcle. The
crcss-secticnal area o! the wire is A.A\S cw?. C*lculate
the
_=F/a L elongation of t*e wire zchen tiw mass is at the lowest pcint
of its
modulus y
Young's
--*s-E:w- AY path.

_ i2500 x 9.8
= 2'8 x lo-b. .by Ans. The cenkipetai force at the lowest point is given
a.zz * z.o
"lF 7*
t?lr$'=l_mg
A piece af eetpper haofug a rectangul* cross_seetiozt af
-* -9.8.
1"5.2-mrn x 19.1 mm is 7;ulled in tensionTu*n aq,SAO where I is the tension in the wire when the rnass
I,l farci, is at
pi'ol"uti*g only ei*stic deiorwation. Caleulate rhe the lowest point.
resitting
strain"
.'. Tensian,
Ans. Here F = 4q S00 N, T = ffiS + mroz = m[g + r
{Znv1z}
d = 15.2 rnm x 19.1 mrn = 14"S [9.S + 1.0 x 4 x nz x{2)z}
= 15.2 x 1g.i x 10-6m2
= 14.5 [9.8 + 16 x9.87] = 14.5 x 16,/.72
For copper,
= 2431.94 N.
y = 1.2* 1t*1Nm_2
I{ow y= stress
Stress F Strain=Fla
e!li =Tla
htlt
Strain ,4 xstrain
ff=gAY- 2431.94xLa
... strain= F =-_- 44qoo_ 0.eG5 x 1C-a x2 x 10tl
. Ay 1S.Z x 19..1 tO{ * t.Z *ldr
" = L.g7 x L0-3 m.
= il.fi81277. 9.72. Carnpute tke buk modulus af ruater
lrarn t?u follcu:ing
9,9. A steei. cable @ith q radius af 1.5 cm supports data : Initial ztoltrme = 10e.A liire, preisure incyeizse
a chairtift = IAA-A atm,
at ski area. If ihe ruaxi*tum s*ess is not ta
exieed 1{}s Nmjz, final valuwte = i00.5 litre {1 atm= 1.C13 x 10s pr).
-a
!-,h{rt is lhe meximum load the cable cen suppor!
? rAns. Fiere p = X00 atm : 100 x 1.013 x 105 pa
Ans. Maximum stress irurial r.'olume,
Maxirnum load Maxirnum ioad y = 10C.0 litre = 1{}0.0 , 10-3rn3
Area of cross - sectio; - *a--- Final volur.,e,
.'. Maximum load = ar2 x Maximum stress Z'= 100.5 litre = 1U0.5 x i0-3m3
lncrease in volume,
= 3.1.42 x {1.S x 10-2;2 x 108 Fy
Ay = (100.5 - 100.0) x i0-3 = 0.5 x 10-3m3
=y.fiT x 104 N. Bulk rnodulus of water,
A rigid bar of mass
. ?.i0. 15 kg is sup,ported symtaetric*lly pV _rcel 1.01s.;!!1_1!sg" i0*,
fu three zrires each 2.0 m long. Thase at'each end"arc o =
o.T! ,1, middie.one is.of iro*. Detennine the
of capper LV= 0.S x 10-3
rarios of ii;dr
dtlnrcters if eoch is to ltttte thc same tension. = 2"A26 r10e pa.
Ans. Let T be the tension in each wire. As the bar is 9.13. Wst is the density of oceen wa-ter at a deptk,
supported syrnmekicaltry b;i the tlree wires, the where the y;ressuleis g0.C;ll;, g!;,ut tits.t its densiiy
increase ai the
in lengfll Al of each wire shoulci be sarne. tu*: 0i x;A3 ksm-i 1 Compressihiiity of ruater
lr^_,it
= 45.8 x 10-' Pa-t . Giuert 1, dtlr1 LaiZ = ia.
Now y= i:- Ans. Compressibitity
"tOb
,1 t\l
For all *'ires, we have same !, Ll and T. = -1 =45.8*10-11pa-1
K
MECI-iANICAL PROPTRTIES OF SOi-IDS 9.3 5
pV
Change in pressure,
: LV
P SA -'t- = 79 attn = 79 x 1.{}13 x105 Pa
Density at the surface, P = 1.0-e x 103k#n-3
,v
o=*LV =2.2x10sx0.001
As *=P
IV = 2.2x 106 Nm-z.
LV1^V 9.17. Anuils t**de af single cryistfll"c of dlamona, w;th tlk
v -v"r shape as slcown Fig. 9.35, are u.sed to inue stigttte bekaaiour ei
in
= 79 x1".A13 x 10s x 45.8 x L0-11 r.aterials under aery ltigh prassures. Fiat taces at tke narrarst
exd o! the anailha,oe s diameter cf A.5 ma and the widc. ends ate
= 3.565 x 10-3
sublected te a campressional farce oi 50,00fi I'i. 'Nkat is th-e
Ay V *V' Mlp- Mlp': . p
()rcssure at the tip of the anail ?
Alsc, l--
tf
v V Mlp p'

1-Ay.
p' V
n':
. 1.03 x 103
Y - Lv - t-
-----I--
3.665 x 1o-s
V

=''q:i1-o' = 1.034 x1o3 ksm-3.

0.996
9.1.4. Compute the fractional change in uolume of a glass
slab, whcn subjected to a lrydratilic ?ressure of 1A atu-
Fis. 9.35
Ans. Here p = 10atrn = 10 x 1.013 x ldNm-2,
Ans. F{ere r =a.25mm = 0.25 x 10-sm
r=37 x109Nm-2
f = 50,000 N
Bulk modulu *=W-
'LV Pressure at the tip of the ar.vll
",
Fractional drange in volume of glass slab, Force F
___=i-
=
,rrrJ,CLiC

o' Area= mt' 3.14 x(0"25 x 10-3)2

V=r
!.= P:l'olx
37 x10'
!4 = z.7.^x*o-i
= 2.55 x1s11 l{m-z.
9-15. Determine the oalume contraction of a solid ccppa 9.78. A rod of iength LA| -m ln'oing negligible mass is
cilbe, 1"A c-rn afi iln eilge, when subjected to a hydraulic pressure supparted at iLs ends W t rto wires ttf steel i?,jire A) and
of7.Ox7}6 Pa. alur*inium {wire E} af equal lerLgths an sha'-on in Fig. 9"36.'Ike
Ans. Original volume crass-sectional ere*s if zoires Aind Yarc1,-A mri andLfl wt?
respectively. At what point along the rod should. s *zass m be
Y=(10cm)3=1000crn3
susyended in order ta praduce (d equal s*esses and (b) equal
= 1000 * 10{m3 = 10-3m3 strsins inb*th stee! afid alufiiiwiu?tl zuites ?
Preszurg p=7.0x1a6 Ya
For copper, r< = 140 x 1o9 Pa
a I
Alunrinitrm
Bulk modulus,
"= 4
Steel
A wfue
B
wire
AV
Volume contraction of copper cube,
r, T2

L,V ='
nV 7.0 x 105 x 10-3
K 140x10e t.c5 m

= 0.05 x 10{m3
= 0.05 cms. q{
j16. on a litre cf water be
9 Hsut much should the pressure l.-: {.-- i.05 - x
----l
&onged to contpress it by 0.1"0% ?
Ans. Here V = 1 litre = 10-3m3,
Fig.9.36
4{=o.to%=o'lo=o.ool
v 100 Ans. Suppose the mass nr is suspended at distance r
For water, r= 2.?x109 Nm-z from the wire A. Let { and ?i be the tensions in the steel
and aiundnium wires respectively.
 PHYSICS_XI
9.36
T,
(a) Stress in steel wire = lL
,a
t-
tx
Stress in aluminium *ir" = 2 I

4
As both the stresses are equaf so
T i: Of
f, A 1.0 mmz=-
L=-=
1'
--J-=-=-
4-4 Tz 12-omm' ^ z

Now the moments about point Care equalbecause the

system is in equilibrium.
Eig. 9.37
:. Trx = Tz$.05 - x)
T 1.05-x 1.05 "'r Let Tbe the tension in the wire' Equatlng the vertical
or j-=-.- or 1 components of the forces, we get
)zx 2 x
2Tcos0=W or
or x=2.1A-2x '=;k
or x=0.7m (from steel wire)'
I\ow,
Stress LUsu=*_W7w=FA
coso=' =-+===
* x

Young's modulus

... strain in steel rvire = Li! = +\,t 2

11 -x
As jo..t so L+
2i|-r
*ir. =2ArYz 2r
Srrain in aluminium
.'. e= and
ww
f '= ,t. u
cos
tr)=
For the two strains to be equal,
r,
---L_:-
r"
Stress =
TWl
4\ Lvz A= ZA,
T ,+Y 1.0Pa 10 mm2 x 200 x 10e Stress Wt 2P=---- Wf
or =n ' = Strain=-ZAx^_T
Y
x' Ax'
i= ,\"r= La;R;?a;16'-Pa -l1/3
- I w 1u3 1.0 [ o.1oo x 9.8
Again, \x =
T,
Tr(1"05
i.05 - x
- x)
10
or '='L*] =7Lr;10''"os,1r'-l
or 12 ic
or
7x=1.9:, = 0.5 (9"8 x 10-6f/3 = 0'5 x 2'14 x 10*2m
or 10x. = 7-35 - 7x "=1.07 x10-2m =1.07 qn'
7.35
x=fi Two strips of metal are ritteted togethet at their en(ls
or =o'43m (fuom steel wire) 9.2A"
by lour riuets, each of diameter 6.0 mm'
lNhat is the rnaximurtt

g.7g. A miid steel wire cf lengih LA m aud cross-sectianal tiision that can be exerted by the riaeted strip if the slearing
x ? Assume that
area 0.50 x1$-2 snz is stretched, well within its elastic liwit' strese on the riaet is not to exceed 2'3 10Y Pa
quarter of the ioad'
harizontally betzueen tttto pillars. A mass of ffiA g is suspended esch riaet is to carry ane
p
from the mid-point of wire. Calculate the depressicn at tlrc Ans. Let the tension exerted by riveted strip =
mid-paint. This tension would provide shearing force on ti,,:re four
9 '37 ' The increase
Ans. The siftration is shown tn Fig' rivets, lvhch share it equallY.
in length of the wire when it is pulled dorvn into shape j;
Shearing fcrce crn each rivet =
BOCis 4
oC*zl:zBO-2i
Al= BO+
n;Lt2 and shearing slress on each rivet - ii4 F
-A = i,t
+ xTtz =il,'. +1 -zt
= Z(tz

/--2\-2
-zt
\ r)
=xlt+!-l-Zt=:-
- 1. 2l') I
*?'
^t
AI
-'2!-' '-;
IE
Strailr = Fig. 9.38
2l'
 9.37
MECHANICAL PROPERTIES CF SCLIDS

1.1 x L08 Pa. steel ball aJ initial oolume 0'32m2 is droyped

A
As the maximurn slrearing sttess on each rjvet is given is the
into the ocean and fills to the bottam of the trench' What
tabe2.3 x 10e Pa, so we ha','e tphen it teaches to thebottom ?
change in the aolume cf theball
-I*n=2.3x10!) Ans. Here ?=1'01'x1oB Pa, v =o'32m3
4A
For steel, r = 160 x 10e Pa
or Foro* = 4A >i 2.3 x -t0n ^
xr'r? x'2'3 x 109

= +'4,7 (l o x lo 1'1/
r2.3 " lOq
As "=frN n

-;aV 1.0'l < I0ri " U'32

= 260.2 x 1tl3 N = 260 kN. - 161ir1r)e
_ t

^u
^i/

t: ',:.; The Maritta trenclt is locatetl in t'ne Pacific {)cean ond

one placr: it is nearlt1 tieaen ktt benetLth tlrc slrfa* -- 2.02 xt0-a m3'
oJ water'
il
'lhe water
Fressute at the bottotn
of the trcnch is abovtt

Tmxt #mse* ilxerrises

frrra A : VrRv sHOnr ANSWTR QUrSrroNS (1mark each)

L. Among tire interatomic arrd intermoii:cular fcrrces' 2't,. What is the value i;f Young's n-rodulus for a

perfectly rigid bodY ?

r,l"hich are the stronger or'"es ? Hor't' rnuch ?

22. f/hat is the lirnitation c;f Hooke's lar'r' ?

2. Write a relation between interatomic {orce and
23. lArhv any metaliic part o{ a mechinery is
never
potential energy.
.,rUjectei to a stress beyond the eiastic limit of the
J. Write an erpression sirowing the <lependence cf
material ?
potentiai energy on interator-nic separation r'
Define bulk modulus of elasticih'' Give its unit-s
4. ,dmong th-e three'states of inatter : solid, iiquid
anC
anri dimensions. [Central Sdrools 13]
gas ; which has got its own shaPe ?
[Delhi 16]
25. Define compressibilitY.
5. Give another name for amorphous solids'
the SI urit and <limensions of compressibilitv
?
26. Ci.,ze
6. Whal. is an isotroPic medium ? [Deihi 16]
7. What is an anisotroPic solid ? 27. lMhat is the value of bulk modulus for an
8. What type of solids : crystalline or amorphous'
are incomPressible liquid ?

anisotropic ? 28. $/hat is the value of modulus of rigidity for an

anisotropic incompressible liquid ? [Central Schools 09]
9. Give one exarnpie each of isotropic and
substance ? l;. lVhat a Poisson's ratio ? Does it have any unii ?
modulus of the material of a wire is'Y.'
()n
What is the rne-'aning of w-ord 'amorphi:us' ? :il;. YaunS's
: . \tliich state of the solicl is more stabie
: crystalline pulling the n'ire by a force F, the increase irr lts
or amorPhous ? t*r,gtn i, .r. What will be the potential enerqy oi the
12. Give an example of semi-crystalline solid' stletched lgire ?

13. What is a detbrming force ? [Himachal 07] ::'i Define modulus of rigidity' What is its SI unit ?

1.4. lAtrhat is restoring force ? [Himachal 07] i',,-: trAhat is breaking stress for a lvire o{ unit
15. Are the elastic restoring forces conservative
in' cross-section called ?
nature ? il,. What is elastic alter effect ?

16. Define stress and strain' [Delhi 95' 05C] l,i lArlut is elastic iatigue ?

17. Define elastic limit. [Meghala1'a $$] ii::,. What is elastic hYsteresis ?
ir:, if the lengtlr of a r'vire increases by 1 mm uncler 1 kg
18. Define Yield Point.
tvt, what will be the increase r"tider
19. Define Young':-, snodulus of elasticity' [Delhi 031
(i) 2 kg wt (,,) 100 kg w't ?
20. Write dimen*iol I lormula of Young's modulus'
9.38 PI.iYSiCS_XI

37. What happen to the potential energy of the

-,v:11 40. \&4eich of the tvro {orces-deforrning or restoring
atom.s of a sciid ',vhen it is compressed ? \4lhat force is resporrsible for ela-stic i-"ehaviow of substance.
happens when a "ra;ire is stretcted ? [Himachai 01]
38. A spual spring is stretrhed by a {orce. What type of 41.. The Young's modulus +f eiasticity for A and B are
strain is produced in it ? Ya = 1"1x1dl Pa and Yr = 2"0x1d1Pa. I.^fnich is
39. State Flooke's lalv. [Himachal 03, 05; Delhi 05] rnore elastic and why ? [Central Schools 16]

Answers Y
1. Interatcrnie forees are 50 to 10S times stronger than 18. The stage of a materiai when it y"ields to the defor-
ihe iaterrcoiecuiar forces. ndng force and goes on increasing in length even
nrdU u,hen the ioad is kept constant is ealled vieid
dt point.
,7. t) trl AB 19. Yaung's modulus of elasticity is ciefined as the raiio
rn f' of the stress to ihe longitudinal sfraar, within the
For most cf the substances, ex?onents rz and m are elastic lirriit.
L2 and 6 respectively. 20. IML-I1-23.
4. &:iid has its ou,rr shape. 21. ftrfinite.
5. Amerphous solids are also cailed giassy solids. 22. Hooke's law is obeyed uptc the proportionality
6. Any medium which has the sar,te physical properties li:nit of iire inaterial.
in all directions is calied an isotropic mediurn. L3. lrVhen a metallic part ia subjected to a stress beyend
7. If a soiid has Cifferent physical properties {'.hermal the elastic lirnit, a permanent deformation is set up
etrectrical mechanical and optical) in di:iferent in it.
directions, then it is said to be an anisotropic solid. 24. Bulk madulus af elasticig is defined as the ratio of
8. Crystalline soiids are aaisohopic. tangenfial stress to shear skain wiii"iin the elastic
Hmit. Its 5I unit is Nm-z and its dimensional
9. Giass is an isctropic substance and quartz is
formula is 1l'rtL-lT -21.
anisotropic substance"
25. The reciprocal cf bulk modulus o{ a material is
10. The wnrd amorphou"s mearrs without any form.
calleci its compressibllity.
11. Crystalline state is more stable.
25. The SI urrit of eonnpressibility is N-1m2 and its
12. Folyethylene. dimensional tormula ls 1U -i tf 2i.
13. A force which produces a change in the size or 27. Infinite.
shape ef a bodv is caiied deformi:rg force.
28. Zero"
14. The intermolecirlar f+rce de'rel+ped urithin a hody
?9. The ratro elf th,e lateral skain to the longitudinal
<iue to relaiive a'ralecular displacemen-ts is ca]led
strairr is called Poisson's ratio. It has no units.
restoring force.
30. p.E. of sLretched wire = Fx.
15. The elasiic restoring forces are conservative only {
when tite ioadiag and unloading cu{ves ccincide" 31. Modulus of rigidi{v is the ratio of tangentia} stress
'1,6. Stre-ss
is the intemal restoring force set up per unit to the shea::ing strain \lriihin the eiastic limit. Its Sl
area of a defor:ned body. unit is Nrn-2.
Force 32. Tensile strength.
Sffess =
Area
-- JJ. The delay cn the part of the body ia regaining its
Sfraia. Yttren exter*al de{orming forces act upon a originai ec*figuration ca fhe removal of the
body, the fuacti*nal change produced in the body is deforming foree is called the elastie after eSfect.
called stra:n. J4. Elastic faiigue is de{ined as th.e loss in the strength
c!^:_ _ Change in any dirnension
Jlidtl -
oi a rnaterial cause<! due to repeated altemating
Ctiginaf dimension strains to which the material is subjected.
t7. That rrra)crmuna stress within which a body com- 35. The fact that the stress-strain cur.re is rrot retraced
pletely regains its originai size and shape after the on reversing the strain (fcr a material like rut'ber) is
re-anoval+Ithe <iefonrring force is ealled eiastic limit. called elastic hysteresis.
 9.39
MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF SOLIDS

36. (i) 2 mm 39. Refer to point 15 of GlirnPses.

(fl) The wire wili break, because the sfretehing 40. R.estoring force.
force is increased beyond breaking force' 41. As '{s7Yn, B is more elastic tha* A' l&rhen

37. Potential energy increa-.''. both cases' subjeJted to the same stress, less strain is produced
"rr
rn Bthan in A.
38. Shear strain.

#rru B: Suonr Auswrn QuesrloNS (2 or3 marks each)

10. l4ihat is elastic after ef{ect ? W}tat is its import*rce ?

. Distingr.:!sh betlveen eiasiitii'r and pl::stic!l:v'
iefi:re modulus of 11. Descrlbe eiastic hysteresis' Mention its i'i{s
State i{r-,eke's iarv anri hence
elasiicitv. [N{eghalaya 96] applications"

3" Define stress aird skain and derive their uniis' lYhat 12. Explain how is thre knowledge of elasticity useful rn
is Hooke's law ? l^/rite its one lirnitati*n' seieeting metal ropes used ln eranes for lit'iing
[Deihi 0a] heaw loads'
l&l-lich is more elastic -- iron or ru-i:ber ? t#hy ? 13. Expialn w-hy should the beams used i::r t}e constmc-
4.
tion of bridges have large dep*t and srnall breadth'
[Delhi 96 ; Himachal 05, 07i
5. Define the terms stress and strain and alsq state Ar
their SI units. Dra=w the skess versus strain grar:h Why are girders #'ren i shaPe ?

for a metaliic wire, when stretched upto the 14. Show that the maxiil.rum height of any mountain cn
'lreaking pr:int. [Himachal 05] the earth cafir-tot exceeC 10 km.
... L)ra',tr siress-strain ctlrve fol a ioaCed lvire' Cn tht: 15. Explai:r *'hy holiow shafts are preferred to soiid
graph mark : shafts for transmitting torque.
(rl) i:looke's lie,it (b) Eiastic limit to, What is elastic potential energy ? Prove that d're
(c) Yield point (d) Breaking Poini. work done by a sketching force to produce certain
[Central -3chools i4] tensi*n in a wire is
7. Define the terrns Young's modulus, bulk moduius l stretching force xextension.
W=
and modulus of rigiditv' Aiso give tireir units' 2*
[F{imachal 06, 07] L7. Derive an expression fol energy stored in a ''t-ire
Ii.fnat are elastomers ? Draw a stress-strairl. SraPh <ir.rc to extensirln- [Chandigarh Ofl
for an elastomer. 18. Define Poisson's ratio. Write an expression for it'
9. Define elastic limit and elastic fatigue' What are l4trhat is the significance of negative sign in this
duckle and brittle substances ? [Hlmachal C6] expression ?

Answers
i:r. I{cfer ans',!'er to Q. 19 cn page 9'i7'
1. Refer answer to Q. 1 on Page 9.1.
2. Refer answer ta Q.7 on page 9.3 and (i' I on i ,. iiefer ansrver to -Q. ?-1 on page 9l'18'
page9.4. ,:. ,Refer aflswer to Q. 23 on Page 9'18'
3. Refer to points 12,73 ar.d i5 of Glimpses' i.r' llefer ansrver to Q. 24 on page 9.18.
-i r, llefer anslver io Q- 25 cn page
4. Refer to the solution of Prcblem 3 cn page 9'26' 9'19'

5- Refer to points 12 and 13 of Glimpses and see lii. Refer answer to Q. 26 L1n Page 9'19'
Fig.9"6 on page 9.4. ii,. Refer at:rswer to Q. 27 on page 9.19'
5. See Fig.9.6 on rage 9.4. i .'. Ref'er ;rllswer to Q.2l; on page 9'19'
7. Refer to points 17,18, 19 and 20 cf Climpses' i.. Ite{er ans-lver to Q. 28 on pagc 9'21'
8. Refer eenswer tt: Q. 14 an page 9-6.
9. Refer io poini-: '. '1-5, 26 and 30 of Glimpses'
9.40 PHYS}CS_XI

J?ru* C : Loruc ANswen Qursrtorus {smarkseach}

1. !\rl'rat is interatomic force ? Diseuss the variarion cf Discuss st?ess vs. strain graph, explaining clearly
in.teratomic force with the interatr,rmic separation. tl^,e terirrs el;r;tic iirnit, Permanent set, eiastic
ilii;:-':rcir;ii i12l hysteresis and tensile sh'ength. [Delhi 06]
2. ileiine the term eiasiieitr'. (live an explanatior-i of 7. Describe stress-strain relafionship for a loaded
the elaslic properties af materials in ttlrurs of steel wire and hence explain the terms elastic
interatomii {orces. iimit, yield point, tensile strength.
State Hlr.-rke's larv. tsIow ean it be '"'r:r-ified [Chandigarh 03]
e:perlmenta1ly ? 8. On ihe basis of skess-shain curves, distinguish
Defhe Young's mociulrrs oi eiasticity. Describe an beiween ductile, brittte and malieable materials.
experimerit {or the Ceterminatiorr of Young's 9. Derive an expression for the elastic potential energy
rnoduius of the material of a -wire. store<i in a str"etched wire under stress. Define the
Define Yorurg's mcdulus, bulk *'iodulus and mcdulus terrns elastic #ter effect and elastic fatigue.
c.f rigirlltv. YJrite maihemalicai expiessions lor lHimachal 07Cl
ii-rese mc;drrli. lVhat is cr.ml:re-<*ibilii.,1,- ?

Answers
1. Refel to point 1 of Clirnpses and anslter tc Q. 2 ot'l 6. Refer answer to Q. 10 on page 9.4.
page 9.2. 7. Refur answer io Q. 10 on page 9.4.
2. jleier answer to Q" 2 on page 9.2. 8. Refer ansrver to Q. 12 and Q. 13 on page 9.6.
3. Refer 6ns'wer: lo Q.7 on page 9.3. 9. Refer answer lo Q.27 on page 9.19 and refer to
4. Refer answer to Q, 11 on page 9.5. points 29 and 30 of Glimpses. t
,5. Itefer ta 1:oints 17,1.8,19 and 21 of Glii:rpses.

ftna, D : Vx-uE BASED QuEsrloNS (4markseach)

1. One day, two brotlrers Sonu and Monu decided to 2. Rarnesh and Suresh were going to their school in
go market by Mefro rail. They wee waiting at the the school bus- On their way, they found that a
platform for the train. Suddei*y the younger bridge over Yamuna river had collapsed" They saw
broiher Monu n<rticred that tlre railr*'ay track had a that a local bus had fallen into the river. Rameslt
spcial shape like I. FIe asked his elder brcther and Suresh were good swim-rners. They imme-
Sonq who was a science sttdent of class XI, why diately carne out cf their bus and jumped into the
tlre track had sud'r a particular shape. Sonu river. They did their best to save many lives.
explained him &e ssientific rea o{r behinl this. {c) What were the values displayed by Ramesh.
Answer the following questioris ba*d sr the ab+ve and Suresh ?
inJormatiorr: (b) Why are bridgm dedared unsafe after long use ?

(a) What are the vafues dtsPl"yed by Morru in his

actions ?

(b) lryhy are girders given I *ape ?

Answers Y
i. iai Keen cbserver, quest for scientilic kno'wle.ige. 2. (c) Empathy, brave, compassion and eoncem for
(&; I-shaped cross-sech.cn prllvides a iarge load society.
bearurg surface a,:rd enaugh depti-l iu prevent (b) GY, accelrnt of long use, a bridge develops
buckiing. Also it reduces thrr il'eight of the elastic fatgue and t*rere appears a permanent
girrler r.r'ithout sacrifictng iis strength. change in ib stmcture. This &ange may
sometimes exceed elastic limit and the bridge
r*ay collapse.
 CoM PETtrtoN SrcrtoN

Mechmnica! PrnBerties sf Solids

CLIMP5E5

Interatomic force. It is the force between the Examples. Glass, nrbbet cellulose, biturnerl
atoms of a molecrrle. It arises due to the bone and many plastics"
electrostatic interaction between the nuclei of Semi-crystalline soiids. These are the solids in
two atoms, their electron clotlds and between which the crystailine phase is inter-dispersed in
the nucleus of one atom and the electron doud the amorphous phase, 1.e., in which crystalline
of the other atom. and amorphous phrases co-exist. Folyethylene
Intermolecular forces. It is the force acting and protein are such solids.
between the trvo rnolecules of a substance due Deforming force. A force wldch changes the size
to eleckostatic interaction between their and shape of body is called deforming force'
oppositely charged ends. Such forces operate
Elasticitv. The property by virtue of which a
over distances of 10- 9 rn and are weaker than
body regains its original size and shape after
interatomic tbrces.
the removal of deforming force is called
Solids. A solid is a large a-ccumulation of 1- tO23) elasticity.
atoms or msleflrles. It has definite shape and
9. Perfectly elastic body. If a body regains its
size. The solids we corne across in daily life can
original size and shape completely and
be classified into three grotrps:
irnmediately after the removal of deforming
(i) Crystalline solids. (ii) Amorphaus solids. force, it is said to be perfectly elastic body" The
(fii) Semi-crystalline soiids. nearest approach to a perfectly elasfic body is
quartz fibre.
q. Crystalline soiids. Those solids in which the
atoms cr molecules are arranged in a regular and 1S. Plasticity. The property by virtue of which a
repeated geometrical pattert are cailed crystalline body does not regain its original siee and shape
even after the removal of the defnrming force is
soiids. Such sotids are bounded by flat surf,aces,
calied pla-sticig.
are anisotropic, have sharp melting points and
have long range order in their strucfure. LL. If a body does not shorv
Perfectly plastic body.
any tendenry to regain its original size and
Examyles. Rock salt, quartz, mica, calcitg
shape even after the removal of deforming
diamond, etc"
forcg it is said to be perfectly plastic body. Futty
Amorphous solids. These are the solids in and paraffin wax are neariy perfectly elastic
which the atoms or molecules are not arranged bodies.
according to certain definite geometrical order,
12. Stress. The restoring force set up per unit area of
i.g., the atorns or molecules are arranged in a a deformed body is called stress.
random order. Such solids are isotropic, do not
have flat surfaces and their meiting points are Stress =
Restorins force
" 4rpt,g{!:r - i
not sharp. They are super-cooled liquids. Area Area A
(e.41)
 PHYSICS*XI

The SI r:rit of stress is Nm-'2 and the CGS unit is 17. Young's rnoduius of eiasticiti,. It is defined as
dyne c*-2. Its ,limension;rl formula is the ratio of longitudinai stress to the longi-
IML-11-z;' tu<linal skain rariihin the elastic limit.
Stress is of two types :
It is given by
(i) Norrnal stress (ll)'Iangentiai siress.
.,,r_Lorrgirudinal stress FIA F t
13. Strain. The ratio of the charige in any di:nension
produced in ihe body to the original ilimension
Longitudinal strain Ltll A' Ll
is calied strain. 18. Bulk moduius of elasticify" It is defined as Ifte
ratio o{ nor:mal stress to vo}urnetric strain within
., ._: = Change in dimension
Strain the elastic limit.
Original dirnension
It is given by
As strain is the ratio of two iike guantities, it has
no nnits and dime_nsions. Strain ir: af three gpes I{r:rinai siress Fla
Voiumetric strarn- AV lV
K=
(i) Langitudinal strain. tri is eiefined as the ratic
cf change'ir trength to the criginai lengih. p p'o'
LVIV Lli
Longradinal strain =
ffi =
f The negative sign shows ihat the volume
decreases with the increase in stress.
(li) r./olumekicstuain. it is defi:red as the ratio of
the change in volurn* to the original rzr:lume. 19. Modulus of rigielity. it is defined as the ratio of
tangentiai skess to shear strain withln the
voiumetric strain =
Change in volume all elastic limit. It is given by
,3riginal vclurne- V
*_Tangentialstress=FIA FIA F t
(lll) Shear styain. It is rlefined as the angle 6 {in
radian) through which a iace orig,rnalJy
'r--sh";rt*ir,, o =Lui=;A/
perpendici:}ar tt-- the fiy-ed lace gets turned on at Urrits o{ moduli of elasticitv. As strain is a pure
applyng tangential c{eforming force. rafio, the urft of elasticity is same as that of
Shearstrain=0atanS stress. So SI unit of Y, r or ri is Nm-z and the
LLJD Unlf 1S
,-,
Oyne CTn ".
Relafive displacement between tvro llpianes
_'--
Distance but*u"n ll ptur,", 21. Cornpressibility. The reciprocal cf the buik
Ll rnociulus of a rnaterial is calied its eornpressibility.
;t Compressibilitv =7 I *
Elastic limit. The r.aximurr,. skess upto which The SI unit of c*mpressibitity is N-1 m2 or pa-1.
stress is proportional to strain is called eiastic 22" Yieid point. The stress beyond- -*-hich a solid
limit. flcw-s is callecl yield point. For exernple, a paste
x5. Hooke's law. it states that sriihin thie elastic of flou-r and w*ter tfows under its own weig;:-.t.
lirnit, stress is proportionai to sirain. Breaking stress. The stress correspcnrling to
Stress a Sirain which a vrire breaks is cailed breaking sfress.
or Stress=Exstrain Breaking force = Breakrng stress x area of
lhe constant E is called modulus of elasticity of cross-section of the wire.
the rnaterial of the body. Piastic reqion. The region of stress-strain crrrve
Modulus of elasticify or coefficient of elasticiW. between fhe elastie lirnit and ihe breaking point
lt is defined is cailed. plasfic region"
as the ratio of stress to the corres-
ponding strairr, within the elastic limit. 25. Ductile materials. The materials which have
li is cf three types :
iarge piastic range of extension a1s called
ductile materials. Such materials car. be dra*rr
{r) Ycung's modr-rlus {il} Butk;:nodulrrs into thin wires.
{ifi} Moduius o{ ngidity. Exarnples" Copper, silver, iron, aluminium, etc.
 9.47
MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF SOLIDS (Competition Section)

26. Brittle rnaterials. materials which have very

TFre Poisson's ratio. tr^*4ren the length of a ioaded
qrire iflcreases, its diarneter decreases. The ratio
small range of piastic extension are called brjttle
materials. Such rnaterials break as scon as the of the lateral strain t+ the iongitudinal strain is
stress is increased beyond the elastic limit. called Poisson's ratio. It is given by

Examples. Cast irory glass, ceramics, etc. Laterai strai*

- Longitudinal strain
7Y Maiieable rnetais. lhe metals w'hich can be
ADID
hammered or rolled into thin sheets are called
malleabie metals.
^lll
Examples. Gold, silver, lead, etc. Poisson's ratio o is a pure number' It has no

The materials which can be uniis or dimensions.

tu. Eiastomers.
eiastically stretched io large values of strain are Elastic potential energY in a stretched wire' The
ealled elastomers. They have large elastic region work done against the intertral restoring forces
but do noi obe,rr Hcoke's law. in stretchtig a wire is stored as its elastic
Examples. Rubber and elastic tissue sf aorta' potential energy. It is given bY
,G Elastic after effect. Tne delay in regaining the U =1 St ing force x extension
originai state by a iro,3y on lhe removal of ?" "t.t
deforming force is called elastic after effect' lhis
.8.o,
effeci is rnini:num for quartz and phosphor 2 =7.F
=1pru 2Ai
bronze and maxirnum for glass fibre.
= 1 Srr*ru x strain x vol'arne of tire *'ire
30. Elastic fatigue. It is defined as the loss in
the 2
sirength of a material caused due to rer:eaied
P.E. stored per unit volume of the wire or elastic
altemating strains to which the material is energy densitY is
subjected.
Elastic hysteresis. The fact that the stress-strain
strain
"=y=1sa.*rux
VZ
curve is not retraced on reversing the strain (for
1"
a ntateriai like rubber) is called elastic =- IO-tInSSt nodulusx strain2'
hysteresis.

(*)2x1CrtEi-''12 {bi2xio-riNl*?
(i:) 3 >, lC-ilN I m2 (d)2x lt-l3Niir-ir Ur{,0*t'l

2. One encl clf a hcrizcntal thick ccpl':er wire cf

,iengtl: 2tr-and radius 2 R is weldeC to an enri of another
hcnzontai t}:in copper ',t'i-re o{ iengttre L and radius R'
14&,er, ihe ai'ranger:nent is stretc]lel by appiving iorces
ai t'wo ends, ihe ratio ol the eiongation in the tidn rvire
to that rn the thick rvire is l:li;::ir:i:;,i:;li.:.;ll,;lli,r;

{a} i).25 {}) {i.50

(,i) f.i'iJ
1,) 2"00
ial 6l! rt li\i; il:;:lrii;i:il;i:l:i:;l;iii:ji:;riii:iii :i:iliriliit;:ii
 PHYS!CS-XI

: A ,.vire of length 1,, anci cross*sectionai area I is Multiple Choice Questlons,with

maCe of a material of Young's modulus Y' If the wi;e is one or more correct onswers
stretched by an amount x, the $'ork done is In Plotting stress
({1)YAx7 lzL (b)YAxl I versus strain curves
L
for two r,raterials P ,
{c) YAr lZL (d) YAxz L txTItq4
an.l Q, a student bY E
:i. The Pressure of a me'lium is changed from mistake Puts strain on 6
1.01x10s Pa to 165x105 Pa and change in volurne
is the r,-axis anci stress on
10% keeping temperature consta-nt' The bulk rnodulus the r-axis as shorvn in
of ihe medium is the figure. 0 Stress

(a)204.8x10s Pa (\fi2.ax10s Pa Then the correct statement(s) is(are)

(c) 51.2 x 105 Pa (d) 1.55 x LOs Pa :'"-i r;11! (a) P has more tensile strength than Q
(b) P is more ductile than Q
A given quantity of an ideal gas is at pressure P
5"
'
and absolute temPei rature T' The isothermal bulk (c) P is more briitle than Q
modulus of the gas is (d) The Young's n',odulus of P is rnore than that of Q
(b) P
{it:';"-" l:l
(a)zP l3
(c)3P l7 ld)z P til,T 9&l

Aor**r,,na U*PlanatidrlS',''.

1-. ,rri VVhen W -20 N, Al =1x10-a rn 4. Bulk modulu, =#,

\/ L- I l/,1 I g.ry! -1.01)",100
u- a'x =
10 / 100
20 1 : 1.55 x 10s Pa.
10-6 lxlo-a
5. Isothermal bulk modulus o{ a gas
= 2x 1,011 Nm-2.
= ilressure of the gas = P'
2. , ' Force F rviil be same. 6"

Breaking stress of P > Breaking stress of Q

l--.-.-.-----_---r
L_- 3 P is r.ore tensile than Q
2L,2R
- . I, R

-
.'. Option (a) is correct.
FI, Ft
:) P is mare cluctile than Q
Elorrgation irl the thin wire, l, = -rry -
,,Rlil
.'. Opiion (&) is correct.
F \21,
Eiongation in the thick rvire'
' i^L=' - --; :+ P is less brittle than Q
r(2f{)'}'
.. Option (c) is not correct'
i, L (2 R)2 _.,
". _.! =. _.X _,
l" ?L R'
r
Yt-rung's modulus,,=
Stress
**
l,V = Average force x increase in length in P is nrore
For any given value of stress, strain
1- lF L Ax2 than in Q.
=.tx.r='
2' ?A x L .' Yo.Yo
:i!:i:i 1.. Ax2
v -__--
YAxz
. ;+ OPtion (d) is not correct'
i:l:i:; -
li::i 1f 2L
i:i!l

,',i i:iiirrii,
 MECHANICAT PROPERTIES OF SOLIDS {Competition Section) 9,"45

L A rtire eiongates kr,v I mm when a load W is (a) F (b) 4F

hanged from it. Tf the wire goes over a puiley and two (c) 6F (d) 9 F iAiilrE fitl
weights Weach are hung at ths tr,r'o enrjs, itre elongatit-rn ii. A penduJum made of a uniform wire cf
of the wire wiil be (in mm) cross-seciional area A has time period T. \a/hen an
\a)tl2 {b) t additional mass Mis added to its bob, the time period
(c) 2l (d) z,ero iAiEEE 06l changes to Tnr.If the Young's modulus of the material
A u.ire fixed at the upper end stretcires by
-,. of thc wire is Y, then I) g =gravitational accelcrafion)
length I by applr;r',g a force F. The work done in
stretching is is equal to

(a) F lzt {h) H [rr..

il :# i -11
rt -)*r . [rr^,
1 ,o. (&) il -!r \' -l rur
(c)z Fi g)ilt2 lArsEE 041 (r)
'-.'f\, , ;; '
i -tl---'e
L\
r I j ,c

' A rn'ire strspencied vertically froin one of its errds

is stretched by attaching a r,veight of 2C0 N to the lcrver
end. The weighi stretches the wire by 1 nrm. Then the
elastic eflersv stored in the wire is
r,r r,-[ 1']'] # ,,, i,1 *^,)'t i,
{a) a"2 J (b) i0 i 1;ii:' 't'lia:rn i5j
(c) 20 T (d) 0.11 The potential energy function for the force
{AIEEE q3l
,,i. if S is stress and Y is Young's modulus of between two atoms in a diatomic
moiecule is
approximately given by
materiai of a wire, the energy stored Ll the wire per
unit volume is U(x)= i__2,
ab
(n\) YI C (b) s l2Y x'- x-
.2 where a and b are .consta-nts and E is the distance
rr\ )- between the atoms. If the dissociation energy cf the
(c) 2S2Y ,,2Y JAIEEE fi5} p=[U(x:*)-U"t equilibrium], D
molecule;t is
..,, Two wires are made of the same material and

have the same valume. However w'ire t has cross- ,,{; p,{;
sectiona] area A and r,vire 2 has cross-sectional area 34.
if the length ,:f wire i increases i:y Ax on applyi-tig force ,. U h1
' id\
F, how much {crce is needecl to siretch lvire 2 by the 12a 4-fi
same amount ?

Answers and Explanatisns , i :r : i

7. rlefer to the solution of Problen'. 1 on page 9.28. ( v:- F I [' AI F\I

A' Ll Az ,nx A2Lx
2. W =. j Srctcfr;ng tbrcre, in(:reasc ur lcrigtlr ='rO, .
YAx .
.'. r : ----.h
3. Here F = 200 N, I = 1 mm =10-3 m V
u : :') Ft = ]^zooxlo
'"t-
3
=0.1I. Fq:AZ

4. Elastic P.E. stored per unit volume, F' = {3,4)2

,,-1,
I
Srrcss> Strain r
]-()
F
::
I -
-=--xSlfcssx Stress
.-- 52
It
2YLy F'= 9F.

:;;:iiii
::iii:i;
:::i:iii
illirril
:li:l;iJ
!!:riiir
ii I !il l)
i;riili;l
ji.ri:t
 PHYSiCS*Xi

t1
(,- Ai equilitrrium,
{ -2:rI'
1; (i
Id - ,
L i2,r bb
-{i
.. 1.1 v/
'i.. =2* ii* i7
n.r ,;
. '),t
\
11

7'M ii+ a/
- .t.--- 1
itu'it .,
-,--
_ al , ).,
T Vt \ir ! -) :i:,=i
\ t,

Fl MgI
' , ALl, lJi:r '. rx,) " ti
A^l
lj ;,
:i,'.tuii,h,t',,,i
t' - l'l
I t:\ i, I.s j,- ,'l' .a , .r,, r? r ?a . *r,
^,__Muiir
iu j ii'
i

Y tv4t'I j
-l .i
nl,
,r-,i'*i-.
- ... j") = iI ir_ .. ,,) -- Ll",i,ritjlr,,i,,,.,
..ll
-t
-.c
-t

-" ,iU i2r;6i1

L
-,_ -U-l
-- i _"-t-l,rl b2
- r
dx _r' r' ,., 2rii 4;,

irr soLiris interatoririr forces arc 5: There are two wires of sarne'*at*"iul,urid ,u*"
(ai tert*ii;r r:epuisive (&) tot;rliy attractive length whiie the diameter of seeond wire,is two times
the diar-neter of .first wire, then fhe ratio, of :extension
(c) botir (a) anct (i;i (d) none oi: these
produced in the wire;by +pplying same load will be.
The term iiquid crystal reier:r io a st.rte that is
iniermecliate between {a)7:1, (b}2:L
(a) cryst;riline solid and amcrpitous iicy.rid
(c)1:2 {.d}4:1.' tDCE2Ko3l

{&} crvsta"liinc soiic'l and vapaur 7. A wire of <iiameter 1 mm breaks uncier e fension

(ci arnorprirous iiquirl i:nd iis vilir{.nlr of 1000 N. Another wire, of same rnaterial as t}at of
the, first one, liutiof diarne er 2 urm'lireaks under a
(ri) a crvsta-i irrrrr..i:rsed in a lieuii .,

'l-he di rircnsi.oirai foritrtt ler o{: .ni,,rriulus; of

tension of
rigidiiy
is
, r{a} 500,N, r,, lli lC0 iri

in; lrlli,
2T :l ii,) I i!'ii."iiT
2' :.6c;r1699 5,., i,/) 4{,i,}i} Nl

(r:) [],'!iiT
1l (,1] i[-iii-
!'l' 2i : ,'' 8.,A steel rod,!:ras a radiuq of Lp nrm aruJ,allength of ..

,1.0 m, ,Ai fcrce ,ritretches it

along its length, aad
, -vt'lriclr Lxt'... Of lhe fciior-,irrg rs nt;t ;rr unit o{ produces a straifl of C,16".6" Yorlrig's modulus, of 'the til',,
.
Young's-, mocluius ?
steel is 2$x 1011Nm-2-:What'is the, nnagr-ufude of the i::,'
ir) Nr:r-
1
(b) Nrn*2
'torcestretchfuigthe:rod?,,,, ,,, ,"::, ,,
1 ,,, : ,,
(4) 100 ki\, {l}.3i4 }.-irl
5. Two wires A and,B are cf same material. l[?.reir (c) 31.4,kN tri):liiCI kN lDcE osl
tength.s are in the raiiq I :.2 and diameters are in the
,, 9: A metai{ic rod of length I and cross-secticnal area ,

ratic 2 : i. l{then'rtretched by forces %, *a & Aislmade of ,a:ma erial of Young's modulus Y. If '&e l

respectiveln th"y S*J equal increase in their iengths" roel,is elongated by ,an q4aount the wotk dane is
3t,
Then ihe ratir: d / $ should be ' p.l'r'rpt-rrti<rrl,ti li-r "hen
':'{E}1:2 - (b}1:1
{n) y (b| Ilt/ i: :i,i":rillri:
;r,ri::::ii,r:ril
ir)2:1 id)8:1 IIP,UEE,o4] (,:) yr Ei | 1 la:) *DcE;oi1rl
,r;!.'i'i':.:ii:
.i.i.,,:.,lilitl
! ii:i:i rr: ir,
AY(-r.'\\\\.-\' \}v oe\-F\\\-LS CF SO[\D!'i':lr:''tp'*:
-
ll l'" 1-r i i -> t r- !' u !
i'. i:1.,.,,'.,1.ii111:. : ll .:. i-'l l i..fl .i,i$ l
::.ul
vo'':rrfftg
'1*' I" crrloe ls s-u1o\et\e{ \o a rirr\!'cttil-
'1*. A wit-: oi lengtt'' L and radius ':.t".ftt:d at or'e it .r." -'*" ci the culre decteases by 2%'
.sa-$rtr.s
.-.ii qota' E is a'o-p1:ed a\: tree enc{'
- =treteln rp, .s\e1ot\k siati:F iB
."*;;;- !
*.--.=-.4-- ir t\-'e irire ls l'\'I\\en :*ollrre! -wte at \li)B
same m.IterilJ ]trut ot lenqttl 2L and iad'rue 2t , a\so iixeA \4 t)-*2 '.+.1\1

at orie enrf is streltclted by a force 2F ap-Iiiied at fiee end, - (d) f.tlb

thea eiongaiian in tire 2nC rvire *'ill ire
i-l'.e -uvr:rl- ci*ae pei"tillit vt:lur*e irl riefu rniirg a
\a\ i l'z bod ,is grver.r by
:(c\21 , ' {d}?11,: iiPUEEio} (c),'stresq x strain '
i,i)i i l2 (stress x strain)
' wir€ of diarneter D of a
11. The breaking force fclr a (c) stress/sham (.1),;tr :i:;.,'-iicss
nateiial is F. The breaking force for a wire gf the same ' 1-8. EnergY stored rtretchi:'ig ;: string Per
r:iri,:iial oi ra.;ii-l1i il i5 vriiurre is
ir) ? l-
i,;i ] .- =tl.,,ss : ritri!ill (li :;tress v strairi
l.:
'l
lcl I \.tt ) 4 t:
{r') Y(5iraini2 iiil li-iStress12
..1

12. A wire 10 m long and L0-5rn2 in crtlss-

steeL l:, A bad-): e-li r,t'eigi'rt rr,g i3 hilngini,. on a strint
scctionai area elongafes by 0.01 nl uflder a tenslon of which extencis in length bv L Tirc rtork rlone in
250{i N. Young's modulus for steel fiom this data is extendin;4 the siring is
compuieo. as tll,L,E-rr
i itil
$i) rug! i.bl rr$l l2
{c}2mg! (d) none of these
''l
If the rvork done in stretching a wire bii mrr is
.,:,,.
: {IPUEE iOl
a- 2 |, the work recessary ior :tretching anofher wire of
13. A'wire whose cross-sectional area i'q 4mm' is sa:rte rnaieiial 'out with clr;uble ra'iius t)l ('r('sii'section
stretched by C.L rnm by a certain weight' How far wiil a and half the iength i:v i mrn is
wire of the same material 44d length sketclu if its
(r) 16 i (ht ri i
cross-sectional area is 8:nm2 and the sarne weight is
,,.\ t_ i (d) 1r
aitached ? -!o ' it.
(r:1 C.5 *rrt ([r] 1.C mm
N{i*i.r'ir:.inr anC n"laxitnurn "r;I.!ues oi Pl--s:;ion's
{c) *.05 mrn {r?) 0.05 nim r;rtic ior a nreial lieri'be:"r'r'een
14. A 4 m long copper wi{e o-f cross-secticnal area {a) -ooto,+ ee (b) 0 to,1. ,

1,2crrl2 is stretched by a force of 4.&xtO3lrl. Young's (c) -m,totl (d) $ to.0:5

modulus fcr capper is : Y,:1.2x1011hi1m2, The ; 22, Ailong piecP of ru:bber is widerrthan:it is ttrdck'
iicrease in leng,th of, the w'ire is
Wtren it is stretched iir.length by somq amount;,: ,
' ,

tr4 1.32 mm (l:1 0.8 rn;::r

(a) its thicknesq riecreases:but its wid creases
(c; 0"4.8 uun (d) i;.36 r.m ,1b; i* tl,icfness decreases but its widih, remains
15. Tl:e relatir-:n br:tr*'een Yr:ung'* nr*'tulus (Y), constant
buik rnodulus (r) and mcclulus cf eiasticiiy (1 t ts (c) its thickness increases but its width decreases
.1 i 3 ll
(ci) i:oth its thiclcress ard :^{idth decrease .{DCE 081
(i;) - =--"'- (j,): - ,j
}KE vllr. 2g. if t,r*gituamat strain {or a wir-q !-s,0,0Q and its
Poiss*n ratio is 0.5, th'en its lateral strain is '

t,') 1:il
=---t --- u\!=1* 1
"r1 Y 3x iai tJ.003 (b) 0.0075
Y il rK l,:i: ,: I i:r:i l':l:',
(c) 0"i115 (d) 04.. llPttEEttqlt:.li:i

Answers and Explanations

f. i,l Tlie interat<;nric forces in soii,,ls are bothI 2..(ai,tiqsid crystal,!s a sta,te intenriedlate between

r:: racti ve and rePu lsi*,'e. crystalline solid arrd'arlorgh-ou'S liffrid' .:

t
 PiIYSICS-XI

Iv"--:'
- i-.- I :''ul--"=lMLrT-?l' 12. i y= Li = ?!!ll " Je =2.5o 1011Nm-2.
A Ll 10 " 0.01
rt.
3., tnl=
A A1 I,-.L .l

4. r '' Nm-1 is not a unit of Young's modulus' 13-' , Ll a-''

5. r:. , As both wires of same material, ,7
^,2 _ lllr.
/1 fr A I., 8 nr rrr-
2

iLt
*-a 'A 'it 'B L
.B=
.,nl- > (j.1 irnr - il.(-)5 mm'
fr:
'
Lt, "$'tt,
[]-,+ Al, = ,tr;, F t -tr.8x10r- 4 '
14. A/--. ,rffi
,] i"2'J0"
l.?.x10''
F" l. i r" \
_.4_.'ts:li ?(2',.
=-'1,=8:1. ^) "3nr '-
= i.3.3 x 1i) 1"3? mrn'
fu li Irn1 1r.il
311
6. :, ,Extensicn,
15. ,, , =_.?.__
.u: ii 3rc
r,
r!rt I

\l-- X5.,, V:!3

A'\: .r-r'2' Y
/ ) \
lU' - -,\/
For the two wires F, J end Y are same, so r =3i -:-l-0.06.
v' / \lt'i0,
-"-t -l lY
!',. =i==f -.,x : 1 yy.,.;.; t W: _Avr:r.rg,: force x extensiOn
ri \1,
^lt . ] o, =:!a1f o,
7. ' ' Breaking tension t': r2 ^i Lnl
, .?
T,i-i (r,)' ,l',2 i = 1r:< Stress x strain x volume of wire
Li-:_l_-
ir- \,i1, -tt- ) 1 .". Work, cione prer unit volume = ] x Stress x strain
Tz=4\:4x 1000=4000I{. 18" t,: r From the above Problerr.,
Energy stored Per unit volurne
g. i,: r }{ere r = 10 rntn - I0-2 nr, i - 1. m
= Work done per unit voiume
z
,t,:!]'1-6-1. )'=2^101r Nni : -j x Stress x strain'
100
ri:
i il
19. ::'; W = Average iorce x extension
::l
F =Y,4q j- i nig!
l .Jart=-tts,r,=
2
- 2 * l01l x 3.i4x'3-a * 6-1* x i0--2
I {.-^.lij;
= 105 N = 1fi0 kN. 2t!. : )'r i
y'i/
= .-
-.:
extensi+n _,.:
9.,., trXr .= Average force >:
,
FJr sa!-.'is l' ar'.cl -ii, 'rV '''.,
t,-l\Y-' 1i I A'!'
-
2 " 2.\ ti ;
. wt ,t -:s
I Au: (YAt - v{,=!\til
i'?''1i2.
_rY.--.'--t
1 ;
lrt"
I\ 4i1l i'
L t /
=a Wz-,9V/t-3"2=16I.
W,, A7, 2f. iiir ,J:'oisson's raiic for a melal lies behween 0
't$. tl'; in .firs[ cdse ; t =l-, ], and 0"5.
Y nr-
,rT 1l 22. itl't When ihi': letgih itlcrease$, both thickness
[rt st.cgnd case l' = -': -,. ^: C]earl'y, I' - i. and r.n idth cl-ecreose.
r(2r)' Y [-atera.[ strain
?,3. (c) o -
11. ;', Breaking force o. 12 Longiturliirai strain
F' D2
=4 - l.atcr al sttaiir
F (,D l2)'^ (i.0 j
I:' = 4F. Lalerai strain - li.S .< 0.[ii] '' 0.015.
 iil!i::ii!iiili:rl:liij:illi:i1i;i;iiiii;i:iiilirili

1., ,

'9.:49,

AccorCi*g to Hr:oke's iaw'-rf eiasticiiy, ii siress is , The breakinq itrr'ss rif a lvire depeniis tipon
r,-:rr€d-sedr ihe ratio ci stress to sirain (ai iength of the wire ("4i radius e'i the ';vire
(c) material ci the v.rire

l':':rl'.",.: : :,.l^,;hich o{ the following affecis the elasticitv ci a

A ihick copfer rope uI r:ien-eitY i.5>:l.Jr!:gm-1 sul-st;irre ?
::-1{i Yaffi:t's n:odiri'"i:,,-"ilt'ur:i
l, E rr,:n ie:.rgtii, {a7ir::*rrneri*gan<{arfle;:iing
...rr€..ri iLliri{ iri;rfl ih.e tr:iiin3- oi; l+o;i',, li:l'lricrease irr (ir) change i;-i ternpera{:ur*

::s ieii;th cii:e L,.r its crly'11 '.;+i;;iii is {":) impurity in substance
(cJ)ail ctihese' ir'I r.
lrril.uxlii-5rr i.b')19'2r1C-7m

j.i i:r il;r y'ife

v' ire Of IO''inJ{ 5 a,:iiuir:s
oi Yr;ung's lilulli-tt!1s Y, iongirrr'Jinai raclius
l/ ruti!;trlruti'ai p*rt1u11* irefie'':
i.i i1l itt i,"oTto:
f ' . ' :t:':::::.:
,.::au-r,i irppc,-luce,-i, theniirev,ii:,1+r:f p*te:',lia1 r.nergv reiucpti to:and radiusl-,itsYoung'srnoduiris
rvi.ilbe
.::rrri
.ftii iil iis r;nit
jit ll. illtlt vciunie
vlrlutria "uvili i-:e
,.
1j.

, =r.,,V: r/,: l\'\'-

(n';t; (r) Y
I

(c) t].5y2;{ {-}.5},Yz

id) ()Zy id) 4y
:

A metal ring of initiai r:adius r atrd c:"osi-sT,,o"1l in desigrring a beam for its use to s,.rpp,:ri a loird,
clntre y You'tis'i
l;.,,;i :;::.*;i':: ;,:":ffilH:,i1.;;ili ,: ::"-*::H.n
is proporiional to
at (r,.'here' is
'tncdulus)
.i-e ;-ins is yz
1./,. \{1}
{a,\ 1 iu) y
{b) l
a\/D
i,)
':l
f
i,,,rr..1,\ i.tl \ri
Gt):.i1
'y-

{li":-l (,i} }1(I

-'l .. , ., The tength of a rrretal r,;ire is i. whe* the tensir:ii
1ri il:"::r
f Af -
is l' lvher'- the ieliriLlrr is li' T'i.e nai';rai
r

tt.1t'i
For a constant hycLauiir siress on a* ol-;iecl, itre .." 1"d
l'5gth r'f the v"ire is
iractional change in the objcct's vcl*ri-,ar ('& ! I L't ;r il "t'
t,,
rulk r.-odulus iE) ale r:eLaie.l as r, ti_! ,
j:n

i I' 'l'
': -\r , u-- ,,',',' I 'l
' y t.l]
'" ) ;; -'-i:
A sit-.:l -*,ire -,.,iiir cross-s;:rtiot-,,i cn-lz has tiall.irc
The compressibilitv cf itater is'ix1i-l-5.rer rinii lin"it 2'4x108)im-"2' The :'naximum upr4616 acceie-
_ 3 eievator suxrported
_--"- kg
3;63,spi'ieric pressllre. T'he decreasc in r'*ir-tme of r:ation ihai can be given to a i20G
-,,-lcni3
of rvater under a pressrlre o{ 1t.t0 atl'i.csphere b,v tiiis cable if the stress is not to exreeC *ne-i':hirrl r"f
-
:..:11 be
the el.rstic ii:nit (take I = i0mi s2) is
(6) 12
trns (&) i0ms-2
-Il-r
i l) i'+ i&)4r10-5crn3 (t i 8nr>-'- (a) lTms -
i . ) .).C25:r,? lrr; 0.011'! cin'r
. Yotng's rnocduius for a sieiii -riire i:;2 " i.Ciiit':l
e sire'.rhetl rubl-eir h*s :nd its elastic lirnii js 2.5:< 1ii3Fa. Ey horv t':riri:h rla:: a
i.;) iiii:i*as*c kineiit en€rgi' ste+l r+'ire 3 :rr lr:ng and 2;lrr in c{iatnr:ttr L:e silr:ici:t:'i
\l') itrcteasecl prrlent!aI en*rgy be{r:it thlr eiastii iirnit is exc=eCeel ?

. ) iec,"e:*ed k,netrc t'}nrirgy (*; .1-7i n:rr ti') 7'50 ntrL

.;, decicase(; lL)ttnrial ..nary\'
 PHYSICS_XI

For a constant h-f<lrarilic stress P on an obiect

,.r.. 16. Assertion. Lead is more elastic than mbber.
v.rith bulk modulus ( B), the fractional change irr the Reason. If same ioad is loaded o,,, th: lead and
volume of the obiect wili be rubber wire of same cross-sectional area, the strain of
P
lead is very much less than that of rubber. [A11M5 971
(a)
t.-1. Assertinn. Stress is the internal force per unit
{b)
B +
area olr "i body.
(c) tr
Up ,*{#)' Reasr:rr. Rubber is more elastic than steel.
IAH\45:15J f;:tlilvili i-i2i

"iE. Assertion. A hollow shaft is found to be

,t . "., t,"..,. 1'
.... r. , ,-:..:
stronger than a solid shaft made of sai'ne material'
'':
!

Directions. in the foiiowing questions, a $tatefiIent I{.eason. '}he torqtle requireel to prorluce a giverr
'rcas*n. N{arir
of assertior, is follolved bY a statement of iwisi in holtrnw cyiinder is gieater than thai required to
the cclrreci choice as tn ist a solid cyiinder of sarne size and *ut::i:l:.
-.. ....
iltlll
i'tiih4l'r
(a) If bottr assel:tion ancl reason are true and reastn
is the colrect expianation o[ the assertion" 19" d.sserti.on. B'-rik modulus of elasticiiy B
(&) If both assertjon and reason are true but reason reprerients incompressibitity of the materiai.
B=-- u' , where
AD
is not cot:"ect explanatir:n oI the assertion' Reason. symbols have their
AV IV
(c) if assertion is true, trut rcason is false.
usual meaning. l.i:!''"" ItI
(d) tf both assertion and reason are false.

Ansrarer$] land lExplanatibns t.,

i

Hlrdraulic stress
!
1. r ,, .According to Hcoke's larv, 5. i . Bulk modulus =
Voiurr,etric strain
Stress
- '-'--: Lonsiant (withil the eiastic limit) ,, Hvdraulic stl'css
Strain
A\t t li
2. W=n1g':/'!.pg r iz
l'1
'vt"BHr.,-l'.aulic stress r
1
'
t:
As:veigirt of tire wire acts cn its CG, so ii prnduces
extension unlv in lengrh I 12. .'. Fcr constani hYdraulic stress
,,i W' ti2 Alr'i I A\,'
--*
i
i'- -
AAt A2Al 'D
t, '

,!l;
I2,.., 6. C;rnPrc.sibi:'1 -f .:
A'l = -i')
- 1/ {/r
:i
- .\'v-
r r'-L-]tlx i'1]
6a .1- iil ,

= ,',. = 9.6 x xg-l rn. I i)0 x i0C

?<5x106
AI'r - 0,4 cnr3.
3. i P.E. storerrl per unit volunre,
in
7. , The r,r,ork done stretching the rubber is
Ir = * Stress x Strain
21 storcd as its pctenl-ial energY.
.= -l (Y,. Sr:rairr) x Strairr 8. : , The stress at r,r.'hich rupture of the wire occurs
is cailed iis breaking stress. [ts. vairie depends cn the
= CI.S YX2. materiai of lvire.
fstrain =.XJ th<-:

-
4- Strarn ];rR Zr.r Il-r g. ; lilJ the factors mentiorreel in opiicns {a), th)
- Trcr and (c) ;rffect the eiasticity oi a substance.
't: =--'
j, !.C. , Younp;' modulus depenCs on the nah;r'e of
Stress--)'' st:"ain *
AA the materiai.
Vil3-I
T .. Ay;". sirain .-:al-!x:1) 11. Dcl,resriolr,;j= - . :-5 Dcr'...
r 4'tl,d' Y
 : -_-.!]CAL PR.OPTRT|ES OF SOLIDS 9,,5'1'

11. Refer to the hint of Problem 14 onpage 9.11' The length by 'which the ','vire can be stretche'1,

i3. The maximum tension that the eievator can I L 2.5nx ]02 ' 3
LL= --:m
-t\ Y n(10-")x 2x74"
: ]'\€fl

I * Str"tou x Area .5 ,3Ye5s-sscLion = 3.75 x10-3m = 3.75 mm.

=
3
15. Buik mociuitrs, B= ' - -+'--
bv lv
=1x:.4x108x3x1.0-a AV I)
.1
.'. Fractional change in the volum" =;
U
= 2.4 x 104 N.
L6. Both assertion and reason a1"e true and the
-: .; is the inaximum upward acceleration of the
reascn is a correct explenation of the assertion'
,..riof,ihefl
17. The assertion is true but the l'eascrn is faise.
T=n(.9+a) eiastic than rubber.
Steel is more
?.4xi\a = t200(10+a) 18. Assertion is true and tire reason is i{"s cortect

= ,z = tsms-2. explanation.

il. The ma.ximum force that can be applied, 19. Both assertion arrd reason are true' Eulk
rnodulus measures th^ tendency of a bod;'r to regain its
F = Eiastic limit x Area of crcss-section
originai voh:m.e on being cctmpressed. lt lepre*ce'its
= 2.5 x10s x nx (1x to*3;2tt =2.5rcx 1t)2N incompressibility ot the rrtaterial'

AIPMT

The following fourwires are made o{ the same .:, Copper of fixed volume V is drawn into wire of
- .:enai. !\trich of ihese will have the largest extension length i. When this wire is sublected to a constant force
=r iJre same tension is aPPIied ? F, the extension produced in the wire is AI' lVhich o{
.;1 Length = 50 cnt, diameter = 0.5 mm the following graphs is a straight iine ?
:) Lerrgih = 10C cm, <iiameter = 1 rrtm (ai Al versus i (&) Al versus 12
I
--r Ler-rgth = 200 cm, diameter = 2 mm

.; i Length :300 cm, cli.-rmeter = 3 rnm

1

(c).\/
,i r,e'rsLrs { (0"; -\l rersL:s i
Tiie )'c;ung's mociulus o{ steei js i-wice fhat of
:,.s.'fwcr uvires of same length and o! $atne alea of approxin:raie depth of an ocean-is 2700 rn'
1=1i,:
-.':.-.-secticn, one ()f steel and another of brass are The compressibility of water is 45'4x t0-tipa-i and
.-.:--c:riecl from the same roof. If we war.t the lower
density of -water is 103kg I *-t. What frar:fio:ra1
. .. oi the lvires io be at the same level, then the colrlpression cf rvatcr will be obtaincd at the bcttorn of
brass wires lrrust be in
=rgnts acided ttl the steel and
'-. :atio ci
the:occmr'?

":; 1 :1 (b) 1:2 ' @i.Llxlla {b) 1 .2 x7A-2

-, ).1 (e|7.4x104 (d) 0.8 x 1il-2
(r{ a:i IAIPtuXT Re 151

Answers and Explanations

1. F I 4t- I
A/:-.-=
A'Y nDz' L
n/.. I
D" rn (c). i=,- -'qL =5,1(13 cm
l

5(l .z
D' (0.2r
(a), !"
l.r = jYU,
|
irr = - ,, ^1(1416 ?nn
t). (0.05r tn tut\,
' =33 x 1fl3 cm-
|

DL ({ti)'
In (h), '" = 'nq, =,104 crn'I i:,rii,';iii:il
Hencr: Al is maxinrum in (a). i'i;:,.::,;lli:
 ir-;,.,rii.!i4i
its own weight
l.I.lvhichisthemostelastic,
11 hlc.h ls the most eiastic ?
:*:,1':T;H:#11.ffi1,ffi:*
(c) r-.-.^
/."\ Iron /i-\ .^.-
(b) Copper _
(a) m
@) 56'6
56.6 m itl uo.o
(ir) 60'0 m*
(c) 33'3 rr.m (d) 30.3 nim ir)|i:'li-i:.i
rr\ . ,,^-!- /J\ r^,^_-,r

rf a room. The

" \"' 2oy \")

ro.:oui<1 lre i;i I . .. ::.
(*) 3'3 mm (I;i 0.033 rnm i i An iron rod of length 2 m and cross-sectional

,;1 1,,,,,',, , ':,l ll;.r

l l:''," , , ' . '. ,1
 iii:i:]l:r:i:l:i:ii::ii;:ii;i:iii;iiiiiii;r:ilr:iri:i:lii!ia;iii;iiiiiiiiiliili:iii;i;jliiililliiiii:jii:i:iii:lilIffi*iif;ii!
iiiiii:ili::iiilr;iiilt:iiil

-S-Xi
MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF SCLIDS (Con':petition Section)

250 k6 is hung from its lower end. Young's modulus of

iron rod is
(a) 79.6* 1020Nm-2 (b) 19.r; x i018\rm-2
(c) 19.6 x l0i0Nm-2 (d).i{.i r g1s1g**2
IVMMC i4l
12. When a weight of 10 kg is suspended from a
copper wire of length 3 m and diameter 0'4 mm, its
length increases by 2.4 cm. if the diameter of the n'ire is
doubled, then the extension in its length wiil be
(a) 7.6 cm (b) 4.8 cm
(c) 1.2 cm (d) 0.6 cm i\''rll\i{, iirj
.:
U/hen a sphere is taken to bottom of sea 1 km
jeep, it contracts by 0.01%. The bulk rnoduius of
elasticity of the material of sphere (Given : Density of
',\-ater = 1g I cm3; ls
;of (a) 9.8 x 1910 5 7 p.2 &) n,2* 1010N / m2
IC iS (c) 0.98 x 1010 N / m2 (rf 8.a x 1L)10 N I m2
the
rght ,. A sphere of raditls 3 crn is to
I subjected a

:ressure of 100 atm. Its volume decreases by 0.3 c'c. '

:,,f. '"'hat will be its bulk modulus ?

i,a\ 4nx10s atm (b) 4xx3 x 103 atm

]1an
r,c) 4nx 106 atm (d) 4nx108 atm
trvo L li:!1 l ,l1:: I i

Answers and, : EgplHnAtisns

'- ':i 1. As strain is ratio of two like quantities, it has
eof ,.: Cimensions.
city 2. Quartz is the nearest approach to a perfectiv
rcle
=-:snc substance.
rof
3. utr\= 4- 9. ro. most of the substances,
r' r*
:r: -xnents rt and m are 12 and 6 respectively.
.

{,
al 0.1
Jea I 100
I-ne
the - YALI YxnlxLl
L-
tl

tr.

;of

i:;;
 PHYSICS-Xi

p p\/
9. ' tsreaking strength = Tension in ihe u'ire
,
14,r rc='--=;
- L\,, lv =ly-
Breaking stress x area of cross sectir:n = mra] 4
t00* n(3)3
4.8 x 107 x 10-6 = L0x 0'3x co2
atm
- 0.3
,',48
=
la
= ,U :+ o ='1 r'.rd/s'
- -.;--
4nx 3x 103 atm'

As the weight of rod acts cn its centre of

,, I " Al'' ^AR
10.
I 2 of
15. V=:nR' - \,.=J-[
gravi$. so it produces extensicn only in trength i 3

the rod. 0
Also, K=--;
Loneitttdinaistress
Y
wIa tV lV
- =-I-ongtrrclinai
Y --.- strain Ll I (i l2)
LV P 'ng

1- A/---
a! VrAr
2aY
2 .
"RAs.
3AR
-
i?x8

rr. .w*yLt
.r1 , .11=31qr:'8 l0-l --Nm-2
A 50x10_6 0.5x aR
3 'R34rc
rr-'8

= 19.6 x101oNm-2.
16. , '.
ILe{er to the soiution of Problem 3 on
12. lor constant F, I and Y'
page 9.44.
i -l , tt EL!
Alr_
r r/.. ":i'u'-Z''Ay ZAY

4! =[tl 1)'=t
-[r']'=f-(t] -+ 5x10x20x1"A-2
2 xZx 10-a * 1.4 x 10tl
^/,
bI.
Al, - x2.4 crm = 0'6 cm' = 8.57 x 10
n

13. ,i;t Re{er to the solution of Exarnple 16

on

page 9.L2.